The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 122 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Open accessAbstract
A review describing both motor and non-motor clinical features of Parkinson's disease in the context of disease progression.
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
10 of 122 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depression and anxiety may also occur long before the diagnosis is made (Chen et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al. 2013 source
The Introduction says that accumulating evidence suggests depression and anxiety may occur well before the motor dysfunction used to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. Its table also lists studies assessing both symptoms years before PD diagnosis. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified wording, “may.” (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These may start as early as 10 or more years before the diagnosis (Schrag et al. 2015)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schrag et al. 2015 source
The Results (p. 5) report that constipation, a non-motor symptom, was more common in people later diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at 10 years before diagnosis. The Discussion (p. 6) also reports an association between erectile dysfunction and a Parkinson’s diagnosis more than 10 years later, supporting the claim’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, is well known in PD (Monderer and Thorpy 2008), not all studies have shown increased prevalence among patients (Zeng et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zeng et al. 2013 source
The Discussion says many studies found similar rates of obstructive sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease patients and controls. The Conclusion also reports that this meta-analysis found a lower risk in patients, supporting the narrower claim that not all studies found an increased prevalence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Erectile dysfunction is common in males (Sakakibara et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sakakibara et al. 2011 source
Section 4.3.1, “Male Sexual Symptoms,” reports that 79% of the men with Parkinson’s disease in a cited study had decreased erection, significantly more than healthy male controls. This supports the statement that erectile dysfunction is common in men with Parkinson’s disease. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One study showed that visual component was lacking in 10% of cases (Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that seven of 70 Parkinson’s disease patients had hallucinations lacking a visual component, giving an overall prevalence of 10%. But the Results (Characteristics of hallucinators) state that those seven were 22.5% of the 31 patients who had hallucinations. Thus 10% applies to all patients studied, not to cases of hallucinations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Progression of the dementia shows a correlation with spread of the neuropathological changes to cortical brain structures (Irwin et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Irwin et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a proposed spread of Lewy body and neurite pathology from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) associate greater cortical pathology with dementia in Parkinson’s disease, but do not establish that progression of dementia itself correlates with the spread over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
In the paper
“This may rarely be a prediagnostic symptom in PD (Tolosa and Compta 2006)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In young onset familial PD, dystonia typically involves the foot with cramp-like discomfort or inversion of the affected foot (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In the majority of cases, the PD symptoms appear within 10 years from onset of the dystonia.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In PD, the blood pressure drop may last several minutes (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The prevalence increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages (De Rijk et al. 1997).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites De Rijk et al. 1997 source
The AGE section explicitly states that Parkinson's disease prevalence increased with age in all five surveys for both men and women, with no decrease at higher ages. The claim matches that finding. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Around 80% have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jankovic 2008 source
The Tremor section (page not supplied) reports that 75% of patients had tremor during the course of Parkinson’s disease, consistent with “around 80%.” It describes the tremor as almost always prominent in an extremity and hand rest tremor as pill-rolling. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Reichmann 2010 source
The Tremor section (page not provided) says tremor can spread to a lower limb or begin there. It also says that although resting tremor is typical of Parkinson’s disease, action tremor occurs in many patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sleep studies have shown that patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night (Yong et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Yong et al. 2011 source
The Discussion reports increased stage 1 sleep in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with controls, supporting the description of lighter sleep. The Results (Subjective sleep related complaints) report significantly more difficulty staying asleep and frequent awakenings among patients. These awakenings were self-reported; the study did not find an increased PSG arousal index. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to the diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication (Koike and Takahashi 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Koike and Takahashi 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“All areas of autonomic function may be affected and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Europe, the prevalence at ages 85-89 has been reported as 3.5% (Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% (Kalf et al. 2011)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kalf et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These deformities include abnormally flexed body posture with flexion originating in the thoracic or lumbar spine (camptocormia), forward flexion of the head and neck (antecollis) and scoliosis of the spine, i.e., a lateral curve of the spine usually combined with rotation of the vertebrae (Doherty et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Doherty et al. 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved (Poewe and Lees 1987;Poewe et al. 1988).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“but slow-transit constipation is by far the most common, occurring in 70-80% (Jost and Eckardt 2003;Jost 2010).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in PD despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease (Cersosimo et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cersosimo et al. 2009 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day (Holroyd et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of patients and delusions about 5% (Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The earliest symptoms include problems with executive function, i.e., planning and organizing goal-directed behaviour, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed (Williams-Gray et al. 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams-Gray et al. 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in PD and may occur early or late (Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Seborrhoeic keratosis is a dermatological facial and scalp disorder that has been reported in 18.6% of patients (Fischer et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al. 2001 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity (Yeo et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeo et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The frequency in clinically manifested PD has been reported as 27-32% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009), but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear (Hickey et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009) and may be partly induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Knie et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in PD and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients (Onofrj et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Onofrj et al. 2007 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others (O'Sullivan et al. 2009;Ceravolo et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Sullivan et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ceravolo et al. 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If psychosis occurs it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression (Thanvi et al. 2005).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thanvi et al. 2005 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to the hallucinations, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important (Holroyd et al. 2001;Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of the dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease (Hirayama 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hirayama 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis reported that one third of patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17% (Reijnders et al. 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reijnders et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in PD as in people not affected by the disease (Aarsland et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aarsland et al. 2009 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes.There is formation of abnormal proteinaceous spherical bodies called Lewy bodies (Fig. 1), and a spindleor thread-like and, in part, branching Lewy neurites in the somata of the involved nerve cells, beginning at defined induction sites and advancing in a topographically predictable sequence within the nervous system (Braak et al. 2004).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braak et al. 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations has been reported 1.6-3.0(Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear that are poorly responding to treatment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Musculoskeletal pain is reported by almost half of the patients, but such pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to the PD.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broen et al. 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with PD have greater and earlier need for nursing home placements (Parashos et al. 2002), higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population (Low et al. 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Low et al. 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as I review, PD is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“With progression of the disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable and the anti-parkinsonian drugs induce potentially disabling dyskinesias.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.
“The disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.
“Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The pathophysiology of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.
“The pathophysiology of these deformities may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In one study of 109 recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients not yet started treatment, symptoms such as apathy, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% prior to diagnosis and were more common than in normal controls.
“One study of 109 recently diagnosed patients who had not yet started treatment showed that symptoms such as a lack of emotional involvement and interest (apathy), excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% of patients prior to the diagnosis and these symptoms were more common than in normal controls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With advancing disease, non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for patients than motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
“With advancing disease, the non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for the patients than the motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of Parkinson's disease patients.
“Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.
“Anxiety and depression may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The aetiology of Parkinson's disease is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.
“The aetiology of PD is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Levodopa is standard and the most common initial therapy for Parkinson's disease patients.
“Levodopa, a prodrug to dopamine, is standard and the most common initial therapy for patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early on, response to levodopa is usually good in Parkinson's disease.
“Early on, response is usually good.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With disease progression, the majority of Parkinson's disease patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off), on-off symptoms, dyskinesias and other motor complications.
“With disease progression and less capacity of the system to store dopamine, the majority of patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off symptoms), alternative phases with good and poor response to medication (on-off symptoms), involuntary movements of the head, trunk or limbs (dyskinesias) and other motor complications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.
“Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.”
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“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in elderly caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), a region of the midbrain (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Alizadeh et al., 2019).”
From Mechanism of miR-132-3p Promoting Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialStages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology
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Items 501–600 of 1,401
Effects of Red ginseng on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Lee, M. Y., & Kim, M. (2023) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003 · Cited by 16
“PD triggers symptoms such as neuro-in fl ammation, autonomic dysfunction, depression, cognitive decline, dementia, and motor dysfunction [75,76].”
BackgroundGupta, S., Khan, J., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122358 · Cited by 14
Andriolo, I. R. L., Longo, B. C., de Melo, D. M., de Souza, M. M., Prediger, R. D., & da Silva, L. M. (2024) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273289138240306050532 · Cited by 15
Beheshti, I., & Ko, J. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1375395 · Cited by 17
“PD is identified by a variety of motor difficulties including stiffness, shaking, and slowness (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundTo see or not to see: In vivo nanocarrier detection methods in the brain and their challenges
Wehn, A. C., Krestel, E., Harapan, B. N., Klymchenko, A. S., Plesnila, N., & Khalin, I. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.044 · Cited by 14
Orexin and Sleep Disturbances in Alpha-Synucleinopathies: a Systematic Review
Raheel, K., See, Q. R., Munday, V., Fakhroo, B., Ivanenko, O., Salvatelli, M. L., Mutti, C., Goadsby, P. J., Delogu, A., Naismith, S. L., et al. (2024) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-024-01359-6 · Cited by 12
“Consequently, patients with PD exhibit a diverse range of motor and non-motor symptoms including resting tremor, bradykinesia, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive deficits, depression, and postural instability [82, 83].”
BackgroundAnderson, J. M., Oakley, P. A., & Harrison, D. E. (2019) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.31.153 · Cited by 12
Nanomaterials for neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular mechanisms guided design and applications
Li, T., Hou, X., Yu, Q., Duan, X., Yan, P., Zhu, H., Xie, Z., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-021-3865-2 · Cited by 12
Hadoush, H., Alqudah, A., Banihani, S. A., Al-Jarrah, M. D., Amro, A., & Aldajah, S. (2021) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200083 · Cited by 13
“On the other hand, PD is caused by the reduction in the neurotransmitter called dopamine 8 , which is an essential modulator of the basal ganglia.”
BackgroundFerreira, G. A., Teixeira, J. L. S., de Rosso, A. L. Z., & de Sá, A. M. F. L. M. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103430 · Cited by 12
Protective Effects of Probucol on Different Brain Cells Exposed to Manganese
da Silva, E. B., Eichwald, T., Glaser, V., Varela, K. G., Baptistella, A. R., de Carvalho, D., & Remor, A. P. (2022) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-021-00458-3 · Cited by 12
Hermanowicz, N., Ospina, M. C., Torres-Yaghi, Y., Gould, S., Papesh, K., Rivera, J. A., Miller, S., Jones, S., Musick, K., & May, D. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s351691 · Cited by 13
“Up to 60% of people with PD (PwP) experience anxiety(3) and approximately a third have clinically significant depression.(5) Furthermore, a long-term prospective study in Norway reported that as many as 60% of PwP developed psychotic symptoms.”
BackgroundDifferential serum microRNAs in premotor LRRK2 G2019S carriers from Parkinson’s disease
Soto, M., Fernández, M., Bravo, P., Lahoz, S., Garrido, A., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, A., Rivera‐Sánchez, M., Sierra, M., Melón, P., Roig, A., et al. (2023) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-023-00451-x · Cited by 12
Klonarakis, M., Vos, M. D., Woo, E. K., Ralph, L. T., Thacker, J. S., & Gil‐Mohapel, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541 · Cited by 14
Network localization of regional homogeneity alterations in Parkinson’s disease
Song, Y., Yang, H., Gu, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1607691 · Cited by 11
“While characterized primarily by motor deficits, PD also encompasses a significant burden of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment, hallucinations, attention deficits, and depression (Marinus et al., 2018; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
Teng, X., Li, X., & Wei, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2025.1604399 · Cited by 11
“Motor symptoms are primary clinical indicators for PD diagnosis (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016), but they often emerge when the disease has already advanced (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
Shackleford, M., Mishra, V. R., & Mari, Z. K. (2022) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100148 · Cited by 13
Moreno-Ligero, M., Lucena-Antón, D., Salazar, A., Failde, I., & Moral-Muñoz, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-023-01963-y · Cited by 11
Radwan, N., Khan, E., Ardah, M. T., Kitada, T., & Haque, M. E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010085 · Cited by 11
“PD clinically manifests in a series of motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, muscle stiffness and postural instability [24].”
Fekonja, Z., Irgolič, N., & Vrbnjak, D. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-01767-6 · Cited by 11
“Parkinson’s disease is a multi-systemic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairments such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia, and balance disorders, as well as non-motor impairments such as depression, sleep disturbances, and pain [1].”
BackgroundNeuroanatomical Signature of the Transition from Normal Cognition to MCI in Parkinson's Disease
Beheshti, I., Perron, J., & Ko, J. H. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0323 · Cited by 11
Potential Neuroprotective Effect of the Endocannabinoid System on Parkinson’s Disease
Urmeneta-Ortíz, M. F., Tejeda-Martínez, A. R., González‐Reynoso, O., & Flores-Soto, M. E. (2024) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2024/5519396 · Cited by 14
Unknown roles of tau pathology in neurological disorders. Challenges and new perspectives
Olesen, M. A., Villavicencio-Tejo, F., Cuevas-Espinoza, V., & Quintanilla, R. A. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102594 · Cited by 12
Neuroprotective effect of NSCs-derived extracellular vesicles in Parkinson’s disease models
Díaz-Reyes, M., Gatti, S., Delgado‐Ocaña, S., Ortega, H. H., & Banchio, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87238-7 · Cited by 14
Gao, J.-M., Li, W.-B., Yang, Y., Wei, J., Gong, M., Pan, B.-B., Su, X.-C., Pan, Y., Guo, D., & Gong, Q. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123378 · Cited by 12
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EEG coherence as a diagnostic tool to measure the initial stages of Parkinson Disease
Gongora, M., Velasques, B., Cagy, M., Teixeira, S. S., & Ribeiro, P. F. M. (2018) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.12.014 · Cited by 10
“The major cardinal symptoms of PD are akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity (stiffness of the muscles), tremor, postural and balance instability [3].”
BackgroundRole of Adenosine A 2A Receptors in the Central Fatigue of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alves, A. C. D. B., Bristot, V. J. D. O., Limana, M. D., Speck, A. E., Barros, L., Solano, A. F., & Aguiar, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research · doi:10.1089/caff.2019.0009 · Cited by 12
“143 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors improve certain neuropsychiatric fatigue-related conditions, 144 but this pharmacological effect is only achieved at lethal doses.”
Kishi, T., Ogata, T., Ora, H., Shigeyama, R., Nakayama, M., Seki, M., Orimo, S., & Miyake, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.00010 · Cited by 11
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of many neurologic diseases characterized by an abnormal gait (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Li, J., Xie, L., et al. (2021) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2021.1922406 · Cited by 11
“…common neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies, leading to a clinical syndrome characterized by slowness of movement, postural instability, stiffness and tremors (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016).”
BackgroundSonne, J., Joslyn, K., Reus, K., Angulo, M., Guettler, S., & Beato, M. C. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211028144 · Cited by 11
Meinders, M. J., Gentile, G., Schrag, A. E., Konitsiotis, S., Eggers, C., Taba, P., Lorenzl, S., Odin, P., Rosqvist, K., Chaudhuri, К. R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.673893 · Cited by 12
Bhasin, S. K., & Bharadwaj, I. U. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.1967263 · Cited by 11
“…neurodegenerative disorder associated with both motor (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia and balance impairment) as well as non-motor impairments such as depression, sleep disturbances and pain (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2013; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
Background1,5-Benzodiazepin-2(3H)-ones: In Vitro Evaluation as Antiparkinsonian Agents
Ortíz de Zárate, A., Pérez-Torralba, M., Bonet Isidro, I., López, C., Claramunt, R. M., Martínez-Casanova, D., Sánchez-Vera, I., Jiménez-González, J., & Lavandera, J. L. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10101584 · Cited by 11
Heß, T., Oehlwein, C., & Milani, T. L. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030454 · Cited by 11
Mobile Applications for Resting Tremor Assessment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Moreta-de-Esteban, P., Martín‐Casas, P., Ortiz-Gutiérrez, R. M., Straudi, S., & Cano‐de‐la‐Cuerda, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12062334 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, PD also exhibits non-motor alterations such as digestive disorders, sleep disturbances, and behavioral and cognitive changes that can precede motor symptoms for years [1,3].”
BackgroundKul, A., & Sağırlı, O. (2023) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117322 · Cited by 11
Zhou, Y., Li, Z., Chi, C., Li, C., Yang, M., & Liu, B. (2023) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2023/6755569 · Cited by 11
Laryngeal symptoms related to motor phenotypes in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Thijs, Z., & Dumican, M. (2023) · Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/lio2.1112 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, while often overlooked until later stages, PwPD often display laryngeal related dysfunction, leading to dysphagia and dysphonia.(1,3,5)”
BackgroundInfluentialFreezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: Classification using computational intelligence
Beigi, O. M., Nóbrega, L. R., Houghten, S. K., Pereira, A. A., & Andrade, A. D. O. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105006 · Cited by 12
Drosophila melanogaster has the enzymatic machinery to make the melanic component of neuromelanin
Barek, H., Veraksa, A. N., & Sugumaran, M. (2018) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12709 · Cited by 9
“The loss of neuromelanin- containing dopaminergic neurons is responsible of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundNeuroprotective carbazole alkaloids from the stems and leaves of Clausena lenis
Yan, G., Li, Y.-J., Zhao, Y., et al. (2019) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2019.1652285 · Cited by 11
“Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016).”
BackgroundMesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor A treatment option for parkinson rsquo s disease
Gao, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4874 · Cited by 11
Quantitative assessment of Parkinsonian tremor by using biosensor device
Marino, S., Cartella, E., Donato, N., Muscarà, N., Sorbera, C., Cimino, V., Salvo, S. D., Micchìa, K., Silvestri, G., Bramanti, A., et al. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017897 · Cited by 11
“Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, and postural instability.([1,2,3,4,5,6]) Parkinsonian tremor (oscillatory movement) is the central symptom of PD, presenting in about 70% of PD patients.”
BackgroundAyele, B. A., Zewde, Y. Z., Tafesse, A., et al. (2021) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.19 · Cited by 11
Camerucci, E., Mullan, A. F., Bower, J. H., Bharucha, A. E., Turcano, P., Stang, C. D., Benarroch, E. E., Boeve, B. F., Ahlskog, J. E., & Savica, R. (2022) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.105244 · Cited by 11
Yang, T., Kan, P.-J., Lin, C., Lin, H., Chen, W., & Yau, H. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2940694 · Cited by 11
“PD prevalence increases with advancing age in both males and females, and it has a tendency to relapse at over 60 years of age [1], [2].”
BackgroundFonseca-Fonseca, L. A., Núñez-Figueredo, Y., Ramírez-Sánchez, J., Guerra, M. W., Ochoa, E., Verdecia-Reyes, Y., Delgado, R., Menezes-Filho, N. J., Costa, T. C. S., de Santana, W. A., et al. (2018) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9851-5 · Cited by 11
Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications
Mohabbat, A., & Baghi, H. B. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-025-01622-5 · Cited by 12
“The core disease-driving feature of PD involves the vast loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (Gerfen 2000; Sveinbjornsdottir 2016; Salamon et al. 2020).”
Parkinson's Disease Classification with Self-supervised Learning and Attention Mechanism
Zhang, Y., Lei, H., Huang, Z., et al. (2022) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr56361.2022.9956213 · Cited by 10
“Since there is no radical treatment for PD, the improvement of PD diagnosis accuracy is greatly desired which can facilitate doctors in early diagnosis and alleviate the deterioration of the disease [1].”
BackgroundEffects of wearable visual cueing on gait pattern and stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Zhang, W., Han, Y., Shi, Y., Yan, S., Song, W., Cui, G., & Xiang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1077871 · Cited by 11
“Dopaminergic drugs are included in the therapies aiming to correct motor disturbances (7), and surgical therapy involving deep brain electrical stimulation has become a successful symptomatic treatment strategy for PD (8).”
BackgroundStarr, L. A., McKay, L. E., Peter, K., Seyfarth, L. M., Berkowitz, L. A., Caldwell, K. A., & Caldwell, G. A. (2023) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb11020020 · Cited by 10
“However, this investigation does not address motor and locomotive deficits observed in PD patients [7].”
BackgroundTahir, M., Tehzeeb, K., Javaid, F., Khan, U. A., Ayyaz, A., & Usama, M. (2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3685 · Cited by 10
Ahalya, R. K., Nkondo, G. F., & Umapathy, S. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications · doi:10.4015/s1016237224500054 · Cited by 12
Genetic and pharmacological reduction of CDK14 mitigates synucleinopathy
Parmasad, J.-L. A., Ricke, K. M., Nguyen, B., Stykel, M. G., Buchner-Duby, B., Bruce, A., Geertsma, H. M., Lian, E. Y., Lengacher, N. A., Callaghan, S. M., et al. (2024) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06534-8 · Cited by 10
“Individuals with PD present with motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, shuf fl ing gait, and resting tremor, as well as non-motor symptoms such as constipation, anosmia, and sleep disturbances [3 – 5].”
Guo, C., Wang, T., Huang, H., Wang, X., Jiang, Y., & Li, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59090-8 · Cited by 11
Latham, A. S., Rocha, S. M., McDermott, C. P., Reigan, P., Slayden, R. A., & Tjalkens, R. B. (2024) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017 · Cited by 12
Longitudinal evaluation of polyneuropathy in Parkinson’s disease
Kwon, E. H., Bieber, A., Schülken, P., Müller, K., Kuhn, E. M., Averdunk, P., Kools, S., Hilker, L., Kirchgässler, A., Ebner, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12579-8 · Cited by 10
“Aggregation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies promotes selective and progressive neuronal death leading to cardinal motor symptoms and a wide range of non-motor symptoms such as dysautonomia, constipation, and neuropsychiatric symptoms [3].”
BackgroundFacial Expression Analysis in Parkinsons’s Disease Using Machine Learning: A Review
de Oliveira, G. C., Ngo, Q. C., Júnior, L. A. P., Jodas, D. S., Papa, J. P., & Kumar, D. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3716818 · Cited by 10
“Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) frequently exhibit a condition characterized by decreased facial expression, namely, hypomimia [1, 2].”
Palliative Care and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism
Titova, N., & Chaudhuri, К. R. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.014 · Cited by 9
Alaylıoğlu, M., Dursun, E., Genç, G., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1820502 · Cited by 10
“PD is clinically characterized by slowness of movements (bradykinesia) accompanied by at least one of the two other motor symptoms, muscle stiffness (rigidity) and resting tremor, as well as other motor features, such as postural instability, falling and freezing, and nonmotor features, such as cognitive impairments a…”
BackgroundWang, E., Jia, Y., Ya, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.575672 · Cited by 10
“Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by a diverse array of motor and non-motor symptoms (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundHuntington’s disease: lessons from prion disorders
Alpaugh, M., & Cicchetti, F. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10418-8 · Cited by 9
“PrP systemic amyloidosis is not, however, the only prion or prion-like disease with peripheral pathology as peripheral neuropathy has been described in sCJD [46] as well as the presence of pathological proteins in the periphery of CNS disorders such as PD [47, 48] and ALS [49, 50].”
BackgroundClassification of Subjects with Parkinson’s Disease using Finger Tapping Dataset
Asanza, V., Sánchez-Pozo, N. N., Lorente-Leyva, L. L., Peluffo-Ordóñez, D. H., Loayza, F. R., & Peláez, E. (2021) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.285 · Cited by 10
Aminabad, E. D., Hasanzadeh, M., Ahmadalipour, A., Mahmoudi, T., Feizi, M. A. H., Safaralizadeh, R., & Mobed, A. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Recognition · doi:10.1002/jmr.2952 · Cited by 10
Pourhadi, M., Zali, H., Ghasemi, R., & Vafaei‐Nezhad, S. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02951-y · Cited by 10
Nabizadeh, F., Pirahesh, K., & Ramezannezhad, E. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06440-x · Cited by 11
“Diagnosis of PD is based on motor symptoms including bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability [2].”
BackgroundAlbujuq, N. R., Meana, J. J., Dı́ez-Alarcia, R., Arrate, I. M., Naqvi, A., Althumayri, K., & Alsehli, M. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00662 · Cited by 12
Variants in the SNCA Locus Are Associated With the Progression of Parkinson's Disease
Luo, N., Li, Y., Niu, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00110 · Cited by 10
“…of PD. Previous studies have shown that genetic mutations play important roles in the pathogenesis of the sporadic form of PD, including SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, and LRRK2, in which SNCA is one of the most prominent hallmarks (Houlden and Singleton, 2012; Han et al., 2015; Tatura et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAntioxidative and Neuroprotective Effects of the Cytochalasans From Endophytes
Shen, L., Ju, J.-J., Liu, Q., et al. (2020) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x20917308 · Cited by 10
“In conclusion, 7 among the 8 cytochalasin compounds, chaetoglobosin F (1), chaetoglobosin Fex (2), chaetoglobosin E (3), cytoglobosin A (4), penochalasin C (5), isochaetoglobosin D (6), cytochalasin H (7), and 18methoxycytochalasin J (8), isolated from endophytes C.”
BackgroundInfluentialMori, Y., Yoshikawa, E., Futatsubashi, M., & Ouchi, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240998 · Cited by 11
“While a disturbance in postural balance develops at a later stage of PD [1], the development of postural instability varies among patients [2].”
BackgroundReina, M., Celaya, C. A., & Muñiz, J. (2021) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202101227 · Cited by 10
Özkan, A., Bülbül, M., Derin, N., et al. (2021) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-2105-74 · Cited by 10
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it is distinguished by classic cardinal motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia [1].”
BackgroundSevgi, F., Brauchle, E., Berrio, D. A. C., Schenke‐Layland, K., Casadei, N., Salker, M. S., Rieß, O., & Singh, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.664365 · Cited by 10
“As, only α-helices were observed, therefore, a complete fibrillization was not considered and 4M TG colon samples were possibly showing non-motor signs of PD that precede the diseases by decades, like constipation in the colon (Pellegrini et al., 2016; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Bridi and Hirth, 2018).”
BackgroundSun, X., Li, W., Gong, X., et al. (2021) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios11100399 · Cited by 10
Gafoor, S. H. A., & Padma, T. (2022) · International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics · doi:10.1108/ijicc-10-2021-0226 · Cited by 10
Dash, S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90277-9.00018-3 · Cited by 10
Isenbrandt, A., Coulombe, K., Morissette, M., Bourque, M., Lamontagne‐Proulx, J., Paolo, T. D., & Soulet, D. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16020152 · Cited by 12
“The clinical evaluation of these symptoms allows the diagnosis of PD [10].”
BackgroundEarly Detection of Neurological Dysfunction Using Blood Cell Transcript ProfilesPreprint
Moni, M. A., Rana, H. K., Islam, M. B., Ahmed, M. B., Liò, P., Huq, F., & Quinn, J. M. W. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/483016 · Cited by 10
“PD patients suffer from difficulties in walking, talking or even completing simple daily activities, while sensory, sleep and emotional problems may also be evident, and can lead to development of dementia [16].”
BackgroundPup, F. D., Brun, R., Iotti, F., et al. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.132075 · Cited by 9
Nabizadeh, F., Sodeifian, F., & Kargar, A. (2023) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-023-02251-9 · Cited by 7
“The most common motor symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, resting tremor, dystonia, and postural instability and the non-motor symptoms mainly include neuropsychiatric complications (particularly dementia and depression), speech disturbances, sleep disorders, and various conditions attributable to autonomic nervous syste…”
BackgroundAmprimo, G., Rechichi, I., Ferraris, C., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS) · doi:10.1109/cbms58004.2023.00293 · Cited by 9
“Patients affected by PD manifest alterations in motor functionalities – e.g., bradykinesia, akinesia, muscle stiffness, tremors, balance impairments – that worsen along with disease progression [3].”
BackgroundVoice Acoustic Instability During Spontaneous Speech in Parkinson’s Disease
Smith, K. M., Demers-Peel, M., Manxhari, C., & Stepp, C. E. (2023) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.06.004 · Cited by 11
Han, T., Liu, Q., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., & Xue, K. (2023) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v23i2.67 · Cited by 10
“ease is within 3 years, (4) stable medication, (5) ability to”
BackgroundGe, Y., Zhao, W., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Shu, X., Li, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1399285 · Cited by 10
“As the disease progresses, there is an increasing impact on and dependence on activities of daily living (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundYasuda, Y., Tokumatsu, T., Ueda, C., Sakai, M., Sasaki, Y., Norikura, T., Matsui‐Yuasa, I., & Kojima‐Yuasa, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132076 · Cited by 11
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder globally, after Alzheimer’s disease [1].”
BackgroundLiu, M., Pan, D., Wang, M., Deng, H., & Ma, Z. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00137.2024 · Cited by 9
Wallin, A., Franzén, E., Studsgaard, J., Hansen, M. B., Johansson, S., & Brincks, J. (2025) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107310 · Cited by 9
Dirir, A. M., Ali, A. H., & Hachem, M. (2025) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s537566 · Cited by 10
Neurodegeneration as Ecosystem Failure: A New Paradigm for Prevention and Treatment
Velikic, G. S., Šupić, G., Marić, D., Puletić, M., Kos, M. O., Vojvodić, D., & Maric, D. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211207 · Cited by 12
Mimickers of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Kouri, A. D., Tanios, M., Herron, J. S., Cooper, M. E., & Khan, M. H. (2018) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00176 · Cited by 9
An Optimized Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Parkinson's Disease
Kundu, M., Nashiry, M. A., Dipongkor, A. K., Sumi, S. S., & Hossain, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science · doi:10.5815/ijmecs.2021.04.06 · Cited by 10
“The PD patients might encounter other complications such as imbalance, changes of voice and facial expression, lose sense of smell and have sleep disorders [2].”
BackgroundKim, J.-Y., Shim, J., & Baek, H. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020227 · Cited by 8
“The “dominant side” means the side most affected at PD symptom onset, and this information was investigated due to the asymmetric characteristic in most newly diagnosed PD [30].”
BackgroundBennett, H. B., Walter, C. S., Oholendt, C., Coleman, K., & Vincenzo, J. L. (2022) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12848 · Cited by 11
Wang, L., Wang, H., Yi, S., Zhang, S., & Ho, M. S.-C. (2022) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/tra.12866 · Cited by 8
Surgical Management of Synucleinopathies
Sriram, S., Root, K. T., Chacko, K. M., Patel, A., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102657 · Cited by 9
“Levodopa serves as a standard first-line treatment, functioning to supplement decreased dopamine [19].”
BackgroundWrist Rigidity Evaluation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review
Alves, C. M., Rezende, A. R., Marques, I. A., Mendes, L. C., de Sá, Â. A. R., Vieira, M. F., Júnior, E. A. L., Pereira, A. A., Oliveira, F. H. M., de Souza, L. P. S., et al. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112178 · Cited by 9
“postural instability are also common signs present in PD, whose evaluation is required for diagnosis [5].”
BackgroundWang, H., Fukunaga, K., Cheng, A., Wang, Y., Arimura, N., Yoshino, H., Sasaki, T., & Kawahata, K. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.008 · Cited by 9
Majhi, V., Choudhury, B., Saha, G. K., & Paul, S. (2023) · International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine · doi:10.47552/ijam.v14i1.3228 · Cited by 9
Dynamic functional connectivity assesses the progression of Parkinson’s disease
Li, Z., Chen, W., Zeng, X., Ni, J., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, L., Ma, Y., & Meng, F. (2023) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2023.100027 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Sveinbjornsdottir, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurology Broomfield Hospital Chelmsford Essex CM1 7ET UK
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-11
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 318-324
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2464977649
- Cited by
- 1,410
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, disease progression, neurodegeneration, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, sleep disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, tremor, Parkinson's disease treatment, treatment complications
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tremor, Disease Progression, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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