Relative roles of TGF‐β1 and Wnt in the systemic regulation and aging of satellite cell responses
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Muscle stem (satellite) cells are relatively resistant to cell‐autonomous aging. Instead, their endogenous signaling profile and regenerative capacity is strongly influenced by the aged P‐Smad3, differentiated niche, and by the aged circulation. With respect to muscle fibers, we previously established that a shift from active Notch to excessive transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) induces CDK inhibitors in satellite cells, thereby interfering with productive myogenic responses. In contrast, the systemic inhibitor of muscle repair, elevated in old sera, was suggested to be Wnt. Here, we examined the age‐dependent myogenic activity of sera TGF‐β1, and its potential cross‐talk with systemic Wnt. We found that sera TGF‐β1 becomes elevated within aged humans and mice, while systemic Wnt remained undetectable in these species. Wnt also failed to inhibit satellite cell myogenicity, while TGF‐β1 suppressed regenerative potential in a biphasic fashion. Intriguingly, young levels of TGF‐β1 were inhibitory and young sera suppressed myogenesis if TGF‐β1 was activated. Our data suggest that platelet‐derived sera TGF‐β1 levels, or endocrine TGF‐β1 levels, do not explain the age‐dependent inhibition of muscle regeneration by this cytokine. In vivo , TGF‐β neutralizing antibody, or a soluble decoy, failed to reduce systemic TGF‐β1 and rescue myogenesis in old mice. However, muscle regeneration was improved by the systemic delivery of a TGF‐β receptor kinase inhibitor, which attenuated TGF‐β signaling in skeletal muscle. Summarily, these findings argue against the endocrine path of a TGF‐β1‐dependent block on muscle regeneration, identify physiological modalities of age‐imposed changes in TGF‐β1, and introduce new therapeutic strategies for the broad restoration of aged organ repair.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In aged mouse muscle, accumulated TGF-β blocks regeneration and satellite cell division.
“In old mice, elevated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that accumulates in aged muscle impedes regeneration and satellite cell proliferation161.”
From Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities (2014) · cites this paper as [161]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Massagué, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.753 · Cited by 7,571 · see citing works
Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-β family signalling
Derynck, R., & Zhang, Y. E. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02006 · Cited by 5,370 · see citing works
Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-p superfamily member
McPherron, A. C., Lawler, A. M., & Lee, S.-J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387083a0 · Cited by 4,013 · see citing works
SATELLITE CELL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
Mauro, A. (1961) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.9.2.493 · Cited by 3,683 · see citing works
Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment
Conboy, I. M., Conboy, M. J., Wagers, A. J., Girma, E. R., Weissman, I. L., & Rando, T. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03260 · Cited by 2,287 · see citing works
Self-citationSPECIFICITY AND VERSATILITY IN TGF-β SIGNALING THROUGH SMADS
Feng, X.-H., & Derynck, R. (2005) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Controlling TGF-beta signaling.
Massagué, J., & Chen, Y. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Making sense of latent TGFβ activation
Annes, J. P., Munger, J. S., & Rifkin, D. B. (2002) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00229 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
Assoian, R. K., Komoriya, A., Meyers, C. A., Miller, D. M., & Sporn, M. B. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32345-7 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Controlling TGF-β signalingPreprint
Massagué, J., & Chen, Y. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.6.627 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Increased Wnt signaling during aging alters muscle stem cell fate and increases fibrosis
Brack, A. S., Conboy, M. J., Roy, S., Lee, M., Kuo, C. J., Keller, C., & Rando, T. A. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144090 · Cited by 1,564 · see citing works
Self-citationCollins, C. A., Olsen, I., Zammit, P. S., Heslop, L., Petrie, A., Partridge, T. A., & Morgan, J. E. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.010 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Notch-Mediated Restoration of Regenerative Potential to Aged Muscle
Conboy, I. M., Conboy, M. J., Smythe, G. M., & Rando, T. A. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087573 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Self-citationConboy, I. M., & Rando, T. A. (2002) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00254-x · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, X. Y., Letterio, J. J., Lechleider, R. J., Chen, L., Hayman, R., Gu, H., Roberts, A. B., & Deng, C. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.5.1280 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Abe, M., Harpel, J. G., Metz, C. N., Nunes, I., Loskutoff, D. J., & Rifkin, D. B. (1994) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1994.1042 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Brack, A. S., Conboy, I. M., Conboy, M. J., Shen, J., & Rando, T. A. (2008) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2007.10.006 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Self-citationThe TGF-β family of growth and differentiation factors
Massagué, J. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90443-0 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
TGF-β Receptor Type II Deficiency Results in Defects of Yolk Sac Hematopoiesis and Vasculogenesis
Oshima, M., Oshima, H., & Taketo, M. M. (1996) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0259 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
TGF-β1 promotes microglial amyloid-β clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice
Wyss-Coray, T., Lin, C., Yan, F., Yu, G.-Q., Rohde, M., McConlogue, L., Masliah, E., & Mucke, L. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/87945 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Abnormal angiogenesis but intact hematopoietic potential in TGF‐β type I receptor‐deficient mice
Larsson, J., Goumans, M., Sjöstrand, L. J., van Rooijen, M. A., Ward, D., Levéen, P., Xu, X., ten Dijke, P., Mummery, C. L., & Karlsson, S. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.7.1663 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Grand, F. L., Jones, A., Seale, V., Scimè, A., & Rudnicki, M. A. (2009) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.013 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Isolation of Adult Mouse Myogenic Progenitors
Sherwood, R. I., Christensen, J. L., Conboy, I. M., Conboy, M. J., Rando, T. A., Weissman, I. L., & Wagers, A. J. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.021 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Self-citationImbalance between pSmad3 and Notch induces CDK inhibitors in old muscle stem cells
Carlson, M. E., Hsu, M., & Conboy, I. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07034 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationDatto, M., Frederick, J. P., Pan, L., Borton, A. J., Zhuang, Y., & Wang, X. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2495 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Li, Y., Foster, W. H., Deasy, B. M., Chan, Y., Prisk, V. R., Tang, Y., Cummins, J. H., & Huard, J. (2004) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63188-4 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Muscle transplantation between young and old rats: age of host determines recovery
Carlson, B. M., & Faulkner, J. A. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.6.c1262 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Wagers, A. J., & Conboy, I. M. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.021 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ageing immune system: is it ever too old to become young again?
Dorshkind, K. A., Montecino‐Rodriguez, E., & Signer, R. A. J. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2471 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Latent TGF-β Binding Proteins: Extracellular Matrix Association and Roles in TGF-β Activation
Hyytiäinen, M. M., Penttinen, C., & Keski‐Oja, J. (2004) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408360490460933 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle satellite cells: Changes in proliferation potential as a function of age
Schultz, E., & Lipton, B. H. (1982) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(82)90105-1 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Loss of TGF-β1 Leads to Increased Neuronal Cell Death and Microgliosis in Mouse Brain
Brionne, T. C., Tesseur, I., Masliah, E., & Wyss-Coray, T. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00766-9 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Regenerative potential of human skeletal muscle during aging
Renault, V. M., Thorne, L., Eriksson, P., Butler-Browne, G. S., & Mouly, V. (2002) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00017.x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Age‐associated Changes in the Response of Skeletal Muscle Cells to Exercise and Regenerationa
Grounds, M. D. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09894.x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Intrinsic Changes and Extrinsic Influences of Myogenic Stem Cell Function During Aging
Brack, A. S., & Rando, T. A. (2007) · Stem Cell Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12015-007-9000-2 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Loss of stem cell regenerative capacity within aged niches
Carlson, M. E., & Conboy, I. M. (2007) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00286.x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationGellibert, F. J., Woolven, J. M., Fouchet, M.-H., Mathews, N., Goodland, H., Lovegrove, V. L. H., Laroze, A., Nguyen, V.-L., Sautet, S., Wang, R., et al. (2004) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm0400247 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Wnt signaling from the dorsal neural tube is required for the formation of the medial dermomyotome
Ikeya, M., & Takada, S. (1998) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.125.24.4969 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Dünker, N., & Krieglstein, K. (2000) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01825.x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Elucidation of Smad Requirement in Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor-induced Responses
Itoh, S., Thorikay, M., Kowanetz, M., Moustakas, A., Itoh, F., Heldin, C., & ten Dijke, P. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208258200 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Conversion of an Extracellular Dpp/BMP Morphogen Gradient into an Inverse Transcriptional Gradient
Muller, B. H., Hartmann, B., Pyrowolakis, G., Affolter, M., & Basler, K. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00241-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Kaykas, A., Yang-Snyder, J., Héroux, M., Shah, K. V., Bouvier, M., & Moon, R. T. (2003) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1081 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Singh, J., Chuaqui, C. E., Boriack‐Sjodin, P. A., Lee, W., Pontz, T. W., Corbley, M. J., Cheung, H. K., Arduini, R. M., Mead, J. N., Newman, M. N., et al. (2003) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.028 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Mapping of a major genetic modifier of embryonic lethality in TGFβ1 knockout mice
Bonyadi, M., Rusholme, S. A. B., Cousins, F. M., Su, H. C., Biron, C. A., Farrall, M., & Akhurst, R. J. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0297-207 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Reasons for the degeneration of ageing skeletal muscle: a central role for IGF-1 signalling
Grounds, M. D. (2002) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1023/a:1015234709314 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Ignowski, J. M., & Schaffer, D. V. (2004) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.20059 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationWyss‐Coray, T., Borrow, P., Brooker, M. J., & Mucke, L. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00049-0 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Brand, T., MacLellan, W. R., & Schneider, M. D. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50226-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Danielpour, D., Kim, K.-Y., Dart, L. L., Watanabe, S., Roberts, A. B., & Sporn, M. B. (1989) · Growth Factors · doi:10.3109/08977198909069082 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Shen, W., Li, Y., Zhu, J., Schwendener, R. A., & Huard, J. (2007) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.21212 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Compartmentalization of the Somite and Myogenesis in Chick Embryos Are Influenced by Wnt Expression
Wagner, J., Schmidt, C., Nikowits, W., & Christ, B. (2000) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9921 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Moresi, V., Pristerà, A., Scicchitano, B. M., Molinaro, M., Teodori, L., Sassoon, D. A., Adamo, S., & Coletti, D. (2008) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0493 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Body size, age at shaving initiation, and prostate cancer in a large, multiracial cohort
Habel, L. A., Eeden, S. K. V. D., & FRIEDMAN, G. D. (2000) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000501)43:2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Regulating the Notch pathway in embryonic, adult and old stem cells
Carlson, M. E., & Conboy, I. M. (2007) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2007.02.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterning of the mesoderm involves several threshold responses to BMP-4 and Xwnt-8
Marom, K., Fainsod, A., & Steinbeißer, H. (1999) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00137-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Smad Affinity Can Direct Distinct Readouts of the Embryonic Extracellular Dpp Gradient in Drosophila
Wharton, S., Basu, S. P., & Ashe, H. L. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.053 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Shah, A. H., Tabayoyong, W., Kimm, S. Y., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3485 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shi, D., Bourdelas, A., Umbhauer, M., & Boucaut, J. (2002) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2002.0633 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kamanga‐Sollo, E., Pampusch, M. S., White, M. E., & Dayton, W. R. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.10362 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Andrews, Z. B., Zhao, H., Frugier, T., Meguro, R., Grattan, D. R., Koishi, K., & McLennan, I. S. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.09.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yu, J. H., & Schaffer, D. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00615-06 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationTransforming Growth Factor-α Antisense Vectors can Inhibit Glioma Cell Growth
Tang, P., Jasser, S. A., Sung, J. C., et al. (1999) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1023/a:1006272019933 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities
Oh, J., Lee, Y. D., & Wagers, A. J. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3651 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
GDF11 increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration
Egerman, M. A., Cadena, S. M., Gilbert, J. A., Meyer, A., Nelson, H. N., Swalley, S. E., Mallozzi, C., Jacobi, C., Jennings, L. L., Clay, I., et al. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.010 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Cellular senescence: a link between cancer and age-related degenerative disease?
Campisi, J., Andersen, J. K., Kapahi, P., & Melov, S. (2011) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.001 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Elabd, C., Cousin, W., Upadhyayula, P., Chen, R. Y., Chooljian, M. S., Li, J., Kung, S., Jiang, K. P., & Conboy, I. M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5082 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular dynamics in the muscle satellite cell niche
Bentzinger, C. F., Wang, Y. X., Dumont, N. A., & Rudnicki, M. A. (2013) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2013.182 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
TGF-β Signaling in Cellular Senescence and Aging-Related Pathology
Tominaga, K., & Suzuki, H. I. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20205002 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Fibronectin Regulates Wnt7a Signaling and Satellite Cell Expansion
Bentzinger, C. F., Wang, Y. X., von Maltzahn, J., Soleimani, V. D., Yin, H., & Rudnicki, M. A. (2013) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.09.015 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood
Rebo, J., Mehdipour, M., Gathwala, R., Causey, K., Liu, Y., Conboy, M. J., & Conboy, I. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13363 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterochronic parabiosis for the study of the effects of aging on stem cells and their niches
Conboy, I. M., & Rando, T. A. (2012) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.20437 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Fibrosis in Skeletal Muscle Repair and Disease
Serrano, A. L., Mann, C. J., Vidal, B., Ardite, E., Perdiguero, E., & Muñoz-Cánoves, P. (2011) · Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385940-2.00007-3 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Functional dysregulation of stem cells during aging: a focus on skeletal muscle stem cells
García‐Prat, L., Sousa‐Victor, P., & Muñoz‐Cánoves, P. (2013) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.12221 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Testosterone improves the regeneration of old and young mouse skeletal muscle
Serra, C., Tangherlini, F., Rudy, S., Lee, D., Toraldo, G., Sandor, N. L., Zhang, A., Jasuja, R., & Bhasin, S. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls083 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Contribution of muscle satellite cells to sarcopenia
Huo, F., Liu, Q., & Liu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.892749 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Shefer, G., Rauner, G., Stuelsatz, P., Benayahu, D., & Yablonka‐Reuveni, Z. (2013) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.12228 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Heterochronic parabiosis regulates the extent of cellular senescence in multiple tissues
Yousefzadeh, M. J., Wilkinson, J. E., Hughes, B., Gadela, N., Ladiges, W. C., Vo, N., Niedernhofer, L. J., Huffman, D. M., & Robbins, P. D. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00185-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Baror, R., Neumann, B., Segel, M., Chalut, K. J., Fancy, S. P. J., Schafer, D. P., & Franklin, R. J. M. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23612 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Modeling motor neuron disease: the matter of time
Arbab, M., Baars, S., & Geijsen, N. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zwetsloot, K. A., Nedergaard, A., Gilpin, L. T., Childs, T. E., & Booth, F. W. (2012) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-012-9382-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Immunity, stem cells, and aging
Devaraj, E., Anbalagan, M., Ileng Kumaran, R., & Bhaskaran, N. (2021) · Stem Cells and Aging · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820071-1.00006-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Carlson, M. E., Conboy, M. J., Hsu, M., Barchas, L., Jeong, J., Agrawal, A., Mikels, A. J., Agrawal, S., Schaffer, D. V., & Conboy, I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carlson, Morgan E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Aging Cell
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-11-17
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 676-689
- ISSN
- 1474-9718 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-9726
- PMC
- PMC2783265
- OpenAlex
- W2096575615
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aging Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG027252)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- TGF-β1, Wnt signaling, satellite cells, muscle stem cells, muscle aging, muscle regeneration, myogenesis, serum TGF-β1, hormonal regulation, Notch signaling, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, Smad3, skeletal muscle repair
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Cell Communication, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Stem Cells, Cellular Senescence, Muscle, Skeletal, Wnt Proteins, Mice, Transforming Growth Factor beta1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
