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Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Open accessAbstract
Variable memory: Immune memory against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) helps to determine protection against reinfection, disease risk, and vaccine efficacy. Using 188 human cases across the range of severity of COVID-19, Dan et al. analyzed cross-sectional data describing the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 memory B cells, CD8 + T cells, and CD4 + T cells for more than 6 months after infection. The authors found a high degree of heterogeneity in the magnitude of adaptive immune responses that persisted into the immune memory phase to the virus. However, immune memory in three immunological compartments remained measurable in greater than 90% of subjects for more than 5 months after infection. Despite the heterogeneity of immune responses, these results show that durable immunity against secondary COVID-19 disease is a possibility for most individuals. Science , this issue p. eabf4063
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In the citing paper
“Memory B cells might contribute to the durability of antibody responses38,39; B cell germinal centre responses and the durability of protective efficacy following CV2CoV vaccination remain to be determined.”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although it is unclear how long protective effects last beyond the first few months after vaccination, some studies suggest that the elicited neutralizing activity is maintained for up to 8 months after the natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 (refs. 41,42).”
From Modeling vaccination rollouts, SARS-CoV-2 variants and the requirement for non-pharmaceutical interventions in Italy (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The mRNA vaccine clinical trials were not powered to address severe disease, including complications after hospitalization.29,30”
From Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Data from medium-term follow-up of individuals after infection suggest that T cell responses wane more rapidly than antibody responses80.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“Immunological studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection show that memory B and T cell responses appear to persist for at least 8 months after symptom onset (28, 29).”
From mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“These results are consistent with published observations of convalescent patients with Covid-19 through 8 months after symptom onset.5”
From Antibody Persistence through 6 Months after the Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine for Covid-19 (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell memory is induced after COVID-19,22,39, 40, 41 and multiple COVID-19 vaccines elicit CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.26,42, 43, 44, 45”
From Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly elicits nAbs (16, 21–24) that decline, but remain detectable, over several months (25–29).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Overall, the accumulating evidence from our study and others22-25 shows that long-term humoral response and vaccine effectiveness in previously infected persons were superior to that in recipients of two doses of vaccine.”
From Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Several studies on the durability of humoral response in persons who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection showed that both IgG and neutralizing antibody levels decrease only modestly at 8 to 10 months after the infection.22,23”
From Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“this measurement does not account for Fc effector functions; Fcγ receptor or complement protein engagement by non-, weakly-, or strongly- neutralizing antibodies that bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the surface of infected cells could confer substantial protection39–41.”
From Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Although neutralizing antibody titers have not correlated with reduced COVID-19 severity (Dan et al., 2021; Piccoli et al., 2020; Robbiani et al., 2020), SARS-CoV-2 cTfh cell frequencies have been associated with reduced disease severity (Rydyznski Moderbacher et al., 2020).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“However, it should also be noted that circulating SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers are relatively low in a substantial fraction of recovered COVID-19 cases (Dan et al., 2021; Robbiani et al., 2020; Wajnberg et al., 2020), indicating that either the neutralizing antibody potency or the serum concentration is suboptimal in this subset.”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Serum antibody titers were poorly predictive of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 CD4+ T cells in a study of 188 COVID-19 cases (Dan et al., 2021).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“In a cohort of 188 cases, memory B cells specific for Spike, RBD, and nucleocapsid were each detectable in 100% of subjects at 6+ months post-infection (Dan et al., 2021).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“data so far indicate that T cell memory, B cell memory, and antibodies are all likely to persist for years in most individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 (Dan et al., 2021; Gaebler et al., 2020; Wajnberg et al., 2020; Zuo et al., 2020a).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Antibody titers were not a surrogate indicator of the magnitude of memory T cells (Dan et al., 2021), suggesting that simple antibody serodiagnostic tests will not be a robust indicator of protective immunity in people previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Dan et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“A previous study24 showed a decrease in neutralising antibody titres over the first 8 months of infection, with a half-life of around 3–4 months”
From Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
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BackgroundCognitive dysfunction in post‐COVID‐19 condition: Mechanisms, management, and rehabilitation
Möller, M. C., Borg, K., Janson, C., Lerm, M., Normark, J., & Niward, K. (2023) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13720 · Cited by 94
“The level of cellular damage is related to the level of viremia which in turn is beholden to virulence—that is, the infectiveness, the effectiveness in control over cellular metabolism, and ability to avoid innate and acquired immunity [72, 73].”
Point-of-care diagnostics: recent developments in a pandemic age
Harpaldas, H., Arumugam, S., Rodriguez, C. C., Kumar, B. A., Shi, V. Y., & Sia, S. K. (2021) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d1lc00627d · Cited by 82
Tretyn, A., Szczepanek, J., Skorupa, M., Jarkiewicz‐Tretyn, J., Sandomierz, D., Dejewska, J., Ciechanowska, K., Jarkiewicz-Tretyn, A., Koper, W., & Pałgan, K. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10081952 · Cited by 85
“This knowledge is also important for the development of effective treatments and vaccines [3,4,6,8].”
BackgroundPrimary, Recall, and Decay Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Antibody Responses
Ibarrondo, F. J., Hofmann, C., Fulcher, J. A., Goodman‐Meza, D., Mu, W., Hausner, M. A., Ali, A., Balamurugan, A., Taus, E., Elliott, J. E., et al. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c03972 · Cited by 79
Boppana, S., Qin, K., Files, J. K., Russell, R. M., Stoltz, R., Bibollet‐Ruche, F., Bansal, A., Erdmann, N. B., Hahn, B. H., & Goepfert, P. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009761 · Cited by 82
“Although we did not observe cTfh responses in late convalescence, other groups have detected longitudinal cTfh responses up to 6 months after initial symptom onset [43,44].”
BackgroundImmunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection
Marcotte, H., Piralla, A., Zuo, F., Du, L., Cassaniti, I., Wan, H., Kumagai‐Braesch, M., Andréll, J., Percivalle, E., Sammartino, J. C., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103743 · Cited by 83
Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable
Koff, W. C., Schenkelberg, T., Williams, T. M., Baric, R. S., McDermott, A. B., Cameron, C., Cameron, M. J., Frieman, M. B., Neumann, G., Kawaoka, Y., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1525 · Cited by 80
Maemura, T., Kuroda, M., Armbrust, T., Yamayoshi, S., Halfmann, P., & Kawaoka, Y. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01987-21 · Cited by 82
“have shown that neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein can exist for up to 8 months (25, 26), ADE-inducing antibodies may not elicit ADE of infection for sev-”
BackgroundSsemaganda, A., Nguyen, H. M., Nuhu, F., Jahan, N., Card, C. M., Kiazyk, S. A. K., Severini, G., Keynan, Y., Su, R., Ji, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30913-4 · Cited by 76
SARS-CoV-2 evolution on a dynamic immune landscape
Raharinirina, N. A., Gubela, N., Börnigen, D., Smith, M. R., Oh, D., Budt, M., Mache, C., Schillings, C., Fuchs, S., Dürrwald, R., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08477-8 · Cited by 88
Immunogenic and reactogenic efficacy of Covaxin and Covishield: a comparative review
Das, S., Kar, S. S., Samanta, S., Banerjee, J., Giri, B., & Dash, S. K. (2022) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-022-09265-0 · Cited by 82
“Vaccine strategy is largely based on immunological memory [61].”
BackgroundSchultheiß, C., Willscher, E., Paschold, L., Gottschick, C., Klee, B., Bosurgi, L., Dutzmann, J., Sedding, D., Frese, T., Girndt, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28364 · Cited by 79
“While most individuals mount lasting SARS-CoV-2105 directed immune responses [3] and the rapid development of effective and safe 106 vaccines helped to prevent severe disease courses and mitigate the pandemic 107 progression, it is now clear that a substantial proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infected 108”
BackgroundCOVID-19: Seroprevalence and Vaccine Responses in UK Dental Care Professionals
Shields, A. M., Faustini, S. E., Kristunas, C., Cook, A. M., Backhouse, C., Dunbar, L., Ebanks, D., Emmanuel, B., Crouch, E., Kröger, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345211020270 · Cited by 80
“Consistent with other studies, we demonstrate that natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 is generally associated with robust and durable serological responses (Wajnberg et al. 2020; Dan et al. 2021).”
ResultA look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: an expert consultation
Iftekhar, E. N., Priesemann, V., Balling, R., Bauer, S., Beutels, P., Valdez, A. C., Cuschieri, S., Czypionka, T., Dumpis, U., Glaab, E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100185 · Cited by 132
“About 95% of people retain immune memory at six months after infection [23-25].”
Hunter, P. R., & Brainard, J. S. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.21250957 · Cited by 75
“Immunity levels to natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 declines after infection but IgG levels are relatively stable over 6 months and T cell immunity declines with a half-life of 3 to 5 months (Dan et al. 2021).”
BackgroundMarkovič, R., Šterk, M., Marhl, M., Perc, M., & Gosak, M. (2021) · Results in Physics · doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104433 · Cited by 81
Seroconversion rate after vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cancer—a systematic review
Corti, C., Antonarelli, G., Scotté, F., Spano, J., Barrière, J., Michot, J., André, F., & Curigliano, G. (2021) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.10.014 · Cited by 78
Koerber, N., Priller, A., Yazici, S., Bauer, T., Cheng, C., Mijočević, H., Wintersteller, H., Jeske, S. D., Vogel, E., Feuerherd, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27649-y · Cited by 75
Chemaitelly, H., Ayoub, H. H., AlMukdad, S., Coyle, P., Tang, P., Yassine, H. M., Al-Khatib, H. A., Smatti, M. K., Hasan, M. R., Al-Kanaani, Z., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00287-7 · Cited by 76
Modelling and optimal control of multi strain epidemics, with application to COVID-19
Arruda, E. F., Das, S. S., Dias, C. M., & Pastore, D. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257512 · Cited by 85
“, 2020), may reportedly wane over time (Dan et al., 2021; Edridge et al., 2020; Seow et al., 2020) and reinfection is possible (Bonifacio et al.”
BackgroundUlytė, A., Radtke, T., Abela, I. A., Haile, S. R., Berger, C., Huber, M., Schanz, M. M., Schwarzmüller, M., Trkola, A., Fehr, J. S., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n616 · Cited by 76
“Even though some of the children who were seropositive at T1 tested negative at T2, we excluded them from T2 results because of potentially persisting cellular immunity 22 and rare reports of reinfection in children, and thus a low likelihood of a repeated infection since the summer.”
Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of humoral immunity against COVID-19
Kapłonek, P., Wang, C., Bartsch, Y. C., Fischinger, S., Gorman, M. J., Bowman, K. A., Kang, J., Dayal, D., Martin, P., Nowak, R. P., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj2901 · Cited by 77
“…SARS-CoV-2–specific IgM monoclonal therapeutics are more potent than IgG therapeutics in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animal models (77–79), potentially pointing to the possibility that individuals able to selectively expand their OC43-specific IgM or IgG will respond better to…”
Niessl, J., Sekine, T., & Buggert, M. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101505 · Cited by 77
“which is similar to T cell decay rates after SARS-CoV-2 infection [18,39].”
InfluentialThe role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination
Chen, S., Guan, F., Candotti, F., Benlagha, K., Câmara, N. O. S., Herrada, A. A., James, L. K., Lei, J., Miller, H., Kubo, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536 · Cited by 75
“Additionally, a large proportion of RBD memory B cells that increased over time from 1 month to 6 months PSO secreted IgG (24).”
BackgroundAntibody Responses to Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection or after COVID-19 Vaccination
Altawalah, H. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9080910 · Cited by 74
“Furthermore, 24% of convalescent donors at 6–8 months from initial symptoms of COVID-19 lost NAbs [60].”
BackgroundInfluentialMoncunill, G., Aguilar, R., Ribes, M., Ortega, N., Rubio, R., Salmerón, G., Molina, M. J., Vidal, M., Barrios, D., Mitchell, R. A., et al. (2022) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103805 · Cited by 74
“In face of shortage of vaccine doses, and based on some studies reporting maintenance of antibody responses in COVID-19 recovered patients for more than 6 months 54 (cid:1) 57 recommendations to wait up to 6-month post-infection to get vaccinated were issued in some countries, including Spain.”
SARS-CoV-2 variants and COVID-19 vaccines: Current challenges and future strategies
Gong, W., Parkkila, S., Wu, X., & Aspatwar, A. (2022) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830185.2022.2079642 · Cited by 75
“When studied the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 after the viral infection, about 95% of the people retained the antibodies at six months post-infection [98,99].”
BackgroundRespiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination
Mitsi, E., Diniz, M. O., Reiné, J., Collins, A. M., Robinson, R., Hyder-Wright, A. D., Farrar, M., Liatsikos, K., Hamilton, J., Onyema, O., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w · Cited by 73
Self-citationToward Achieving a Vaccine-Derived Herd Immunity Threshold for COVID-19 in the U.S.
Gumel, A. B., Iboi, E., Ngonghala, C. N., & Ngwa, G. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.709369 · Cited by 73
Mortari, E. P., Russo, C., Vinci, M. R., Terreri, S., Salinas, A. F., Piccioni, L., Alteri, C., Colagrossi, L., Coltella, L., Ranno, S., et al. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102541 · Cited by 72
“MBCs can be detected in the peripheral blood of convalescent patients and immunized individuals using fluorescent recombinant spike and RBD [17].”
MethodEvaluation of COVID-19 vaccine response in patients with cancer: An interim analysis
Tran, S., Truong, T. H., & Narendran, A. (2021) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2021.10.013 · Cited by 72
“Immunological memory is a hallmark of protective immunity after vaccination, and studies describing the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on memory B-cells and CD8þ and CD4þ T-cells in patients with cancer, especially after immunomodulating treatments, should be forthcoming [71].”
Gagné, M., Corbett, K. S., Flynn, B. J., Foulds, K. E., Wagner, D. A., Andrew, S. F., Todd, J.-P. M., Honeycutt, C. C., McCormick, L., Nurmukhambetova, S. T., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.002 · Cited by 71
“A number of human studies have shown that mRNA S-2P vaccines and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection induce S-specific memory B cells that persist over time (Dan et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2021b; Rodda et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021d, 2021e).”
Contribution of low population immunity to the severe Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Hong Kong
Chen, L.-L., Abdullah, S. M. U., Chan, W.-M., Chan, B. P.-C., Ip, J. D., Chu, A. W.-H., Lu, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Chuang, V. W.-M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31395-0 · Cited by 72
Bauer, S., Contreras, S., Dehning, J., Linden, M., Iftekhar, E. N., Mohr, S., Olivera‐Nappa, Á., & Priesemann, V. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009288 · Cited by 73
Ikizler, T. A., Coates, P. T., Rovin, B. H., & Ronco, P. M. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.04.007 · Cited by 71
“An important question has been raised in the lay public as well as scientific literature concerning whether durable immunity to SARSCoV-2 infection can be achieved? Reassuringly, spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month after symptom onset in a recent study by Dan et al.(22)”
Lau, E. H. Y., Hui, D. S. C., Tsang, O. T., Chan, W. H., Kwan, M. Y. W., Chiu, S. S. S., Cheng, S. M. S., Ko, R. L., Li, J. K., Chaothai, S., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101174 · Cited by 71
“RBD-speci fi c memory B cells remain unchanged or even increased over the fi rst six to eight months [16,17].”
Long-term specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in recovered COVID-19 patients
Chansaenroj, J., Yorsaeng, R., Posuwan, N., Puenpa, J., Wanlapakorn, N., Sudhinaraset, N., Sripramote, M., Chalongviriyalert, P., Jirajariyavej, S., Kiatpanabhikul, P., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02659-4 · Cited by 67
Li, C., Yu, D., Wu, X. J., Hong, L., Zhou, Z., Xie, Y., Li, T., Wu, J., Lu, F., Feng, L. Z., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24230-5 · Cited by 75
Carbone, F. R. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00815-z · Cited by 74
Multi-omics analysis of mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after birth
Wimmers, F., Burrell, A. R., Feng, Y., Zheng, H., Arunachalam, P. S., Hu, M., Spranger, S., Nyhoff, L. E., Joshi, D., Trisal, M., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.044 · Cited by 77
Self-citationBertoletti, A., Tan, A. T., & Bert, N. L. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006 · Cited by 69
Brufau, S. R., Chopra, A., Ryu, A. J., Gel, E. S., Raskar, R., Kremers, W. K., Anderson, K. S., Subramanian, J., Krishnamurthy, B., Singh, A., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1087 · Cited by 71
Role of Senescence and Aging in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease
Lynch, S. M., Guo, G., Gibson, D. S., Bjourson, A. J., & Singh, T. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10123367 · Cited by 70
Lin, Y., Wang, G., Shen, Y., Wang, Z.-Y., Zhan, B.-D., Duan, L., Lu, B., Shi, C., Gao, Y., Peng, H.-H., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab255 · Cited by 69
“Recent studies also showed that memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cell response could persist in 50%-100% of patients at least 3–6 months post symptom onset [13, 14, 38, 39].”
BackgroundResultStolfi, P., Castiglione, F., Mastrostefano, E., Biase, I. D., Biase, S. D., Palmieri, G., & Prisco, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.998262 · Cited by 72
“This prediction is in line with the long persistence observed after Sars-CoV-2 infection (33, 34), and in mouse studies of B cell memory (35).”
Longevity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in hemodialysis patients and protection against reinfection
Clarke, C., Prendecki, M. F., Dhutia, A., Gan, J. J. L., Edwards, C., Prout, V., Lightstone, L., Parker, E. L., Marchesin, F., Griffith, M. E., et al. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.009 · Cited by 68
“However, a separate report, which investigated the medium term humoral and cellular responses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and a range of comorbidities, has also shown that robust immune responses may persist for at least 8 months postinfection.(18) Although this may be more comparable data for patients receiving dialy…”
SARS-CoV-2 Serum Neutralization Assay: A Traditional Tool for a Brand-New Virus
Matusali, G., Colavita, F., Lapa, D., Meschi, S., Bordi, L., Piselli, P., Gagliardini, R., Corpolongo, A., Nicastri, E., Antinori, A., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13040655 · Cited by 68
Lorè, N. I., LORENZO, R. D., Rancoita, P. M. V., Cugnata, F., Agresti, A., Benedetti, F., Bianchi, M. E., Bonini, C., Capobianco, A., Conte, C., et al. (2021) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-021-00390-4 · Cited by 65
Shem‐Tov, N., Yerushalmi, R., Danylesko, I., Litachevsky, V., Levy, I., Olmer, L., Lusitg, Y., Avigdor, A., Nagler, A., Shimoni, A., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.17918 · Cited by 65
“Indeed, loss of antibodies does not necessarily imply loss of clinical protection and immune memory can persist, even in individuals with low antibody concentrations.(27) Due to the small population of immunosuppressed patients within a growing proportion of herd immunity we could not show clinical efficacy in prevent…”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 variants, immune escape, and countermeasures
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H. C., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-021-0906-x · Cited by 72
“The immune response of patients who had recovered from COVID-19 showed that neutralization capability and RBD-specific memory B cell numbers remained relatively stable over 6–12 months, and vaccination could significantly enhance humoral immunity [77].”
BackgroundInstructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases
Bhattacharya, D. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004 · Cited by 64
“Second, and in concert with the first point, despite relatively stable persistence of cellular memory (Dan et al., 2021; Goel et al., 2021; Rodda et al., 2021), neutralizing antibody production often declines to levels below what are needed for full protection.”
Terpos, E., Stellas, D., Rosati, M., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Hu, X., Politou, M., Pappa, V., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Karaliota, S., Bear, J., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.05.010 · Cited by 68
“We report a biphasic reduction of antibody responses with a shorter half-life during the contraction period (months 2–6) and longer half-life thereafter which is also in agreement with the observation of presence of long-the lived memory cells [29].”
InfluentialDuration of post–COVID-19 symptoms is associated with sustained SARS-CoV-2–specific immune responses
Files, J. K., Sarkar, S., Fram, T., Boppana, S., Sterrett, S., Qin, K., Bansal, A., Long, D. M., Sabbaj, S., Kobie, J. J., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151544 · Cited by 69
“In contrast, numerous studies have detected increased magnitudes of IgG+ SARS-CoV-2–specific memory B cells in the blood of convalescent patients during late convalescence, suggesting that the memory B cell population is sustained in the months following acute infection (16, 18, 20, 22).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCellular and humoral immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients on haemodialysis
Strengert, M., Becker, M., Ramos, G. M., Dulovic, A., Gruber, J., Juengling, J., Lürken, K., Beigel, A., Wrenger, E., Lonnemann, G., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103524 · Cited by 67
“Cardiovascular disease (n, %) 0 (0) functional T-follicular helper (TfH) cell responses and Th1 cytokines [16,17].”
Elslande, J. V., Gruwier, L., Godderis, L., & Vermeersch, P. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab219 · Cited by 67
“The computed mean half-life was 76.4 days for anti-N [95% confidence interval (CI): 68.3-86.7] compared to 198.8 days for anti-S [CI: 143.6-323.0] with an estimated 50% of patients becoming seronegative for anti-N 201.2 [CI:179.9-228.3] days after positive PCR compared to 803.2 [CI: 580.2-1305.0] days for anti-S.”
ResultInfluentialPrimary Care’s Historic Role in Vaccination and Potential Role in COVID-19 Immunization Programs
Wilkinson, E. C., Jetty, A., Petterson, S. M., Jabbarpour, Y., & Westfall, J. M. (2021) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2679 · Cited by 70
Zhang, J., Lin, H., Ye, B., Zhao, M. J., Zhan, J., Dong, S., Guo, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, M., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab884 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., Nakao, C., Rayaprolu, V., Rawlings, S. A., Peters, B., Krammer, F., Simon, V., Saphire, E. O., Smith, D. M., Weiskopf, D., Sette, A., & Crotty, S.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dan, Jennifer M.
- Kato, Yu
- Weiskopf, Daniela
- Sette, Alessandro
- Crotty, Shane
- ORCID
- Dan, Jennifer M.
- Mateus, Jose
- Kato, Yu
- Hastie, Kathryn M.
- Yu, Esther Dawen
- Faliti, Caterina E.
- Grifoni, Alba
- Ramirez, Sydney I.
- Haupt, Sonya
- Frazier, April
- Nakao, Catherine
- Rayaprolu, Vamseedhar
- Rawlings, Stephen A.
- Peters, Bjoern
- Krammer, Florian
- Simon, Viviana
- Saphire, Erica Ollmann
- Smith, Davey M.
- Weiskopf, Daniela
- Sette, Alessandro
- Crotty, Shane
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-02-05
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 6529
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC7919858
- OpenAlex
- W3121008609
- Cited by
- 2,656
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 218 · 2023: 384 · 2022: 839 · 2021: 972
- FWCI
- 191.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ImmPort
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Nr. 75N9301900065)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI142742, AI135078, HHSN272201400008C, 75N93019C00051, AI007036, U01 AI141995, AI141995-03, U01 CA260541-01, AI007384)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-006133)
- Wellcome (INV-006133)
- Mastercard Incorporated (INV-006133)
- JPB Foundation
- Open Philanthropy Project (2020-215611)
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation
- John and Mary Tu Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, immunological memory, memory B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, adaptive immune response, long-term immunity, reinfection, vaccine efficacy, immune response heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Viral, B-Lymphocytes, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, United States, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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