The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 122 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Open accessAbstract
A review describing both motor and non-motor clinical features of Parkinson's disease in the context of disease progression.
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
76 No full text of the sources · 23 Sources not found · 8 Supported · 4 Not checked yet · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depression and anxiety may also occur long before the diagnosis is made (Chen et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al. 2013 source
The Introduction says that accumulating evidence suggests depression and anxiety may occur well before the motor dysfunction used to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. Its table also lists studies assessing both symptoms years before PD diagnosis. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified wording, “may.” (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These may start as early as 10 or more years before the diagnosis (Schrag et al. 2015)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schrag et al. 2015 source
The Results (p. 5) report that constipation, a non-motor symptom, was more common in people later diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at 10 years before diagnosis. The Discussion (p. 6) also reports an association between erectile dysfunction and a Parkinson’s diagnosis more than 10 years later, supporting the claim’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, is well known in PD (Monderer and Thorpy 2008), not all studies have shown increased prevalence among patients (Zeng et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zeng et al. 2013 source
The Discussion says many studies found similar rates of obstructive sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease patients and controls. The Conclusion also reports that this meta-analysis found a lower risk in patients, supporting the narrower claim that not all studies found an increased prevalence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Erectile dysfunction is common in males (Sakakibara et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sakakibara et al. 2011 source
Section 4.3.1, “Male Sexual Symptoms,” reports that 79% of the men with Parkinson’s disease in a cited study had decreased erection, significantly more than healthy male controls. This supports the statement that erectile dysfunction is common in men with Parkinson’s disease. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One study showed that visual component was lacking in 10% of cases (Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that seven of 70 Parkinson’s disease patients had hallucinations lacking a visual component, giving an overall prevalence of 10%. But the Results (Characteristics of hallucinators) state that those seven were 22.5% of the 31 patients who had hallucinations. Thus 10% applies to all patients studied, not to cases of hallucinations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Progression of the dementia shows a correlation with spread of the neuropathological changes to cortical brain structures (Irwin et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Irwin et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a proposed spread of Lewy body and neurite pathology from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) associate greater cortical pathology with dementia in Parkinson’s disease, but do not establish that progression of dementia itself correlates with the spread over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“This may rarely be a prediagnostic symptom in PD (Tolosa and Compta 2006)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In young onset familial PD, dystonia typically involves the foot with cramp-like discomfort or inversion of the affected foot (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the majority of cases, the PD symptoms appear within 10 years from onset of the dystonia.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In PD, the blood pressure drop may last several minutes (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The prevalence increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages (De Rijk et al. 1997).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites De Rijk et al. 1997 source
The AGE section explicitly states that Parkinson's disease prevalence increased with age in all five surveys for both men and women, with no decrease at higher ages. The claim matches that finding. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Around 80% have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jankovic 2008 source
The Tremor section (page not supplied) reports that 75% of patients had tremor during the course of Parkinson’s disease, consistent with “around 80%.” It describes the tremor as almost always prominent in an extremity and hand rest tremor as pill-rolling. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Reichmann 2010 source
The Tremor section (page not provided) says tremor can spread to a lower limb or begin there. It also says that although resting tremor is typical of Parkinson’s disease, action tremor occurs in many patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sleep studies have shown that patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night (Yong et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Yong et al. 2011 source
The Discussion reports increased stage 1 sleep in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with controls, supporting the description of lighter sleep. The Results (Subjective sleep related complaints) report significantly more difficulty staying asleep and frequent awakenings among patients. These awakenings were self-reported; the study did not find an increased PSG arousal index. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to the diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication (Koike and Takahashi 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Koike and Takahashi 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“All areas of autonomic function may be affected and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Europe, the prevalence at ages 85-89 has been reported as 3.5% (Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% (Kalf et al. 2011)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kalf et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These deformities include abnormally flexed body posture with flexion originating in the thoracic or lumbar spine (camptocormia), forward flexion of the head and neck (antecollis) and scoliosis of the spine, i.e., a lateral curve of the spine usually combined with rotation of the vertebrae (Doherty et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Doherty et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved (Poewe and Lees 1987;Poewe et al. 1988).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“but slow-transit constipation is by far the most common, occurring in 70-80% (Jost and Eckardt 2003;Jost 2010).”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in PD despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease (Cersosimo et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cersosimo et al. 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day (Holroyd et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of patients and delusions about 5% (Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The earliest symptoms include problems with executive function, i.e., planning and organizing goal-directed behaviour, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed (Williams-Gray et al. 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams-Gray et al. 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in PD and may occur early or late (Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Seborrhoeic keratosis is a dermatological facial and scalp disorder that has been reported in 18.6% of patients (Fischer et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al. 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity (Yeo et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeo et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The frequency in clinically manifested PD has been reported as 27-32% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009), but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear (Hickey et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009) and may be partly induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Knie et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in PD and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients (Onofrj et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Onofrj et al. 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others (O'Sullivan et al. 2009;Ceravolo et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Sullivan et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ceravolo et al. 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If psychosis occurs it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression (Thanvi et al. 2005).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thanvi et al. 2005 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to the hallucinations, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important (Holroyd et al. 2001;Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of the dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease (Hirayama 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hirayama 2006 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis reported that one third of patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17% (Reijnders et al. 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reijnders et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in PD as in people not affected by the disease (Aarsland et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aarsland et al. 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes.There is formation of abnormal proteinaceous spherical bodies called Lewy bodies (Fig. 1), and a spindleor thread-like and, in part, branching Lewy neurites in the somata of the involved nerve cells, beginning at defined induction sites and advancing in a topographically predictable sequence within the nervous system (Braak et al. 2004).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braak et al. 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations has been reported 1.6-3.0(Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear that are poorly responding to treatment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Musculoskeletal pain is reported by almost half of the patients, but such pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to the PD.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broen et al. 2012 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with PD have greater and earlier need for nursing home placements (Parashos et al. 2002), higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population (Low et al. 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Low et al. 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as I review, PD is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“With progression of the disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable and the anti-parkinsonian drugs induce potentially disabling dyskinesias.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.
“The disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.
“Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The pathophysiology of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.
“The pathophysiology of these deformities may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In one study of 109 recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients not yet started treatment, symptoms such as apathy, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% prior to diagnosis and were more common than in normal controls.
“One study of 109 recently diagnosed patients who had not yet started treatment showed that symptoms such as a lack of emotional involvement and interest (apathy), excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% of patients prior to the diagnosis and these symptoms were more common than in normal controls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With advancing disease, non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for patients than motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
“With advancing disease, the non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for the patients than the motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of Parkinson's disease patients.
“Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.
“Anxiety and depression may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The aetiology of Parkinson's disease is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.
“The aetiology of PD is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Levodopa is standard and the most common initial therapy for Parkinson's disease patients.
“Levodopa, a prodrug to dopamine, is standard and the most common initial therapy for patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early on, response to levodopa is usually good in Parkinson's disease.
“Early on, response is usually good.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With disease progression, the majority of Parkinson's disease patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off), on-off symptoms, dyskinesias and other motor complications.
“With disease progression and less capacity of the system to store dopamine, the majority of patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off symptoms), alternative phases with good and poor response to medication (on-off symptoms), involuntary movements of the head, trunk or limbs (dyskinesias) and other motor complications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.
“Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in elderly caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), a region of the midbrain (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Alizadeh et al., 2019).”
From Mechanism of miR-132-3p Promoting Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Hyposialorrhea as an early manifestation of Parkinson disease
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Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease
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Sweating dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease
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How do patients with parkinsonism present? A clinicopathological study
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Onofrj, M., Thomas, A., & Bonanni, L. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.12.1731 · Cited by 41
Constipation in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
H., J. W., & F., E. V. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365520310003200 · Cited by 38
Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease
Monderer, R., & Thorpy, M. (2009) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-009-0026-5 · Cited by 37
Clinical approach to nonmotor sensory fluctuations in Parkinson's disease
Bayülkem, K., & Lopez, G. J. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.056 · Cited by 36
Jost, W. H., & Augustis, S. (2015) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.016 · Cited by 35
Hickey, M. G., Demaerschalk, B. M., Caselli, R. J., Parish, J. M., & Wingerchuk, D. M. (2007) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000257848.06462.46 · Cited by 35
The Pharmacology of Foot Dystonia in Parkinsonism
Poewe, W. H., & Lees, A. J. (1987) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-198702000-00004 · Cited by 28
Prevalence and clinical course of olfactory hallucinations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease
McAuley, J. H., & Gregory, S. (2012) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-2012-012086 · Cited by 21
The Prevalence of Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (P03.067)
Pringsheim, T. M., Jetté, N., Frolkis, A. D., Lam, D., & Steeves, T. D. L. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.80.7_supplement.p03.067 · Cited by 5
Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson's disease dementia (S52.002)
Irwin, D., White, M., Toledo, J., Xie, S., Robinson, J., Deerlin, V. V., Leverenz, J., Montine, T., Lee, V., Duda, J., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s52.002
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1007/s00415-003-1105-z · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of microbiota on central nervous system and neurological diseases: the gut-brain axis
Ma, Q., Xing, C., Long, W., Wang, H. Y., Liu, Q., & Wang, R. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1434-3 · Cited by 767
“disorder which exhibits multifactorial motor symptoms, including tremor, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, and gait abnormality [151].”
BackgroundEmerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies
Singh, N. K., & Rao, G. N. (2018) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001 · Cited by 363
Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders
van den Berg, M. M. J., Krauskopf, J., Ramaekers, J. G., Kleinjans, J. C. S., Prickaerts, J., & Briedé, J. J. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101732 · Cited by 260
Zanardi, A. P. J., da Silva, E. S., Costa, R. R., Monteiro, E. P., dos Santos, I. O., Kruel, L. F. M., & Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80768-2 · Cited by 250
“Some studies were excluded when (1) the variables of interest were not informed; (2) when subjects presented essential tremor, (3) postural alterations, such as camptocormia and Pisa syndrome; (4) de novo PD; (5) parkinsonism; (6) freezing and (7) differences speeds to both lower limbs; and (8) duplicate data.”
BackgroundThe Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases
Dyńka, D., Kowalcze, K., & Paziewska, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235003 · Cited by 245
Metadata
- Authors
- Sveinbjornsdottir, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurology Broomfield Hospital Chelmsford Essex CM1 7ET UK
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-11
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 318-324
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2464977649
- Cited by
- 1,410
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, disease progression, neurodegeneration, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, sleep disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, tremor, Parkinson's disease treatment, treatment complications
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tremor, Disease Progression, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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