The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 122 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Open accessAbstract
A review describing both motor and non-motor clinical features of Parkinson's disease in the context of disease progression.
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
10 of 122 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depression and anxiety may also occur long before the diagnosis is made (Chen et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al. 2013 source
The Introduction says that accumulating evidence suggests depression and anxiety may occur well before the motor dysfunction used to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. Its table also lists studies assessing both symptoms years before PD diagnosis. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified wording, “may.” (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These may start as early as 10 or more years before the diagnosis (Schrag et al. 2015)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schrag et al. 2015 source
The Results (p. 5) report that constipation, a non-motor symptom, was more common in people later diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at 10 years before diagnosis. The Discussion (p. 6) also reports an association between erectile dysfunction and a Parkinson’s diagnosis more than 10 years later, supporting the claim’s qualified wording. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, is well known in PD (Monderer and Thorpy 2008), not all studies have shown increased prevalence among patients (Zeng et al. 2013).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zeng et al. 2013 source
The Discussion says many studies found similar rates of obstructive sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease patients and controls. The Conclusion also reports that this meta-analysis found a lower risk in patients, supporting the narrower claim that not all studies found an increased prevalence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Erectile dysfunction is common in males (Sakakibara et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sakakibara et al. 2011 source
Section 4.3.1, “Male Sexual Symptoms,” reports that 79% of the men with Parkinson’s disease in a cited study had decreased erection, significantly more than healthy male controls. This supports the statement that erectile dysfunction is common in men with Parkinson’s disease. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One study showed that visual component was lacking in 10% of cases (Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Papapetropoulos and Heather Katzen 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that seven of 70 Parkinson’s disease patients had hallucinations lacking a visual component, giving an overall prevalence of 10%. But the Results (Characteristics of hallucinators) state that those seven were 22.5% of the 31 patients who had hallucinations. Thus 10% applies to all patients studied, not to cases of hallucinations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Progression of the dementia shows a correlation with spread of the neuropathological changes to cortical brain structures (Irwin et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Irwin et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a proposed spread of Lewy body and neurite pathology from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex. The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) associate greater cortical pathology with dementia in Parkinson’s disease, but do not establish that progression of dementia itself correlates with the spread over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
In the paper
“This may rarely be a prediagnostic symptom in PD (Tolosa and Compta 2006)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In young onset familial PD, dystonia typically involves the foot with cramp-like discomfort or inversion of the affected foot (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In the majority of cases, the PD symptoms appear within 10 years from onset of the dystonia.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In PD, the blood pressure drop may last several minutes (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The prevalence increases with advancing age both for men and women with no decreases at higher ages (De Rijk et al. 1997).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites De Rijk et al. 1997 source
The AGE section explicitly states that Parkinson's disease prevalence increased with age in all five surveys for both men and women, with no decrease at higher ages. The claim matches that finding. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Around 80% have limb tremor, most commonly a resting pill-rolling type of tremor of the hands.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Jankovic 2008 source
The Tremor section (page not supplied) reports that 75% of patients had tremor during the course of Parkinson’s disease, consistent with “around 80%.” It describes the tremor as almost always prominent in an extremity and hand rest tremor as pill-rolling. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Reichmann 2010 source
The Tremor section (page not provided) says tremor can spread to a lower limb or begin there. It also says that although resting tremor is typical of Parkinson’s disease, action tremor occurs in many patients. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sleep studies have shown that patients have more shallow sleep and tendency to frequent awakenings in the night (Yong et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Yong et al. 2011 source
The Discussion reports increased stage 1 sleep in Parkinson’s disease patients compared with controls, supporting the description of lighter sleep. The Results (Subjective sleep related complaints) report significantly more difficulty staying asleep and frequent awakenings among patients. These awakenings were self-reported; the study did not find an increased PSG arousal index. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Lau and Breteler 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Autonomic dysfunction may present prior to the diagnosis or become apparent with disease progression or be induced by medication (Koike and Takahashi 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Koike and Takahashi 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“All areas of autonomic function may be affected and this has been reported to affect daily life of over 50% of patients (Jost 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jost 2003 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Europe, the prevalence at ages 85-89 has been reported as 3.5% (Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“swallowing problems have been reported in 40-80% (Kalf et al. 2011)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kalf et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These deformities include abnormally flexed body posture with flexion originating in the thoracic or lumbar spine (camptocormia), forward flexion of the head and neck (antecollis) and scoliosis of the spine, i.e., a lateral curve of the spine usually combined with rotation of the vertebrae (Doherty et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Doherty et al. 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In reports by Poewe and colleagues, the most frequent site for off dystonia is the foot, whereas in peak dose dystonia neck and face are more commonly involved (Poewe and Lees 1987;Poewe et al. 1988).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tolosa and Compta 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“but slow-transit constipation is by far the most common, occurring in 70-80% (Jost and Eckardt 2003;Jost 2010).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Salivary secretion appears to be reduced in PD despite frequent problem with dribbling of saliva in advanced disease (Cersosimo et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cersosimo et al. 2009 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They last from seconds to minutes, and may recur over the day (Holroyd et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Minor visual phenomena such as sense of presence and visual illusions affect 17-72% of patients and delusions about 5% (Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The earliest symptoms include problems with executive function, i.e., planning and organizing goal-directed behaviour, but visuospatial dysfunction, impaired speech fluency and memory impairment are also observed (Williams-Gray et al. 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams-Gray et al. 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive deterioration and dementia is common in PD and may occur early or late (Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Williams-Gray et al. 2006, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Seborrhoeic keratosis is a dermatological facial and scalp disorder that has been reported in 18.6% of patients (Fischer et al. 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al. 2001 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Frequent nocturia is reported by 60% of patients and is caused by detrusor overactivity (Yeo et al. 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeo et al. 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The frequency in clinically manifested PD has been reported as 27-32% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009), but symptoms may appear years or decades before the motor symptoms appear (Hickey et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Excessive daytime sleepiness has been estimated to occur in up to 50% (Monderer and Thorpy 2009) and may be partly induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Knie et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Visual hallucinations and illusions are common in PD and reportedly occur in a third to 40% of patients (Onofrj et al. 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Onofrj et al. 2007 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They appear to be related to the dopaminergic treatment load and possibly more to dopamine receptor agonist drugs than others (O'Sullivan et al. 2009;Ceravolo et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Sullivan et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ceravolo et al. 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If psychosis occurs it is usually late in the disease process in patients on high doses of drugs or may be associated with old age, cognitive impairment and history of depression (Thanvi et al. 2005).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Thanvi et al. 2005 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher load of dopaminergic treatment may be related to the hallucinations, but disease severity, cognitive impairment, depression, older age and worse visual acuity may also be important (Holroyd et al. 2001;Fenelon and Alves 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holroyd et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fenelon and Alves 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This may be associated with dyskinesias or low blood concentrations of the dopaminergic drugs but does not appear to correlate with duration of the disease (Hirayama 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hirayama 2006 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis reported that one third of patients have clinically significant depression, while a major depressive disorder was reported in 17% (Reijnders et al. 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reijnders et al. 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild cognitive impairment has been reported to be twice as common in PD as in people not affected by the disease (Aarsland et al. 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aarsland et al. 2009 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide with incidence and prevalence on the rise along with changing population demographics (Pringsheim et al. 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pringsheim et al. 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The disease has distinctive neuropathological brain changes.There is formation of abnormal proteinaceous spherical bodies called Lewy bodies (Fig. 1), and a spindleor thread-like and, in part, branching Lewy neurites in the somata of the involved nerve cells, beginning at defined induction sites and advancing in a topographically predictable sequence within the nervous system (Braak et al. 2004).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Braak et al. 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Relative risk of death compared with matched control populations has been reported 1.6-3.0(Clarke and Moore 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clarke and Moore 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Gait and balance disturbances and speech and swallowing difficulties may appear that are poorly responding to treatment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Musculoskeletal pain is reported by almost half of the patients, but such pain is common in this age group and may not always be related to the PD.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Broen et al. 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with PD have greater and earlier need for nursing home placements (Parashos et al. 2002), higher rates of emergency hospital admissions, longer admissions and higher in-hospital mortality than comparable general population (Low et al. 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Low et al. 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as I review, PD is a much more complex disease than just the motor manifestations.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“With progression of the disease, treatment becomes heavier and drug response less reliable and the anti-parkinsonian drugs induce potentially disabling dyskinesias.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains a debilitating disorder for which no effective disease modification therapies have yet been identified.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although symptoms progress and motor symptoms appear in the contralateral side, drug response is usually reliable and patients are functioning well.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early in the course of the disease, symptoms are usually unilateral and mild and the response to treatment is fair or excellent with no variability in motor function over the day.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poewe 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.
“The disease is usually diagnosed by the first motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.
“Postural deformities are a frequent complication of Parkinson's disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The pathophysiology of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.
“The pathophysiology of these deformities may be multifactorial and probably includes rigidity, axial dystonia, myopathy and centrally impaired proprioception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In one study of 109 recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients not yet started treatment, symptoms such as apathy, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% prior to diagnosis and were more common than in normal controls.
“One study of 109 recently diagnosed patients who had not yet started treatment showed that symptoms such as a lack of emotional involvement and interest (apathy), excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep problems and constipation may occur in up to 60-70% of patients prior to the diagnosis and these symptoms were more common than in normal controls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With advancing disease, non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for patients than motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
“With advancing disease, the non-motor symptoms generally become more troublesome for the patients than the motor symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of Parkinson's disease patients.
“Orthostatic hypotension affects 30-40% of patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.
“Anxiety and depression may disappear with dopaminergic treatment, but may be persistent or recur in the long clinical course of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The aetiology of Parkinson's disease is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.
“The aetiology of PD is probably multifactorial and there is no available treatment that will halt or stop progression of the disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Levodopa is standard and the most common initial therapy for Parkinson's disease patients.
“Levodopa, a prodrug to dopamine, is standard and the most common initial therapy for patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early on, response to levodopa is usually good in Parkinson's disease.
“Early on, response is usually good.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With disease progression, the majority of Parkinson's disease patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off), on-off symptoms, dyskinesias and other motor complications.
“With disease progression and less capacity of the system to store dopamine, the majority of patients experience shorter duration of response to individual doses (wearing-off symptoms), alternative phases with good and poor response to medication (on-off symptoms), involuntary movements of the head, trunk or limbs (dyskinesias) and other motor complications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.
“Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive multi-system neurodegenerative disease affecting people mainly in later years of life.”
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“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in elderly caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), a region of the midbrain (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Alizadeh et al., 2019).”
From Mechanism of miR-132-3p Promoting Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
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“The prevalence of PD in industrialised countries is generally estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about 1% in people over 60 years of age (De Lau and Breteler 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialStages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology
Braak, H., Ghebremedhin, E., Rüb, U., Bratzke, H., & Del Tredici, K. (2004) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-004-0956-9 · Cited by 2,689
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Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort
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Items 101–200 of 1,401
Interleukin-6 triggers toxic neuronal iron sequestration in response to pathological α-synuclein
Sterling, J. K., Kam, T.-I., Guttha, S., Park, H., Baumann, B., Mehrabani-Tabari, A. A., Schultz, H., Anderson, B., Alnemri, A., Chou, S.-C., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110358 · Cited by 58
“In addition to the loss of DA neurons, widespread pathology throughout the nervous system contributes to non-motor features of PD including autonomic, olfactory, and cognitive symptoms (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundProbiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update
Mirzaei, H., Sedighi, S., Kouchaki, E., Barati, E., Dadgostar, E., Aschner, M., & Tamtaji, O. R. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-021-01128-w · Cited by 57
“PD is characterized by motor and non-motor features (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Stage-Based Approach to Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
Carrarini, C., Russo, M., Dono, F., Pietro, M. D., Rispoli, M. G., Stefano, V. D., Ferri, L., Barbone, F., Vitale, M., Thomas, A., et al. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9080388 · Cited by 58
“After a prolonged disease duration, patients can develop several NMS for which current treatments are limited [12].”
BackgroundClinical Aspects of the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
Shin, H., Hong, S.-W., & Youn, Y. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2022.18.3.259 · Cited by 72
Translational molecular imaging and drug development in Parkinson’s disease
Haider, A., Elghazawy, N. H., Dawoud, A., Gebhard, C., Wichmann, T., Sippl, W., Hoener, M. C., Arenas, E., & Liang, S. H. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00600-z · Cited by 60
“Advanced molecular imaging applications have led to considerable progress in our understanding of non-dopaminergic receptor systems, including glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and adrenergic signaling in PD [10, 30, 31].”
Advanced Parkinson’s or “complex phase” Parkinson’s disease? Re-evaluation is needed
Titova, N., Martínez‐Martín, P., Катунина, Е. А., & Chaudhuri, К. R. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1799-3 · Cited by 58
“2015; Sveinbjornsdottir 2016; Chahine et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effects of exercise interventions on Parkinson’s disease: A Bayesian network meta-analysis
Tang, L., Fang, Y., & Yin, J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.092 · Cited by 58
Zhang, C., Dou, B., Wang, J., Xu, K., Zhang, H., Sami, M. U., Hu, C., Rong, Y., Xiao, Q., Chen, N., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01052 · Cited by 56
“The present study showed the following findings: (1) the dALFF of patients with PD compared to HCs was notably different in the left precuneus; (2) a significant correlation between CV of dALFF in the left precuneus and the course of the disease was found in PD; (3) dALFF in the left precuneus showed high accuracy in…”
ResultMicroglial Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for Neurodegeneration Spreading
Aires, I. D., Ribeiro‐Rodrigues, T., Boia, R., Ferreira-Rodrigues, M., Girão, H., Ambrósio, A. F., & Santiago, A. R. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11060770 · Cited by 57
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies formation, which are formed by the aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein in the substantia nigra [26].”
BackgroundMachine learning approach for classification of Parkinson disease using acoustic features
Mittal, V., & Sharma, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments · doi:10.1007/s40860-021-00141-6 · Cited by 56
Cannabidiol and brain function: current knowledge and future perspectives
Schouten, M., Dalle, S., Mantini, D., & Koppo, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1328885 · Cited by 64
“The symptoms of PD include motor as well as non-motor signs such as depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep disorders, and psychosis (Poewe, 2008; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundLi, S., Wang, Z., Liu, G., & Chen, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1425839 · Cited by 64
“Clinical features include motor dysfunction, bradykinesia, tremors, gait and balance disturbances, cognitive decline, and disorientation (76).”
BackgroundLiao, J., He, W., Li, L., Wang, J., Gong, L., Zhang, Q., & Lin, Z. (2025) · Cell Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.celbio.2025.100016 · Cited by 63
Polat, K., & Nour, M. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109678 · Cited by 59
Gong, X., Huang, M., & Chen, L. (2022) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0393-21.2021 · Cited by 55
“Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in elderly caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), a region of the midbrain (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Alizadeh et al., 2019).”
BackgroundParkinson’s disease as a somato-cognitive action network disorder
Ren, J., Zhang, W., Dahmani, L., Gordon, E. M., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Long, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, Y., Guo, N., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-10059-1 · Cited by 55
“PD, which manifests with non-effector-specific motor symptoms, motor initiation and coordination deficits, as well as with physiological and autonomic dysfunction 4 , is characterized by SCAN dysregulation.”
Wang, X., Huang, J., Chatzakou, M., Medijainen, K., Toomela, A., Nõmm, S., & Ruzhansky, M. V. (2024) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108066 · Cited by 56
Aminabad, E. D., Mobed, A., Hasanzadeh, M., Feizi, M. A. H., Safaralizadeh, R., & Seidi, F. (2022) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d1ra06437a · Cited by 57
Gonzalez-Riano, C., Saiz, J., Barbas, C., Bergareche, A., Huerta, J. M., Ardanaz, E., Konjevod, M., Mondragon, E., Erro, M. E., Chirlaque, M. D., et al. (2021) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00216-4 · Cited by 49
Astrocytic modulation of neuronal signalling
Purushotham, S. S., & Buskila, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2023.1205544 · Cited by 56
“Its symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and other non-motor symptoms (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundKardani, J., Sethi, R., & Roy, I. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.002 · Cited by 51
Nasrolahi, A., Mahmoudi, J., Akbarzadeh, A., Karimipour, M., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., Salehi, R., & Farhoudi, M. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0040 · Cited by 52
Gait Anomaly Detection of Subjects With Parkinson’s Disease Using a Deep Time Series-Based Approach
Paragliola, G., & Coronato, A. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2882245 · Cited by 51
“A general deficit of coordination and an unsteady gait are also involved [1].”
Backgroundde Oliveira, N. K. S., Almeida, M. R. S., Pontes, F. M. M., Barcelos, M. P., da Silva, C. H. T. D. P., Rosa, J. M. C., Cruz, R. A. S., & Hage-Melim, L. I. D. S. (2019) · Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871524919666190502105855 · Cited by 50
Hydrogen Sulphide-Based Therapeutics for Neurological Conditions: Perspectives and Challenges
Sharif, A. H., Iqbal, M., Manhoosh, B., Gholampoor, N., Ma, D., Marwah, M. K., & Sanchez-Aranguren, L. C. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03887-y · Cited by 54
“Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s include bradykinesia, resting tremor, and cogwheel rigidity whereas non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbance, cognitive decline, and depression [67].”
BackgroundChaturvedi, M., Bogaarts, J. G., Kozak, V. V., Hatz, F., Gschwandtner, U., Meyer, A., Fuhr, P., & Röth, V. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.017 · Cited by 49
Emerging roles of 14-3-3γ in the brain disorder
Cho, E., & Park, J. (2020) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.10.158 · Cited by 46
Treating Parkinson’s disease by astrocyte reprogramming: Progress and challenges
Wei, Z. D., & Shetty, A. K. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg3198 · Cited by 50
Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Morin in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model
Hong, D. G., Lee, S., Kim, J., Yang, S., Lee, M., Ahn, J., Lee, H., Chang, S., Ha, N., & Lee, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231810578 · Cited by 49
“In addition to motor symptoms, various nonmotor symptoms such as autonomic nerve dysfunction, sensory cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbance develop [2].”
BackgroundMicrobial treatment: the potential application for Parkinson’s disease
Fang, X. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3641-6 · Cited by 45
Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study
Han, Z., Tian, R., Ren, P., Zhou, W., Wang, P., Luo, M., Jin, S., & Jiang, Q. (2018) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12881-018-0721-7 · Cited by 46
“The patients suffering from PD show slow movements, tremor, gait and balance disturbances and other behavioral problems [6].”
BackgroundAltinoz, M. A., Elmacı, İ., Hacımüftüoğlu, A., Ozpinar, A., Hacker, E. C., & Özpınar, A. (2020) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2020.100871 · Cited by 47
Dual-specificity phosphatases in mental and neurological disorders
An, N., Bassil, K. C., Jowf, G. I. A., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Rothermel, M., de Nijs, L., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2020) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101906 · Cited by 47
“…with motor and non-motor symptoms, which consist of slow movements, tremors, rigidity, impaired balance during walking, various disturbances in autonomic functions with orthostatic hypotension, constipation, sleep disturbances, and a spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundEmerging potential of cannabidiol in reversing proteinopathies
Dash, R., Ali, M. C., Jahan, I., Munni, Y. A., Mitra, S., Hannan, M. A., Timalsina, B., Oktaviani, D. F., Choi, H. J., & Moon, I. S. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101209 · Cited by 50
“The pathogenesis of PD is also associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative damage to the neurons (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016), which leads to the loss of gross movement, dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle, cognitive deficit and dementia, psychosis, slow thinking capacity, anxiety disorders, depression, and mood di…”
BackgroundLauring, J. O., Pelowski, M. J., Specker, E., Ishizu, T., Haugbøl, S., Hollunder, B., Leder, H., Stender, J., & Kupers, R. C. (2019) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103597 · Cited by 45
Role of platelet in Parkinson’s disease: Insights into pathophysiology & theranostic solutions
Beura, S. K., Panigrahi, A. R., Yadav, P., & Singh, S. K. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101681 · Cited by 47
Ye, X., Li, L., He, R. X., Jia, Y., & Poon, W. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.940419 · Cited by 48
“All eligible studies in this meta-analysis had to meet the following criteria: (1) patients had idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; (2) patients in the intervention group received a course of music or rhythmic auditory stimulation during physical therapy whereas the control group received conventional physical therapy; (3…”
BackgroundHuang, Y., Chaturvedi, K., Nayan, A.-A., Hesamian, M. H., Braytee, A., & Prasad, M. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15040220 · Cited by 47
“The disease is characterized by diverse motor symptoms such as tremors, slow movement, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment and sleep disturbances [2].”
BackgroundRcom-H'cheo-Gauthier, A. N., Meedeniya, A. C. B., & Pountney, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13971 · Cited by 44
“As symptoms start to arise when 50–70% of neurons have been lost, diagnosis is only possible at an advanced stage of the disease (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016).”
BackgroundGlycoprotein NMB: an Emerging Role in Neurodegenerative Disease
Budge, K. M., Neal, M. P., Richardson, J. R., & Safadi, F. F. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0707-z · Cited by 47
Clinical aspects of adherence to pharmacotherapy in Parkinson disease
Straka, I., Minár, M., Gažová, A., Valkovič, P., & Kyselovič, J. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010962 · Cited by 47
“Therefore, it is essential to identify depressive symptoms as soon as possible for effective management strategies (increase dopaminergic medication, add antidepressants).([33,34]) Higher level of adherence was observed in patients with a simple schedule of taking drug (the best results were with “once daily” pattern).”
BackgroundCellular and Molecular Aspects of Parkinson Treatment: Future Therapeutic Perspectives
Jamebozorgi, K., Taghizadeh, E., Rostami, D., Pormasoumi, H., Barreto, G. E., Hayat, S. M. G., & Sahebkar, A. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1419-8 · Cited by 46
Tok, S., Ahnaou, A., & Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210397 · Cited by 45
Glycation modulates glutamatergic signaling and exacerbates Parkinson’s disease-like phenotypes
Chegão, A., Guarda, M., Alexandre, B. M., Shvachiy, L., Temido‐Ferreira, M., Marques-Morgado, I., Gomes, B. F., Matthiesen, R., Lopes, L. V., Florindo, P. R., et al. (2022) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00314-x · Cited by 49
Aggregation-induced emission: An illuminator in the brain
Duo, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, T., Zhou, R., Wang, R., Luo, G., & Tang, B. Z. (2023) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215070 · Cited by 44
Transgenic Overexpression of GPNMB Protects Against MPTP-Induced Neurodegeneration
Budge, K. M., Neal, M. P., Richardson, J. R., & Safadi, F. F. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01921-6 · Cited by 46
“PD is unknown, it is likely a multifactorial disease [3, 4].”
InfluentialBézard, E., Gray, D. L., Kozak, R., Leoni, M. J., Combs, C., & Duvvuri, S. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666230331121028 · Cited by 52
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by deficits in motor control arising from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and subsequent depletion of dopamine in motor regions of the striatum [1-4].”
BackgroundIsaacson, S., Hauser, R. A., Pahwa, R., Gray, D. L., & Duvvuri, S. (2023) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100212 · Cited by 58
“Treatment to replenish striatal dopaminergic deficiency with levodopa typically results in robust clinical motor symptom improvement [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, Z., Li, T., Cui, Y., Li, S., Cheng, C., Shen, B., & Le, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00218 · Cited by 44
“…(PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world (Sarkar et al., 2016; Xie and Chen, 2016), and the prevalence is on the rise, along with changing population demographics, which undoubtedly brings a heavy burden to both individual families and society (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundZhang, G., Chen, L., Liu, J., Jin, Y., Lin, Z., Du, S., Fu, Z., Chen, T., Qin, Y., Sui, F., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102636 · Cited by 44
Dendrimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Pérez‐Carrión, M. D., & Posadas, I. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11020319 · Cited by 45
Exploring the role of gut microbiota in advancing personalized medicine
Huang, G., Khan, R., Zheng, Y., Lee, P.-C., Li, Q., & Khan, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274925 · Cited by 48
“…heterologous host is capable of expressing the genetic potential on a recombinant plasmid vector and can thus be used to confirm whether the genetic component captured can replicate the function of the original gene content in the heterologous host (Khan et al., 2015, 2016; Khan R. et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPPEF2 Opposes PINK1-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control by Dephosphorylating Ubiquitin
Wall, C. E., Rose, C. M., Adrian, M., Zeng, Y. J., Kirkpatrick, D. S., & Bingol, B. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.130 · Cited by 42
Abbas, A., Yadav, V., Smith, E. C., Ramjas, E., Rutter, S., Benavidez, C., Koesmahargyo, V., Zhang, L., Guan, L., Rosenfield, P., et al. (2021) · Digital Biomarkers · doi:10.1159/000512383 · Cited by 42
Li, R., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, M., Ang, W. H. D., & Lau, Y. (2021) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215521995179 · Cited by 42
Recent use of deep learning techniques in clinical applications based on gait: a survey
Matsushita, Y., Tran, D. T., Yamazoe, H., & Lee, J. (2021) · Journal of Computational Design and Engineering · doi:10.1093/jcde/qwab054 · Cited by 52
“Moreover, the motor symptoms of PD affect a majority of the parts of the body (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundRecent updates on structural insights of MAO-B inhibitors: a review on target-based approach
Baweja, G. S., Gupta, S., Kumar, B., Patel, P., & Asati, V. (2023) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-023-10634-6 · Cited by 44
“There are two types of symptoms of PD, motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slow movements, and a problem with balance and non-motor symptoms such as depression, insomnia, and cognitive dysfunction [9, 10].”
Lv, K., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Shaowen, D., Yin, P., & Miao, H. (2021) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-021-00332-8 · Cited by 43
“Discussion PD is a neurological disorder that affects the movement abilities of adults [1, 2], which remains lack of effective therapeutic measures due to the limited understanding of the dysfunction of molecular events and signaling pathways underlying neurodegeneration [6].”
BackgroundDoxakis, E. (2022) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00265-9 · Cited by 43
Motor and non-motor symptoms, drugs, and their mode of action in Parkinson’s disease (PD): a review
Saini, N., Singh, N., Kaur, N., Garg, S., Kaur, M., Kumar, A., Verma, M., Singh, K., & Sohal, H. S. (2024) · Medicinal Chemistry Research · doi:10.1007/s00044-024-03203-5 · Cited by 41
“Before the cardinal motor aspects of PD show, it is estimated that nearly 80% of dopaminergic neurons in a nigro-striatal pathway are destroyed [1].”
InfluentialLu, J., Su, P., Barber, J., Nash, J. E., Lê, A. D., Liu, F., & Wong, A. H. C. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3933 · Cited by 41
“dementia and a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundRab GTPases as Physiological Substrates of LRRK2 Kinase
Seol, W., Nam, D., & Son, I. (2019) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2019.28.2.134 · Cited by 42
Li, H., Pun, C., Xu, F., et al. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Internet Technology · doi:10.1145/3397161 · Cited by 41
Wearable sensors in the diagnosis and study of Parkinson’s disease symptoms: a systematic review
Albán-Cadena, A. C., Villalba-Meneses, F., Pila‐Varela, K. O., Moreno-Calvo, A., Villalba-Meneses, C. P., & Almeida-Galárraga, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/03091902.2021.1922528 · Cited by 43
Chang, E., & Wang, J. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2251 · Cited by 41
“Motor symptoms include tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and freezing; behavioral problems, cognitive dysfunctions andmemory loss are themost prevalent non-motor characteristics of PD, which usually emerge slowly, and as the PD worsen, they becomemore common (Kalia, 2018; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundThe role of innate immunity and inflammation in Parkinson´s disease
Öberg, M., Fabrik, I., Fabriková, D., Zehetner, N., & Härtlová, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13022 · Cited by 41
Zhou, X., Li, B., Guo, M., Peng, W., Wang, D., Guo, Q., Wang, S., Ming, D., & Zheng, B. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131555 · Cited by 40
Çelik, G., & Başaran, E. (2023) · Applied Acoustics · doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2023.109476 · Cited by 39
Martinez-Perez, D. A., Jiménez-Del-Río, M., & Velez‐Pardo, C. (2018) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-018-9899-x · Cited by 39
The Challenge and Opportunity to Diagnose Parkinson's Disease in Midlife
Kilzheimer, A., Hentrich, T., Burkhardt, S., & Schulze-Hentrich, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01328 · Cited by 41
Trifonova, O. P., Maslov, D. L., Balashova, E. E., Рашидовна, У. Г., Абаимов, Д. А., Fedotova, E. Y., Poleschuk, V. V., Illarioshkin, S. N., & Lokhov, P. G. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10050339 · Cited by 40
“It is believed that the neurodegenerative processes in PD begin several years or even decades before the onset of motor symptoms that underline the diagnosis [2,17].”
BackgroundDetection of Parkinson’s Disease from gait using Neighborhood Representation Local Binary Patterns
Yurdakul, O. C., Subathra, M. S. P., & George, S. T. (2020) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102070 · Cited by 39
I Feel Like I Am Flying and Full of Life: Contemporary Dance for Parkinson’s Patients
Bar, A., Czamanski‐Cohen, J., & Federman, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623721 · Cited by 54
“The array of symptoms as well as the rate of progression is unpredictable, but eventually PD patients become extremely limited, and need hands on assistance for daily living (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundLi, J. A., Loevaas, M. B., Guan, C., Goh, L., Allen, N. E., Mak, K. Y., Lv, J., & Paul, S. S. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683231172752 · Cited by 46
Rocha, S. M., Kirkley, K. S., Chatterjee, D., Aboellail, T., Smeyne, R. J., & Tjalkens, R. B. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24385 · Cited by 41
“Subsequent motor manifestations are characterized by tremor, rigidity, postural instability, masked facies, and general bradykinesia (Opara et al., 2017; Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
BackgroundSo, Y.-J., Lee, J.-U., Yang, G.-S., Yang, G., Kim, S. W., Lee, J., & Kim, J.-U. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25021071 · Cited by 45
“Motor symptoms manifest as tremors, rigidity, and gait abnormalities [14].”
BackgroundA Perspective on Wearable Sensor Measurements and Data Science for Parkinson’s Disease
Matias, R., Paixão, V., Bouça‐Machado, R., & Ferreira, J. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00677 · Cited by 38
“In order to distinguish relevant from futile technological-based outcome tools, researchers would need to determine: (1) which constructs are clinically relevant; (2) which contribute to an ecologically effective therapeutic decision and provide adequate information about a treatment response or disease course, and fi…”
BackgroundGetachew, B., Csoka, A. B., Aschner, M., & Tizabi, Y. (2018) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.003 · Cited by 38
“Main symptoms include motor deficits characterized by akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016).”
The diagnostic value of SNpc using NM-MRI in Parkinson’s disease: meta-analysis
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhu, C., Li, G., Kang, J., Chen, F., & Yang, L. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04014-y · Cited by 39
Yang, T., Lin, C., Chen, W., Lin, H., Su, C.-S., & Liang, C. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2950143 · Cited by 38
“P ARKINSON’S disease (PD) is a serious chronic neurodegenerative disorder that gradually affects the motor sys-tem, and its prevalence increases with advancing age in both males and females; it tends to relapse at over 60 years of age [1], [2].”
BackgroundJi, Y.-J., Wang, H., Yin, B.-L., & Ren, X. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.001 · Cited by 38
Kang, S., Li, J., Yao, Z., & Liu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.654340 · Cited by 39
“Pathologically, the characteristics of PD include the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra pars compacta and the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein, which further leads to motor dysfunction (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016; Opara et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCarmichael, K., Sullivan, B. T., Lopez, E., Sun, L., & Cai, H. (2021) · Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.20517/and.2021.07 · Cited by 48
Khachnaoui, H., Khlifa, N., & Mabrouk, R. (2022) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging8040097 · Cited by 40
“Several clinical measurements were used to evaluate PD symptoms [31,32].”
MethodA systematic review and meta‐analysis of respiratory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
McMahon, L., Blake, C. M., & Lennon, O. C. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15743 · Cited by 39
Duhan, J., & Obrai, S. (2023) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2023.109262 · Cited by 37
Jeong, S., Park, S., Lee, S., Cho, H., Lee, K.-Y., Ju, B., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, S. H. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161329 · Cited by 42
Pimavanserin: A Novel Antipsychotic for Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis
Bozymski, K. M., Lowe, D., Pasternak, K. M., Gatesman, T. L., & Crouse, E. L. B. (2017) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028017693029 · Cited by 37
“Four motor symptoms are central to diagnosis: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.(1) Unfortunately, many individuals with PD also develop nonmotor symptoms that are not targeted by dopamine-promoting pharmacotherapies.”
BackgroundInfluentialPlasma α ‐synuclein levels are increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Sun, H., Sun, B., Chen, D., Chen, Y., Li, W., Xu, M., Shen, Y., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., & Bu, X. (2019) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.756 · Cited by 37
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common disease in the middle-aged and elderly population, mainly affecting the motor system, as well as sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms.(1) The presence of Lewy bodies, which were accumulated by the a-synuclein protein, is the major pathological process in PD.”
BackgroundRole of the mtDNA Mutations and Mitophagy in Inflammaging
Dabravolski, S. A., Nikiforov, N. G., Zhuravlev, A. D., Orekhov, N. A., Grechko, A. V., & Orekhov, A. N. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031323 · Cited by 39
“Slowly emerging symptoms include mainly motor functions (tremor, slowness, walking, rigidity), but cognitive and behavioural indications are also possible [166].”
BackgroundHeart Matters: Cardiac Dysfunction and Other Autonomic Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
Gonçalves, V. C., Cuenca-Bermejo, L., Fernandez-Villalba, E., Martin-Balbuena, S., da Silva Fernandes, M. J., Scorza, C. A., & Herrero, M.-T. (2022) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858421990000 · Cited by 37
“When sustaining the vertical posture, there is low blood pressure that leads to a low blood supply to the brain, causing visual disturbances, dizziness and cognitive impairments, anticipating a loss of consciousness (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016).”
BackgroundTargeted drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases: the role of nanotechnology
Dhariwal, R., Jain, M., Mir, Y. R., Singh, A., Jain, B., Kumar, P., Tariq, M., Verma, D., Deshmukh, K., Yadav, V. K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1522223 · Cited by 47
“Non-motor symptoms may also manifest, including depression, sleep disturbances, and cognitive challenges (35).”
Donega, V., Burm, S. M., van Strien, M. E., van Bodegraven, E. J., Paliukhovich, I., Geut, H., van de Berg, W. D. J., Li, K. W., Smit, A. B., Başak, O., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0736-0 · Cited by 36
Ma, S., Yang, Q., Zhang, W., et al. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121290 · Cited by 36
Warmerdam, E., Romijnders, R., Welzel, J., Hansen, C., Schmidt, G. U., & Maetzler, W. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20205963 · Cited by 35
The Regulation of Rab GTPases by Phosphorylation
Xu, L., Nagai, Y., Kajihara, Y., Ito, G., & Tomita, T. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11091340 · Cited by 36
Potential Crosstalk Between Parkinson's Disease and Energy Metabolism
Liu, M., Jiao, Q., Du, X., Bi, M., Chen, X., & Jiang, H. F. (2021) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2021.0422 · Cited by 34
“Orthostatic hypotension is a common nonmotor symptom in PD patients [67].”
BackgroundThe Role of Inflammation in Cognitive Impairment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Yang, C., Zhou, Y., Liu, H., & Xu, P. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101303 · Cited by 37
“PD, the second most common neurodegenerative disease after AD, mainly impacts the motor system and is associated with sleep and neuropsychiatric symptoms [148].”
BackgroundExploring the stigma experienced by people affected by Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Crooks, S., Mitchell, G., Wynne, L., & Carter, G. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21236-8 · Cited by 32
Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies
Morissette, M., & Paolo, T. D. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Sveinbjornsdottir, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurology Broomfield Hospital Chelmsford Essex CM1 7ET UK
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-11
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 318-324
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2464977649
- Cited by
- 1,410
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, disease progression, neurodegeneration, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, sleep disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, tremor, Parkinson's disease treatment, treatment complications
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tremor, Disease Progression, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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