The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

In the paper

“The prevalence increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages (De Rijk et al. 1997).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The AGE section explicitly states that Parkinson's disease prevalence increased with age in all five surveys for both men and women, with no decrease at higher ages. The claim matches that finding. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites De Rijk et al. 1997 source

In the paper

“Around 80% have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Tremor section (page not supplied) reports that 75% of patients had tremor during the course of Parkinson’s disease, consistent with “around 80%.” It describes the tremor as almost always prominent in an extremity and hand rest tremor as pill-rolling. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Jankovic 2008 source

In the paper

“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Tremor section (page not provided) says tremor can spread to a lower limb or begin there. It also says that although resting tremor is typical of Parkinson’s disease, action tremor occurs in many patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Reichmann 2010 source

In the paper

“Sleep studies have shown that patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night (Yong et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports increased stage 1 sleep in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with controls, supporting the description of lighter sleep. The Results (Subjective sleep related complaints) report significantly more difficulty staying asleep and frequent awakenings among patients. These awakenings were self-reported; the study did not find an increased PSG arousal index. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Yong et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source

In the paper

“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source

In the paper

“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source

In the paper

“Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to the diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication (Koike and Takahashi 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Koike and Takahashi 1997

In the paper

“All areas of autonomic function may be affected and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients (Jost 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source

In the paper

“In Europe, the prevalence at ages 85-89 has been reported as 3.5% (Clarke and Moore 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Clarke and Moore 2007

In the paper

“swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% (Kalf et al. 2011)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kalf et al. 2011

In the paper

“These deformities include abnormally flexed body posture with flexion originating in the thoracic or lumbar spine (camptocormia), forward flexion of the head and neck (antecollis) and scoliosis of the spine, i.e., a lateral curve of the spine usually combined with rotation of the vertebrae (Doherty et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Doherty et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved (Poewe and Lees 1987;Poewe et al. 1988).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poewe and Lees 1987 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Poewe et al. 1988 source

In the paper

“In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source

In the paper

“but slow-transit constipation is by far the most common, occurring in 70-80% (Jost and Eckardt 2003;Jost 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost and Eckardt 2003 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2010 source

In the paper

“Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in PD despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease (Cersosimo et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cersosimo et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“They last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day (Holroyd et al. 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Holroyd et al. 2001

In the paper

“Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of patients and delusions about 5% (Fenelon and Alves 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source

In the paper

“The earliest symptoms include problems with executive function, i.e., planning and organizing goal-directed behaviour, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed (Williams-Gray et al. 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams-Gray et al. 2006 source

In the paper

“Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in PD and may occur early or late (Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007

In the paper

“Seborrhoeic keratosis is a dermatological facial and scalp disorder that has been reported in 18.6% of patients (Fischer et al. 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al. 2001 source

In the paper

“Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity (Yeo et al. 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeo et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“The frequency in clinically manifested PD has been reported as 27-32% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009), but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear (Hickey et al. 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Monderer and Thorpy 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hickey et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009) and may be partly induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Knie et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Monderer and Thorpy 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knie et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in PD and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients (Onofrj et al. 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Onofrj et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“They appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others (O'Sullivan et al. 2009;Ceravolo et al. 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites O'Sullivan et al. 2009
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ceravolo et al. 2010 source

In the paper

“If psychosis occurs it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression (Thanvi et al. 2005).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thanvi et al. 2005 source

In the paper

“Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to the hallucinations, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important (Holroyd et al. 2001;Fenelon and Alves 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Holroyd et al. 2001
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source

In the paper

“This may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of the dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease (Hirayama 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hirayama 2006 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis reported that one third of patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17% (Reijnders et al. 2008).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reijnders et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in PD as in people not affected by the disease (Aarsland et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aarsland et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source

In the paper

“The disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes.There is formation of abnormal proteinaceous spherical bodies called Lewy bodies (Fig. 1), and a spindleor thread-like and, in part, branching Lewy neurites in the somata of the involved nerve cells, beginning at defined induction sites and advancing in a topographically predictable sequence within the nervous system (Braak et al. 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braak et al. 2004 source

In the paper

“Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations has been reported 1.6-3.0(Clarke and Moore 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Clarke and Moore 2007

In the paper

“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poewe 2006

In the paper

“Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear that are poorly responding to treatment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poewe 2006

In the paper

“Musculoskeletal pain is reported by almost half of the patients, but such pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to the PD.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broen et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“Patients with PD have greater and earlier need for nursing home placements (Parashos et al. 2002), higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population (Low et al. 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Low et al. 2015 source

In the paper

“However, as I review, PD is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.”

In the paper

“With progression of the disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable and the anti-parkinsonian drugs induce potentially disabling dyskinesias.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poewe 2006

In the paper

“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”

In the paper

“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”

In the paper

“Although symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poewe 2006

In the paper

“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Poewe 2006