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Cited by 382Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsCognitive Science and Education Research

Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory

Open access
Storbeck, Justin, Clore, Gerald L.·2008·Social and Personality Psychology Compass
DOI 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00138.xPMC PMC4110743
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Abstract

The affect‐as‐information framework posits that affect is embodied information about value and importance. The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decision‐making. Affect can also provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning. In particular, positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking. Affect thus moderates many of the textbook phenomena in cognitive psychology. In the current review, we suggest additionally that the arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long‐term memory for events. We conclude that whereas valenced affective cues serve as information about value, the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review extends the affect-as-information framework by proposing that affective arousal signals urgency or importance, thereby intensifying judgments, current processing styles, attention/perception, and long-term memory. Valence is argued to signal value—what to learn—while arousal signals importance—what to remember.

Key findings

  • Arousal intensifies evaluative judgments: positive objects seem more positive and negative objects more negative, and effects depend on arousal being attributed to the judgment target; irrelevant arousal can be misattributed, as in the Dutton and Aron bridge study and excitation-transfer research.
  • Arousal amplifies whatever processing strategy is currently active: high arousal in positive moods increased relational processing and false memories, while negative affect promoted item-specific processing; fear arousal improved visual sensitivity to perceptual contrasts and heightened threat detection.
  • Arousal marks events as important for memory: it enhances long-term memory via adrenergic and amygdala-based consolidation, with its greatest influence on memory for events about 2 days after encoding, and it can occur even when arousal is induced after learning.
  • Arousal may carry provisional negative value: high-arousing stimuli tend to be evaluated as negative and low-arousing stimuli as positive, and the amygdala is described as more responsive to arousal than to valence.

Methods

  • Narrative review, not a new empirical study; it synthesizes the affect-as-information framework and prior research on valence and arousal.
  • The review covers judgment, learning/processing, attention, perception, time perception, and memory, drawing on behavioral, physiological, neuroimaging, pharmacological, and clinical evidence.
  • The main analysis is conceptual integration: valence provides evaluative information, whereas arousal provides information about urgency or importance.

Limitations

  • Stated: there is no convincing evidence that arousal is a single, unitary entity; emotional intensity is multidimensional; the Yerkes-Dodson curvilinear relation is often unsupported; it is unclear whether arousal acts by increasing fear or by potentiating the fear-perception relationship; evidence is inconsistent on whether objects must be at least slightly arousing for general arousal to enhance memory; and one cited arousal-valence study did not adequately assess the valence of induced states.
  • Stated: intense arousal is sometimes associated with amnesia and forgetting, though the authors assume this reflects attentional disengagement during learning rather than arousal effects on forgetting.
  • Evident: as a narrative review, it does not systematically quantify effects or resolve inconsistent findings, and it relies on some unpublished, submitted, or forthcoming sources.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00138.x

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Pleasant, unpleasant, and arousing reactions provide bodily and experiential information about the positive value, negative value, and importance of whatever is encountered.

    “That model proposes that pleasant, unpleasant, and arousing reactions provide bodily and experiential information about the positive value, the negative value, and the importance of whatever is encountered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Clore & Storbeck, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Schwarz & Clore, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Affect is embodied information about value and importance.

    “The affect-as-information framework posits that affect is embodied information about value and importance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Clore & Storbeck, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Schwarz & Clore, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisenone given

    The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decision making.

    “The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decisionmaking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisenone given

    Affect can provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning.

    “Affect can also provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    High arousal can lead to negative evaluations.

    “The authors conclude that high arousal can lead to negative evaluations, although it was not clear that the valence of the induced affective states was adequately assessed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Faseur & Geuens, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 42
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking.

    “In particular, positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Valenced affective cues serve as information about value, whereas the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.

    “We conclude that whereas valenced affective cues serve as information about value, the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long-term memory for events.

    “we suggest additionally that the arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long-term memory for events.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People experiencing a sunny day were in happier moods and more satisfied with their lives than people experiencing a rainy day.

    “People experiencing a sunny day were found to be in happier moods and to be more satisfied with their lives than people experiencing a rainy day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schwarz & Clore, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Affective cues attributed to judgment objects and decision alternatives can govern judgments and decisions, whereas affect experienced as feedback about task-relevant thoughts and inclinations can regulate styles of thinking.

    “Thus, affective cues attributed to judgment objects and decision alternatives can govern judgments and decisions, whereas affect experienced as feedback about task-relevant thoughts and inclinations can regulate styles of thinking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fear can influence height perception and increases in the magnitude of arousal can magnify this phenomenon.

    “Nevertheless, the results indicate that fear can influence height perception and that increases in the magnitude of arousal can magnify this phenomenon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    High arousal cues intensify tendencies to act in line with current thoughts and inclinations, whereas low arousal cues do not.

    “High arousal cues intensify tendencies to act in line with current thoughts and inclinations, whereas low arousal cues do not.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal can be both beneficial and detrimental to cognitive performance.

    “In this review, we conclude that arousal can be both beneficial and detrimental to cognitive performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Threatening faces garner more attention and hold attention longer than non-threatening faces.

    “For example, measures of cortical brain activity (electroencephalograph or EEG measures) indicate that threatening faces garner more attention (Schupp et al., 2004) and hold attention longer than non-threatening faces (Lipp, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Schupp et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lipp, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Arousal can increase dedication to whatever processing strategy may have been cued by positive or negative affect.

    “We hypothesize that arousal can increase dedication to whatever processing strategy may have been cued by positive or negative affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The interaction of affective arousal and processing style determines task performance; if the cognitive style invoked by affective arousal is appropriate for the task, performance will be benefited, but if inappropriate, performance should be impaired.

    “we suggest that the interaction of affective arousal and processing style determines task performance. If the cognitive style invoked by affective arousal is appropriate for the task, performance will be benefited, but if inappropriate, performance should be impaired.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Affect can be seen as promoting whatever processing strategy is activated, and arousal can be seen as enhancing this tendency by signaling the urgency of the situation.

    “In terms of the formulation we propose, affect can be seen as promoting whatever processing strategy is activated, and arousal can be seen as enhancing this tendency by signaling the urgency of the situation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Feeling strongly about something should intensify whatever value is signaled by affective valence.

    “If so, then we might expect that feeling strongly about something should intensify whatever value is signaled by affective valence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Positive affect should maintain and promote relational processing, whereas negative affect should result in the use of item-specific processing.

    “Positive affect should maintain and promote such processing, whereas negative affect, which implies a problem with one's approach, should result in the use of the alternative possibility, item-specific processing”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clore & Storbeck, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    This information serves as a basis for judgments and decisions, as a guide for cognitive processing, and as a signal for the regulation of long-term memory.

    “This information serves as a basis for judgments and decisions, as a guide for cognitive processing, and as a signal for the regulation of long term memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    High arousal appears to carry a negative value, and low arousal a positive value.

    “Thus, high arousal appears to carry a negative value, and low arousal a positive value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Arousal has the property of being sticky and attaching itself to any associated object, making that object seem important, and causing it to be well remembered.

    “Arousal has the property of being sticky and attaching itself to any associated object, making that object seem important, and causing it to be well remembered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Activation of the amygdala can influence memory consolidation processes in other areas of the brain as well, suggesting that the process is not limited to fear conditioning.

    “Activation of the amygdala can then influence memory consolidation processes in other areas of the brain as well (Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 2001), suggesting that the process is not limited to fear conditioning (for a more extensive treatment of the memory consolidation process, see McGaugh, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Only emotional pictures benefited from the extraneous source of arousal, perhaps because the additional arousal produced by these pictures signalled their potential importance relative to the neutral pictures.

    “Only emotional pictures benefited from the extraneous source of arousal perhaps because the additional arousal produced by these pictures signalled their potential importance relative to the neutral pictures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The negative component promotes item-specific processing and arousal, by signaling urgency, intensifies such processing.

    “such findings are consistent with the current view that the negative component promotes item-specific processing and that arousal, by signaling urgency, intensifies such processing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal draws attention to salient environmental stimuli and marks information as important for memory.

    “As seen in the previous section, arousal draws attention to salient environmental stimuli, but in addition, it marks information as important for memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the case of fear, negative valence elicits item-specific processing and high arousal increases use of that strategy, resulting in heightened attentional vigilance and ability to detect threat.

    “In the case of fear, negative valence elicits item-specific processing and high arousal increases use of that strategy, resulting in heightened attentional vigilance and ability to detect threat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The effect of enhanced memory after a delay is not due to heightened attention during learning, but rather to hormonal modulation of processes that take place afterward.

    “The effect is thus not due to heightened attention during learning, but rather to hormonal modulation of processes that take place afterward.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The valence component of affect governs what to learn, and the arousal component governs what to remember.

    “Thus, the valence component of affect governed what to learn, and the arousal component governed what to remember.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal signals importance both implicitly, through adrenergic hormones, and explicitly, through subjective experience.

    “It signals importance both implicitly, through adrenergic hormones, and explicitly, through subjective experience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Negative words led to item-specific processing, which prevented the previous word from being encoded, whereas positive words fostered relational processing so that memory was superior for both the emotional word and the preceding words.

    “That is, negative words led to item-specific processing, which prevented the previous word from being encoded, whereas positive words fostered relational processing so that memory was superior for both the emotional word and the preceding words.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The drug that increased arousal (reboxetine) enhanced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects, whereas the drug that decreased arousal (propranolol) reduced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects.

    “As expected, the drug that increased arousal (reboxetine) enhanced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects, whereas the drug that decreased arousal reduced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hurlemann et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Adrenergic hormones are typically released in stressful or emotionally arousing situations, and this process is believed to result in enhanced long-term memory for associated events.

    “That is, adrenergic hormones are typically released in stressful or emotionally arousing situations, a process that is believed to result in enhanced long term memory for associated events.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Arousal not only enhances explicit, episodic memory but can also enhance implicit or association-based memories.

    “Arousal not only enhances explicit, episodic memory but can also enhance implicit or association-based memories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Negative oddballs produced retrograde amnesia for the preceding word, whereas positive oddballs produced especially good memory for it (retrograde hypermnesia).

    “Negative oddballs produced retrograde amnesia for the preceding word, whereas positive oddballs produced especially good memory for it (retrograde hypermnesia).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hurlemann et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A stress hormone stimulant produced the strongest memory effects, whereas a stress hormone depressant produced the weakest memory for an emotionally arousing story relative to controls.

    “A stress hormone stimulant produced the strongest memory effects, whereas a stress hormone depressant produced the weakest memory for an emotionally arousing story relative to controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O'Carroll, Drysdale, Cahill, Shajahan, & Ebmeier, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intense arousal is also sometimes associated with amnesia and forgetting.

    “As a side note, we should mention that intense arousal is also sometimes associated with amnesia and forgetting (see Cahill, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cahill, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the peripheral nervous system, which triggers changes in the central nervous system.

    “The adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the peripheral nervous system, which triggers changes in the central nervous system (Packard, Williams, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Packard, Williams, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The more arousing the stimulus, the more active the amygdala, and the more active the amygdala, the better the long-term memory.

    “Specifically, several studies have found that the more arousing the stimulus, the more active the amygdala, and the more active the amygdala, the better the long-term memory (Cahill et al., 1996; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Hamann, Eli, Grafton, & Kilts, 1999; Kilpatrick & Cahill, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cahill et al., 1996; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Hamann, Eli, Grafton, & Kilts, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal activates and guides attention.

    “Finally, we briefly reviewed evidence of the role of arousal in activating and guiding attention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The process of arousal-related memory consolidation is believed to be the basis of traumatic stress disorder.

    “The process is believed to be the basis of traumatic stress disorder (e.g. Cahill, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cahill, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal can make romantic attraction stronger, jokes funnier, and heights scarier.

    “Similarly, arousal can make romantic attraction stronger, jokes funnier, and heights scarier.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Arousal can make judgments of positive objects more positive and of negative objects more negative.

    “As a result, arousal can make judgments of positive objects more positive and of negative objects more negative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The amygdala is more responsive to arousal than to valence.

    “The amygdala is more responsive to arousal than to valence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Subjective experience presumably directs attention to the arousing event and adrenergic hormones activate memory consolidation processes.

    “Subjective experience presumably directs attention to the arousing event and adrenergic hormones activate memory consolidation processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Sometimes, arousal is associated only with increases in the vividness of memories without also being associated with accuracy.

    “Sometimes, arousal is associated only with increases in the vividness of memories without also being associated with accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Some evidence suggests that for general arousal to make objects or events memorable, they must be at least slightly arousing themselves, but evidence on this point is inconsistent.

    “Some evidence suggests that for general arousal to make objects or events memorable, they must be at least slightly arousing themselves, but evidence on this point is inconsistent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The consolidation of information in long term memory can occur when adrenaline is administered after learning has taken place, so that arousal may operate mainly on information that was already slightly arousing during initial exposure.

    “The consolidation of information in long term memory can occur when adrenaline is administered after learning has taken place, so that arousal may operate mainly on information that was already slightly arousing during initial exposure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Whereas the valence component of affect signals what to learn, the arousal component signals what to remember.

    “Whereas the valence component of affect signals what to learn, the arousal component signals what to remember.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although arousal and valence are often treated as independent, in actuality there is a tendency for high arousal stimuli to be treated as provisionally negative.

    “Although arousal and valence are often treated as independent, in actuality there is a tendency for high arousal stimuli to be treated as provisionally negative.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The hormonal effect of arousal on long-term memory is evident after a delay of a couple of days, and it can occur even when arousal is induced after learning has already taken place.

    “The hormonal effect is evident after a delay of a couple of days, and it can occur even when arousal is induced after learning has already taken place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The effect of arousal on long term memory can operate implicitly through adrenergic hormones and explicitly through the effect of subjective experience on attention.

    “The effect of arousal on long term memory can operate implicitly through adrenergic hormones and explicitly through the effect of subjective experience on attention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In addition to influences on judgment, arousal also affects cognitive processing, attention, and perception.

    “In addition to influences on judgment, arousal also affects cognitive processing, attention, and perception.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
48 of 48

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    There is adaptive value in having ready access to one's attitudes and in being able to read one's own and others' affective reactions.

    “These approaches generally assume that there is adaptive value in having ready access to one's attitudes (Fazio & Powell, 1997) and in being able to read one's own and others' affective reactions (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2004).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Arousal can be treated as a psychological concept associated with emotional states, variously indexed by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, or the endocrine system.

    “Consistent with Russell and Barrett (1999), we treat arousal as a psychological concept associated with emotional states that is variously indexed by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, or the endocrine system.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    When asking oneself, 'How strongly do I feel about the car?' feelings of positive value may be intensified by both relevant and irrelevant sources of arousal.

    “We assume, then, that when asking oneself, ‘How strongly do I feel about the car?’ feelings of positive value may be intensified by both relevant and irrelevant sources of arousal.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Any source of arousal can modulate judgment, thoughts, and memory, as long as it is implicitly attributed to or associated with an emotional reaction toward the object of that judgment, thought, or memory.

    “A critical feature of our model is that any source of arousal can modulate judgment, thoughts, and memory, as long as it is implicitly attributed to or associated with an emotional reaction toward the object of that judgment, thought, or memory.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The pattern of reduced memory for relevant, anxiety-arousing material reflects attentional disengagement during learning, rather than arousal effects on forgetting.

    “However, we assume that this pattern reflects attentional disengagement during learning, rather than arousal effects on forgetting.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Emotional and mood states can influence attention and overall cognitive styles.

    “These findings suggest that, as theorized by the “affect-as-information” framework71, emotional/mood states can influence attention and overall cognitive styles”

    From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [71]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 105 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Baumeister R. F., 2006, Hearts and Minds: Affective Influences on Social Cognition and Behaviour
  2. Frijda N., 1992, Emotion: Review of Personality and Social Psychology
  3. Loftus E., 1979, Eyewitness Testimony
  4. Packard M. G., 1995, Learning Development and Response to Brain Insults

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Storbeck, J., & Clore, G. L.
Affiliations
University of Virginia (US)
Venue
Social and Personality Psychology Compass
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-09
Volume
2
Issue
5
Pages
1824-1843
ISSN
1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00138.x
PMC
PMC4110743
OpenAlex
W2171225607
Semantic Scholar
e56b14ced4be20a4dea476bf85eebe317aa76a70
Cited by
382
References
105
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH050074)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
Keywords
emotional arousal, valence, positive affect, negative affect, judgment and decision making, learning styles, event memory, cognitive control

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