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Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations
Open accessAbstract
CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor immunity. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naive CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. In this review, we summarize the discovery, functions, and relationships among Th cells; the cytokine and signaling requirements for their development; the networks of transcription factors involved in their differentiation; the epigenetic regulation of their key cytokines and transcription factors; and human diseases involving defective CD4 T cell differentiation.
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“CD4 Th cell subsets participate in a range of diverse and overlapping adaptive immune responses [179, 180].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [179]
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“Additionally, the type of immune response depends on the differentiation of T lymphocytes (Zhu et al., 2010).”
From A novel Toxoplasma gondii TGGT1_316290 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits protective immune response against toxoplasmosis in mice (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“The cytotoxic subset appeared to be dominantly regulated by TFs associated with cytotoxicity and T helper 1 (TH1) polarization, including Eomes, Runx2, Runx3, and Tbx21 regulons [Fig. 5B; (42, 48)].”
From Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extreme regulatory and effector phenotypes (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, J., Yamane, H., & Paul, W. E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 445-489
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- PMC
- PMC3502616
- OpenAlex
- W2152014155
- Cited by
- 3,452
- References
- 313
- Citations by year
- 2026: 133 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 247 · 2021: 283 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 224 · 2018: 259 · 2017: 234 · 2016: 203 · 2015: 209 · 2014: 237 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 173
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AI999999)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Y99 AI999999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Keywords
- CD4+ T cell differentiation, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, induced regulatory T cells, T cell activation, cytokine signaling, transcription factors, epigenetic regulation, autoimmunity, asthma, allergic reactions, antitumor immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Cell Lineage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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