Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system
Open accessAbstract
Stress and emotional brain networks foster eating behaviors that can lead to obesity. The neural networks underlying the complex interactions among stressors, body, brain and food intake are now better understood. Stressors, by activating a neural stress-response network, bias cognition toward increased emotional activity and degraded executive function. This causes formed habits to be used rather than a cognitive appraisal of responses. Stress also induces secretion of glucocorticoids, which increases motivation for food, and insulin, which promotes food intake and obesity. Pleasurable feeding then reduces activity in the stress-response network, reinforcing the feeding habit. These effects of stressors emphasize the importance of teaching mental reappraisal techniques to restore responses from habitual to thoughtful, thus battling stress-induced obesity.
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HPA dysregulation contributes to weight gain in stressed individuals via the actions of cortisol to trigger palatable food intake through brain GC receptors, an effect that leads to reduced HPA activity and short-term relief of negative affective states.
“HPA dysregulation contributes to weight gain in stressed individuals via the actions of cortisol to trigger palatable food intake through brain GC receptors, an effect that leads to reduced HPA activity and short-term relief of negative affective states [119].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [119]
Laboratory chow and specific macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins stimulate autonomic and cortisol responses in animals and humans.
“laboratory chow and specific macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins stimulate autonomic and cortisol responses in animals and humans”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Dallman, 2010
Weight-related metabolic shifts may increase allostatic load with increased autonomic basal tone and altered HPA axis activity to affect food reward and food seeking.
“weight-related metabolic shifts may increase allostatic load with increased autonomic basal tone and altered HPA axis activity to affect food reward and food seeking”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Dallman, 2010
Food restriction and high-fat diets alter HPA axis responses to stress and glucocorticoid gene expression in brain regions involved in energy homeostasis and stress.
“Food restriction and high fat diets not only alter HPA axis responses to stress (Appelhans et al., 2010; Dallman, 2010; Hillman et al., 2012; Tyrka et al., 2012), but also alter GC gene expression in a number of brain regions involved in energy homeostasis and stress”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Dallman, 2010
Stress and glucocorticoids potentiate dopaminergic transmission and impact reward seeking and intake in laboratory animals.
“Stress and GCs potentiate dopaminergic transmission and impact reward seeking and intake in laboratory animals”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Dallman, 2010
The physiological response to stress, involving elevated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), recruits activity in dopaminergic pathways and elevates dopaminergic activity.
“There is also evidence to suggest that the physiological response to stress, involving elevated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hormone highly implicated in the stress response, recruits activity in dopaminergic pathways and elevates dopaminergic activity (Berridge, 2010; Cuadra, Zurita, Lacerra, & Molina, 1999; Dallman, 2010; Peciña, Schulkin, & Berridge, 2006).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Dallman, 2010
These behaviors have been independently shown to alter the relationship between stress and biological outcomes, including neural functioning and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation.
“Importantly, these behaviors have been independently shown to alter the relationship between stress and biological outcomes, including neural functioning and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation (41–44).”
From Determinants of telomere attrition over 1 year in healthy older women: stress and health behaviors matter (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
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Glucocorticoids, the Etiology of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
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Disengaging insulin from corticosterone: roles of each on energy intake and disposition
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- [88]Dallman M Pecoraro N la Fleur S Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity Brain Behav Immun 2005 19 4 275 280 15944067
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The tempted brain eats: Pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders
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Reward mechanisms in obesity: new insights and future directions
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“Stress independently triggers dopamine release, as reliably shown in nonhuman animals (Dallman 2010) and in a few human studies (Pruessner et al. 2004, Wand et al. 2007), and this dopamine release has further downstream effects on food seeking and eating (Dallman 2010).”
BackgroundRegulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology
Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids
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“Interestingly, nutriion and, in particular, malnutrition and obesity, are closely ntertwined with mood regulation and stress sensitivity, sugesting a strong link between diet, metabolism and menal wellbeing ( Dallman, 2010 ; Gibson, 2006 ; Oliver and ardle, 1999 ).”
BackgroundThe menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence
Fulton, S., Décarie-Spain, L., Fioramonti, X., Guiard, B., & Nakajima, S. (2022) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2021.10.005 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Not all obese individuals have elevated cortisol and obesity development coincides with an increase in factors that enhance cortisol production, such as chronic stress, consumption of food high in sugar and fat, and reduced sleep [118,119].”
BackgroundInfluentialMetabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression
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Effects of Chronic Social Stress on Obesity
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Stress, Overeating, and Obesity: Insights from Human Studies and Preclinical Models
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Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity
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Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
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Extended Heroin Access Increases Heroin Choices Over a Potent Nondrug Alternative
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Perseverative Cognition and Health Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“Recent findings have confirmed that stress is frequently associated with increased unhealthy food intake in laboratory-based and naturalistic studies (e.g., Adam and Epel, 2007; O’Connor et al., 2008; Dallman, 2010; Van Strien et al., 2012).”
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Stress eating and health. Findings from MIDUS, a national study of US adults
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Brain–Gut–Microbiome Interactions and Intermittent Fasting in Obesity
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“There is also evidence to suggest that the physiological response to stress, involving elevated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a hormone highly implicated in the stress response, recruits activity in dopaminergic pathways and elevates dopaminergic activity (Berridge, 2010; Cuadra, Zurita, Lacerra, & Molina, 199…”
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Metabolic Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction in Rats
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Behavioral and Psychological Factors Affecting Weight Loss Success
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Expressive Suppression of Emotions and Overeating in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity
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Mindful Eating for Severe Obesity
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- Authors
- Dallman, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dallman, Mary F.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 159-165
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2831158
- OpenAlex
- W2006280142
- Cited by
- 814
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 3.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK028172)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- stress response, dietary habits, dietary intake, glucocorticoids, insulin, food motivation, emotional eating, executive function, cognitive appraisal, feeding habits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Feeding Behavior, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Insulin, Nervous System, Obesity, Stress, Psychological
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