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Bright Light Resets the Human Circadian Pacemaker Independent of the Timing of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Abstract
Human circadian rhythms were once thought to be insensitive to light, with synchronization to the 24-hour day accomplished either through social contacts or the sleep-wake schedule. Yet the demonstration of an intensity-dependent neuroendocrine response to bright light has led to renewed consideration of light as a possible synchronizer of the human circadian pacemaker. In a laboratory study, the output of the circadian pacemaker of an elderly woman was monitored before and after exposure to 4 hours of bright light for seven consecutive evenings, and before and after a control study in ordinary room light while her sleep-wake schedule and social contacts remained unchanged. The exposure to bright light in the evening induced a 6-hour delay shift of her circadian pacemaker, as indicated by recordings of body temperature and cortisol secretion. The unexpected magnitude, rapidity, and stability of the shift challenge existing concepts regarding circadian phase-resetting capacity in man and suggest that exposure to bright light can indeed reset the human circadian pacemaker, which controls daily variations in physiologic, behavioral, and cognitive function.
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“Light is the most important and potent synchronizer for the human circadian system (Czeisler et al., 1986, Klerman and Rimmer, 1998).”
From Circadian dysregulation in Parkinson's disease (2017) · cites this paper as Czeisler et al., 1986
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Boivin, D. B., & James, F. O. (2002) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402238238 · Cited by 205
“The constant routine procedure, initially described by Mills et al. (1978) and refined by Czeisler et al. (1986), is designed to unmask the expression of the endogenous circadian system.”
BackgroundEnhancement of nighttime alertness and performance with bright ambient light
Campbell, S. S., & Dawson, D. E. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90320-4 · Cited by 203
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Mori, D., Graw, P., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.4.r1178 · Cited by 197
The thermophysiological cascade leading to sleep initiation in relation to phase of entrainment
Kräuchi, K. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.001 · Cited by 191
Light Effects on Human Circadian Rhythms: A Review of Recent Andechs Experiments
Wever, R. (1989) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873048900400206 · Cited by 191
Lewy, A. J., Sack, R. L., Singer, C. M., Whate, D. M., & Hoban, T. M. (1988) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873048800300203 · Cited by 190
Sleep-Wake as a Biological Rhythm
Lavie, P. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.277 · Cited by 186
“In two seminal papers, Czeisler and his colleagues (Czeisler et al 1986, 1989) demonstrated that bright light induced powerful resetting effects on the human circadian system.”
BackgroundAn endogenous circadian rhythm of respiratory control in humans
Spengler, C. M., Czeisler, C. A., & Shea, S. A. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00683.x · Cited by 181
Morning vs Evening Light Treatment for Winter Depression
Sack, R. L. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810160043008 · Cited by 182
Phase-advance shifts of human circadian pacemaker are accelerated by daytime physical exercise
Miyazaki, T., Hashimoto, S., Masubuchi, S., Honma, S., & Honma, K. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.r197 · Cited by 178
“IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED that a light-dark alternation is a potent zeitgeber for the circadian pacemaker in most mammals including humans (6, 14, 22).”
BackgroundDifferential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm
Wright, H. R., Lack, L. C., & Kennaway, D. J. (2004) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1046/j.1600-079x.2003.00108.x · Cited by 178
Melatonin as a biomarker of circadian dysregulation
Mirick, D. K., & Davis, S. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0605 · Cited by 176
Endocrine Effects of Circadian Disruption
Bedrosian, T. A., Fonken, L. K., & Nelson, R. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105102 · Cited by 170
“Bright light is well established to phase shift circadian rhythms (172).”
BackgroundOcular and systemic melatonin and the influence of light exposure
Ostrin, L. A. (2018) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/cxo.12824 · Cited by 173
“In humans, when external light exposures are removed as a controlling factor, the biological clock has a periodicity slightly greater than 24 hours.(10) The clock is synchronised to exactly 24 hours by the solar day.”
BackgroundCircadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Zhu, L., & Zee, P. C. (2012) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011 · Cited by 182
The Effect of Light on the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514597.ch14 · Cited by 166
Synchronization: From pendulum clocks to chaotic lasers and chemical oscillators
Rosenblum, M., & PIKOVSKY, A. S. (2003) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/00107510310001603129 · Cited by 163
Twin study of the 24-h cortisol profile: evidence for genetic control of the human circadian clock
Linkowski, P., Onderbergen, A. V., Kerkhofs, M., Bosson, D., Mendlewicz, J., & Cauter, E. V. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.2.e173 · Cited by 163
The social rhythm metric (SRM): Measuring daily social rhythms over 12 weeks
Monk, T. H., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Ritenour, A. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90131-8 · Cited by 163
The interrelationship between sleep regulation and thermoregulation
Krauchi, K. (2010) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3636 · Cited by 156
“In order to disentangle circadian from masking effects on thermophysiological variables a so-called constant routine (CR) protocol was developed (33, 34).”
MethodCircadian rhythms and the pharmacology of affective illness
Duncan, W. C. (1996) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00092-7 · Cited by 156
Evolutionary Links Between Circadian Clocks and Photoperiodic Diapause in Insects
Meuti, M. E., & Denlinger, D. L. (2013) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/ict023 · Cited by 155
“Circadian clocks correctly time a range of important behavioral and physiological processes in animals including sleep–wake cycles (Czeisler et al. 1986), locomotion patterns (Silver et al. 1996), feeding (Nishio et al. 1979), mating (Sakai and Ishida 2001), and cell division (Matsuo et al. 2003).”
BackgroundAoki, H., Ozeki, Y., & Yamada, N. (2001) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-100103190 · Cited by 154
“Bright light has been shown to have acute phase-shifting effects on human circadian rhythms; bright light in the evening induces a phase delay, while in the morning, it induces a phase advance (10,11).”
BackgroundChallenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars
Clement, G. R., Boyle, R. D., George, K. A., Nelson, G. A., Reschke, M. F., Williams, T. J., & Paloski, W. H. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00476.2019 · Cited by 158
Phase-Amplitude Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker via Bright Light: A Further Analysis
Jewett, M. E., Kronauer, R. E., & Czeisler, C. A. (1994) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049400900310 · Cited by 146
Endogenous Circadian Rhythm of Pulmonary Function in Healthy Humans
Spengler, C. M., & Shea, S. A. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9911107 · Cited by 147
“To address some of the limitations of previous studies, the current study has made pulmonary function measurements in healthy humans throughout an established “constant routine” protocol (e.g., [22, 23 ]) that is specifically designed to “unmask” underlying circadian rhythms by making measurements under constant behav…”
BackgroundFuleihan, G. E., Klerman, E. B., Brown, E. N., Choe, Y. S., Brown, E. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.1.3683 · Cited by 148
“urnal rhythm has an endogenous circadian component (21).”
BackgroundFamilial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
Reid, K. J., Chang, A., Dubocovich, M. L., Turek, F. W., Takahashi, J. S., & Zee, P. C. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.7.1089 · Cited by 148
Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: A pilot study
Taguchi, T., Yano, M., & Kido, Y. (2007) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2007.04.004 · Cited by 147
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Werth, E., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (2002) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873040201700409 · Cited by 146
“In contrast to a classical CR protocol (Czeisler et al., 1986; Mills et al., 1978), sleep was allowed from 2400 to 0730 h.”
MethodFuture Research Directions in Sleep and ADHD: Report of a Consensus Working Group
Owens, J., Gruber, R., Brown, T., Corkum, P., Cortese, S., O’Brien, L., Stein, M., & Weiss, M. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712457992 · Cited by 143
“The regulation of sleep on a functional level involves the “two-process system,” the simultaneous operation of two highly coupled processes that govern sleep and wakefulness (Borbély, 1982; Czeisler et al., 1986; Moore, 1999; Figure 1).”
BackgroundImpact of lifestyle and technology developments on sleep
Shochat, T. (2012) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s18891 · Cited by 157
“The resetting effects of light on the human circadian system have been described, demonstrating that timed exposure to bright light can create both a delay and an advance in the timing of circadian rhythms.(52,53) Bright light during the night has also been found to have immediate effects on physiological and behavior…”
The indoor environment and the integrated design of homes for older people with dementia
van Hoof, J., Kort, H. S. M., Duijnstee, M. S. H., Rutten, P. G. S., & Hensen, J. J. (2009) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.008 · Cited by 144
Metadata
- Authors
- Czeisler, C. A., Allan, J. S., Strogatz, S. H., Ronda, J. M., Sánchez, R., Ríos, C. D., Freitag, W. O., Richardson, G. S., & Kronauer, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1986-08-08
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 4764
- Pages
- 667-671
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2003623977
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 12.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd020174-03)
- U.S. Public Health Service (AFOSR-83-0309)
- National Institute on Aging (1 R01-AG-04912-02)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1 R01-HD-20174-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- circadian pacemaker, phase resetting, bright light exposure, circadian synchronization, circadian phase shift, body temperature, cortisol secretion, sleep-wake cycle, older women
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Light, Sleep
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