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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note
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A novel behavioural screening questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), was administered along with Rutter questionnaires to parents and teachers of 403 children drawn from dental and psychiatric clinics. Scores derived from the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires were highly correlated; parent‐teacher correlations for the two sets of measures were comparable or favoured the SDQ. The two sets of measures did not differ in their ability to discriminate between psychiatric and dental clinic attenders. These preliminary findings suggest that the SDQ functions as well as the Rutter questionnaires while offering the following additional advantages: a focus on strengths as well as difficulties; better coverage of inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behaviour; a shorter format; and a single form suitable for both parents and teachers, perhaps thereby increasing parent‐teacher correlations.
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“In line with DSM-IV criteria, we also used the impact supplement from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) to confirm that the symptoms had been present before age 7, for at least 6 months, and that impairment was found in multiple settings.”
From Multiple deficits in ADHD: executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits (2013) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The SDQ is a well validated instrument and has been proven to be as effective as both the 'Child Behavior Checklist' (Achenbach 1991) and the 'Rutter Scales' (Elander & Rutter 1996) in identifying clinically significant levels of behavioural disturbance in children (Goodman 1997;Goodman & Scott 1999).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Goodman 1997
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“Based on standard norming procedures for mental health symptom measures, scores below the LNCG 84th percentile were considered in the normal range.”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“The treatment and outcome variables were also measured differently (mental health was measured by the SDQ; Goodman, 1997) and by different informants (parent reports were used in the previous study) which may have contributed to the discrepancy.”
From A counterfactual and random intercept cross‐lagged panel analysis of the effects of reading frequency on adolescent mental health in a large longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
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“Parents completed the 5-item Conduct Problems subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“The Emotional Symptoms subscale of the well-validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) was completed by the youth's parent/guardian.”
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“Parents completed the 5-item Peer Problems subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“Parents completed the 5item Prosocial subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“Psychological and behavioural adjustment in children was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a short screening questionnaire of psychosocial problems for children and adolescents based on the Rutter Questionnaires and later revised by Goodman to focus on current child psychopathology (Goodman, 1997).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
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Burgdorf, V., Szabó, M., & Abbott, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01336 · Cited by 234
“For betweengroup results, effect size is reported as a positive number if the outcome improved more in the mindfulness group than the control group; + indicates effect size is significant, p < 0.05; ∧, 8 week follow up, unless otherwise indicated; NR, not reported by study authors; ns, not significant; a the follow-up…”
BackgroundInfluentialSanders, M. R., Morawska, A., Haslam, D. M., Filus, A., & Fletcher, R. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0397-3 · Cited by 234
Fliers, E., Rommelse, N. N. J., Vermeulen, S. H. H. M., Altink, M. E., Buschgens, C. J. M., Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Franke, B., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0827-0 · Cited by 234
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Dalen, L., & Remington, B. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21 · Cited by 233
Dadds, M. R., Moul, C., Cauchi, A., Dobson-Stone, C., Hawes, D. J., Brennan, J., & Ebstein, R. E. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000497 · Cited by 230
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: research and clinical applications
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Young people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Creswell, C., Shum, A., Pearcey, S., Skripkauskaite, S., Patalay, P., & Waite, P. (2021) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00177-2 · Cited by 233
Phenotypic and Genetic Overlap Between Autistic Traits at the Extremes of the General Population
Ronald, A., Happe, F. G. E., Price, T. S., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Plomin, R. J. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000230165.54117.41 · Cited by 229
Maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity and risk for inattention and negative emotionality in children
Rodriguez, A. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02133.x · Cited by 233
Does early child care affect children's development?
Felfe, C., & Lalive, R. (2018) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.014 · Cited by 232
Vernon-Feagans, L., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Willoughby, M., & Garrett-Peters, P. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000087 · Cited by 231
Socioeconomic status and children’s mental health: results from the Bergen Child Study
Bøe, T., Øverland, S. N., Lundervold, A. J., & Hysing, M. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0462-9 · Cited by 231
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the Nordic countries
Obel, C., Heiervang, E. R., Rodriguez, A., Heyerdahl, S., Smedje, H., Sourander, A., Gu�mundsson, �., Clench‐Aas, J., Christensen, E., Heian, F., et al. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-2006-2 · Cited by 231
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodman, R.
- Corresponding author
- Goodman, Robert
- ORCID
- Goodman, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 581-586
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2025802167
- Semantic Scholar
- 9a82604c8f67236f621584fd46bfc1a3bb1ebe3b
- Cited by
- 14,908
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 864 · 2025: 1064 · 2024: 999 · 2023: 1030 · 2022: 1041 · 2021: 1042 · 2020: 989 · 2019: 838 · 2018: 772 · 2017: 779 · 2016: 710 · 2015: 695 · 2014: 694 · 2013: 647 · 2012: 499
- FWCI
- 18.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, behavioural screening, child mental health, parent-teacher agreement, inattention, peer relationships, prosocial behavior, questionnaire comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Child Psychiatry, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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