Circadian misalignment and health
Open accessAbstract
Circadian rhythms are near 24-h patterns of physiology and behaviour that are present independent of external cues including hormones, body temperature, mood, and sleep propensity. The term 'circadian misalignment' describes a variety of circumstances, such as inappropriately timed sleep and wake, misalignment of sleep/wake with feeding rhythms, or misaligned central and peripheral rhythms. The predominance of early research focused on misalignment of sleep to the biological night. However, discovery of clock genes and the presence of peripheral circadian oscillators have expanded the definitions of misalignment. Experimental studies conducted in animal models and humans have provided evidence of potential mechanisms that link misalignment to negative outcomes. These include dysregulation of feeding behaviours, changes in appetite stimulating hormones, glucose metabolism and mood. This review has two foci: (1) to describe how circadian misalignment has been defined and evaluated in laboratory and field experiments, and (2) to describe evidence linking different types of circadian misalignment to increased risk for physical (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer) and psychiatric (depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, attention deficit) disorders. This review will describe the role of circadian misalignment as a risk factor for disease in the general population and in clinical populations, including circadian rhythm sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders.
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Severe circadian misalignment has long been recognized as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
“Severe circadian misalignment has long been recognized to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (108).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Baron, K. G., & Reid, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baron, Kelly Glazer
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-154
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- PMC
- PMC4677771
- OpenAlex
- W2115228849
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 203
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL109110)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- circadian misalignment, circadian rhythm, sleep timing, feeding rhythm, clock genes, peripheral circadian oscillators, appetite-regulating hormones, glucose metabolism, mood, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, disease risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Risk Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Chronobiology Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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