The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 39 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 24 Supported · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 10 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports stress exposure on postnatal days 28–42 and increased risk-taking and novelty seeking, alongside decreased anxiety-like behavior, on days 45–51. The Discussion describes the resulting behaviors as an exacerbation of independence-building behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Introspective awareness of one's performance on a perceptual task also improves across adolescence, following a trajectory similar to mentalizing (Weil et al. 2013).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Weil et al. 2013 source
The Discussion reports that metacognitive ability—awareness of one’s own task performance—improves across adolescence. It also says that previous mentalising studies found a similar improvement, while noting that this study did not include a mentalising task. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although much evidence for adolescence as a sensitive period for social processing comes from rodent studies, there is evidence that socioenvironmental conditions experienced during human adolescence can impact attitudes toward health and reproduction in young adulthood (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structural Model) link harsh and unpredictable adolescent environments to life-history strategy in young adulthood. But the young-adult measures described in Results (Measurement Model) are health, sexual behavior, and contraception use—not attitudes toward health or reproduction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although this idea remains contentious, there exists a network of brain regions consistently involved in social cognitive processes (Adolphs 2009, Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Adolphs 2009 source
In “Perceiving Social Stimuli” (page not supplied), Adolphs describes a set of brain structures involved in social behavior and a scheme linking multiple regions in social information processing. “Evaluating Social Stimuli” (page not supplied) also describes regions routinely activated during relevant emotional and social processes. The paper treats specialization of these regions as an open question, consistent with the citing sentence’s caveat. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Section 1, “The social brain” (page not provided), identifies several brain regions involved in social cognition and says imaging evidence has supported the proposed social brain. It also reports that medial prefrontal regions have been consistently implicated in mental-state tasks, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of a network. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports that peri-pubertal stress on postnatal days 28–42 decreased anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence, on days 45–51. The Discussion likewise states that stress reduced anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male and female rats. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) concludes that peri-pubertal stress increases novelty seeking and risk taking in adolescent rats and suggests that it exacerbates independence-building behavior. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and many other animal studies (reviewed in Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011) show that stress exposure during adolescence has a significant impact on the adult.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that earlier studies investigated the long-term effects of peri-adolescent stress on adult behavior, endocrine responses, and brain measures. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim about effects in adulthood, although this paper’s own experiment measured outcomes in late adolescence rather than adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study correlated longitudinal changes in ventral striatal activity with decreasing susceptibility (i.e., increasing resistance) to peer influence”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pfeifer et al. 2011 source
The Results section, under “Longitudinal Relationships between Brain and Behavior,” reports that increases in ventral striatal activity over time were positively correlated with increases in resistance to peer influence over time. That directly supports the citing sentence’s description of decreasing susceptibility to peer influence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some studies, higher activity in more posterior regions, such as the pSTS/TPJ (Blakemore et al. 2007), and in the ATC (Burnett et al. 2009), was observed in adults as compared to adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al. 2007 source
The Functional imaging results report higher right STS activity for intentional versus physical causality in adults than in adolescents. The Discussion describes this as a shift toward posterior STS activity with age. The ATC portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different paper and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Burnett et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Histological studies of postmortem human brain tissue support the idea that the prefrontal cortex continues to undergo synaptic pruning across adolescence (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997, Petanjek et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Petanjek et al. 2011 source
The Results (p. 1) describe measuring dendritic spine density in postmortem human prefrontal tissue using the rapid Golgi method. The Discussion (p. 4) concludes that elimination of dendritic spines extends into the third decade of life, supporting pruning across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saxe & Kanwisher 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Saxe et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, dmPFC is activated in multiple conditions: when inferring the mental states of others, when reflecting on knowledge of another's traits, and when reflecting on the traits of oneself (Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Frith 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6(b) says that mentalizing, judging another person’s dispositions, and judging one’s own dispositions all elicit MPFC activity. But the paper attributes this three-task pattern to MPFC, not specifically to dorsal MPFC (dmPFC); section 6(c) describes the associated activity as anterior rostral MPFC. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, it is thought that reductions in gray matter volume might reflect synaptic reorganization and/or increases in white matter integrity (Paus et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Paus et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Adolescence = pruning + myelination?” section suggests that reduced synapses could indirectly reduce cortical grey-matter volume and that increased myelination of intra-cortical axons could produce an apparent loss of grey matter. It does not specifically attribute the reduction to increased white-matter integrity, and it cautions that MRI findings cannot be assigned to a single biological process. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adolescents within socially unpredictable environments not only experienced decreased physical and mental health in the short term but also adopted faster life history strategies in young adulthood, such as decreased health, less sexual restrictedness, and less resource-accruing potential (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 source
The Methods > Measures section defines adolescent health using physical and mental health indicators. Results > Structural Model reports that greater environmental unpredictability was associated with poorer adolescent health and a faster life history strategy in young adulthood; Results > Overview of Findings identifies health, sexual restrictedness, and resource-accruing potential as components of that young-adult strategy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A combination of lesion, nonhuman primate, and fMRI studies has prompted researchers to theorize the involvement of the ATC in applying social knowledge (Olson et al. 2013) and processing social scripts (Frith 2007, Frith & Frith 2003).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olson et al. 2013 source
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Frith (2007) is cited for the social-scripts part of the sentence. In §3(a), “Social scripts,” the paper links the temporal poles to knowledge of social situations and its use in current situations; §7(b) says scripts for different circumstances are instantiated there. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith 2003 source
The Frith & Frith citation is attached to the claim about processing social scripts, not the separate claim about applying social knowledge. In the “Temporal pole” section, the authors tentatively propose that the temporal poles, especially on the left, retrieve scripts used to interpret and predict behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although recruitment of the dmPFC and ATC appeared to be related to self-reported trait empathy, only the anterior insula showed a positive correlation with prosocial behavior.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Masten et al. 2010 source
The Neuroimaging Results report positive correlations between self-reported trait empathy and activity in the DMPFC and temporal pole (an anterior temporal region) during observed exclusion relative to inclusion. In the same section, anterior insula activity positively correlated with prosocial ratings of participants’ emails; the other reported correlations with those ratings were negative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Silvers et al. 2012 source
Study 2’s Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that rejection sensitivity and the social content of emotional stimuli affected regulation success, especially early in adolescence. The General Discussion likewise identifies both factors as affecting younger adolescents; the paper studied participants aged 10–22. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Perceived threats and crime expectations in the environment, but not actual experience with violence, correlated with mortality judgments (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that perceived threat and crime expectations correlated with mortality judgments in the UCSF study, while reports of violent events did not correlate significantly. But it also reports that all four threat measures correlated significantly with mortality judgments in NLSY97, so the claim's unqualified statement about actual experience with violence does not hold across both studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Developmental fMRI studies suggest that distinct neural systems develop at different rates across childhood and adolescence and that these age-related changes in regions involved in feedback processing may underlie behavioral differences in flexible performance adjustment (Crone et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crone et al. 2008 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to adults, adolescents showed greater risk-adverse behavior after receiving expert advice, and this effect is modulated by increased engagement of the dorsolateral PFC by adolescents during valuation in the presence of advice (Engelmann et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 4
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Engelmann et al. 2012 source
The section on the differential influence of expert advice reports significantly greater risk-averse behavior in both adolescent groups relative to adults when advice was present. The Discussion reports that advice modulated adolescent DLPFC activity during valuation, strengthening its correlation with parameters reflecting safe choices. The paper does not establish that overall DLPFC activity increased, but its reported valuation-specific effect supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent report suggested that adolescents perceive their risk of dying soon as higher than it actually is (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 source
The Abstract Results state that adolescents in both samples greatly overestimated their chance of dying. The Discussion specifies that their estimates for dying in the next year exceeded the statistical death rate, directly supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
In the paper
“Gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medial Brodmann area 10 (a proxy for dmPFC), TPJ, and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties, whereas the ATC increased in gray matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills et al. 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Structural MRI studies have consistently shown continuing neuroanatomical development in gray matter and white matter (Brain Dev.Coop.Group 2012, Giedd et al. 1999, Sowell et al. 2003, Tamnes et al. 2013), with association cortices reducing in gray matter volume across adolescence and white matter increasing into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently report the involvement of the pSTS in the perception of biological motion and eye gaze (Puce & Perrett 2003) and in grasping the intentionality and appropriateness of biological motion (Pelphrey et al. 2004).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, male rats exposed to chronic social instability stress during adolescence were, in adulthood, more anxious and less socially interactive (Green et al. 2012)”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although accuracy improved until mid-adolescence in both conditions, accuracy in the director condition continued to improve after mid-adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dumontheil et al. 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that the desire to be accepted by one's peers, and avoidance of social rejection, is particularly acute in adolescence and might drive adolescent behavior (Figure 1).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentalizing (theory of mind), the process of mental state attribution, has been associated with a network of brain regions including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and anterior temporal cortex (ATC) (Figure 3).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Exposure to social isolation during adolescence increases the likelihood of depressive-like behaviors as well as alterations in the structure of the prefrontal cortex (Leussis & Andersen 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leussis & Andersen 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the consequences of social exclusion can be so great that mechanisms and behaviors promoting peer acceptance are considered adaptive.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
In the paper
“In one study, recruitment of the mPFC during exclusion relative to inclusion was associated with greater selfreported susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents but not in adults (Sebastian et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Older adolescents and emerging adults were more likely to reciprocate when the first player stood to lose more money, whereas the younger adolescents did not differentiate, supporting the idea that the ability to understand the intentions of others increases into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest the vlPFC plays a role in regulating distress following social exclusion and that this region is still developing functionally between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both adults and adolescents recruited the dmPFC when the social cues were needed to accurately perform the task, adolescents also recruited the dmPFC when social cues were not needed.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumontheil et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“showed greater recruitment in the dmPFC when making self-oriented choices (defecting), but only young adolescents engaged this region when making reciprocal choices.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex during face-processing tasks increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood (reviewed in Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Understanding the mental states of others by processing facial expressions is a crucial skill and is one that continues to develop across adolescence (McGivern et al. 2002).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This heightened activation in the dmPFC for reciprocal choices decreased between early and late adolescence and remained stable into early adulthood, possibly reflecting a shift away from engaging in social interactions from an egocentric perspective (van den Bos et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes in functional recruitment have been hypothesized to reflect changes in neurocognitive strategy and/or neuroanatomy (Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The recruitment of the left TPJ when participants were shown that the first player trusted them increased with age, and this level of activation correlated with participants' sensitivity to the first player's intentions.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, peers had no impact on risk taking in adults and had an intermediate effect on risk taking in youths (Gardner & Steinberg 2005) (see Figure 4).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents (13 to 16 years), young adults (18 to 22 years), and adults (24+ years) took around the same number of driving risks when alone, whereas the adolescents took significantly more in the presence of their friends (Gardner & Steinberg 2005).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults can have a large impact on the social cognitive development and life course trajectories of adolescents by creating and maintaining the structures of social environments.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents show adult levels of probability estimation and reward evaluation during one such gambling task, suggesting that heightened risky decision making in adolescents is probably not related to a change in risk perception (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty years ago, Terrie Moffitt presented evidence supporting the idea that the majority of adolescents who engage in criminal behavior will do so during adolescence and at no other period of their life (Moffitt 1993).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moffitt 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They pointed out the potential for neuroscience research to perpetuate stereotypes or combat stereotypes, depending on how adults incorporate research in their understanding of adolescence (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet the adolescent brain is malleable and adaptable-this is an excellent opportunity for learning and creativity.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental improvements in executive functions likely influence-and are influenced by-social cognitive processing during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents also rate the potential reward to be gained as very high, which may make the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived risk (Reyna & Farley 2006).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna & Farley 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The participating adolescents in this study felt that although research on the adolescent brain is necessary and important, the model of the adolescent brain as an explanation for adolescent behavior is insufficient (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Acculturation, or adaptation to the mainstream culture of where one has immigrated, occurs more rapidly at younger ages (1 to 15 years) (Cheung et al. 2011), suggesting that the sensitive period for cultural learning is not adolescent specific but instead that cultural sensitivity may begin to close during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY Is the Human Brain Particularly Sensitive to Social Signals During Adolescence?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cheung et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cognitive abilities such as processing speed, voluntary response suppression, delay discounting, future planning, and working memory all mature into adolescence (Luna et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on brain development suggests that adolescence might represent a period of relatively high neural plasticity, in particular in brain regions involved in executive function and social cognition.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a period of brain development during which environmental experiencesincluding teaching-can and do profoundly shape the developing brain.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, participants were less interested in how neuroscience could influence how they understand themselves and more interested in how research on the adolescent brain could influence the perspectives of adults (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence might represent a period of enhanced sensitivity to social signals in the environment, and these signals might influence an adolescent's life course trajectory by motivating certain behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are sensitive to the signals within their social environment, and these signals can impact how likely they are to invest in the future.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of the brain involved in understanding the mental states of others continue to develop structurally and functionally across adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the discussion on culpability and the brain is ongoing, evidence from multiple fields supports the need for special consideration in prosecuting and punishing adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both young adolescents (12 to 14 years) and older adolescents (16 to 18 years) showed heart rate slowing after erring on a task-switching task, which might indicate an increasing ability to monitor performance (Crone et al. 2006a).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crone et al. 2006a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to consider future consequences of actions continues to improve across adolescence (Crone & van der Molen 2004), which might impact how adolescents interact in social situations.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
“Although the study involved rodents, the impact of social isolation on adolescent health and life trajectories likely applies to humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During adolescence, the acceptation by peers becomes an important purpose in everyday life and guides decision-making [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The sensitivity to rewards together with increased value of social cues creates a perfect situation for learning new skills that are important to function in a social context [53, 55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research has demonstrated that each life stage exhibits its own unique trajectories, goals, and influences19,45–47, and activities can therefore differ from being of no impact, to being adaptive or maladaptive depending on which developmental period one examines46,48.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescence, combined with increased concern about social rejection, increases the likelihood that adolescents will conform to their peers in order to gain social acceptance and avoid the social risk of being excluded by their peer group. 141-143”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In articulating their perceptions of well-being, participants' views showed hallmarks of normal adolescent development such as a reliance on peer relationships and adult role models, 15,16 and a heightened sensitivity to criticism. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is marked by strong reward sensitivity, new social goals, and developing self-control (45-50).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, self-awareness increases during adolescence [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that substantial biological changes in the social brain make adolescence a sensitive period for social development19, self-perception, and social interaction20.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterised by substantial biological, psychological and social change, including heightened sensitivity to peer relationships, identity development, reward processing and social evaluation [31, 32].”
From The Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Social Media: Perspectives From Young Adolescents, Parents and Experts (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of heightened neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial change, characterized by asynchronous brain development, identity formation, and shifting social orientation. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Virus containment measures may have more adverse effects on adolescents as an age group than on adults or children because many of the key tasks of adolescent development are achieved through interactions with others (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; La Greca and Prinstein, 1999; Papini et al., 1990).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“This research indicates that adolescents’ social lives both leading up to and during adolescence relate to the sensitivity of the brain when perceiving, processing, and responding to social information (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166214 · Cited by 2,727
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328
People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Items 401–500 of 2,276
Positive and negative risk taking in adolescence: Age patterns and relations to social environment
Fryt, J., Szczygieł, M., & Duell, N. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20431 · Cited by 33
Wang, X., Xie, R., Ding, W., Jiang, M., Kayani, S., & Li, W. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211072177 · Cited by 34
“An individual’s deviant peer relationship will affect his decision to participate or not participate in risky behavior (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundGeneral psychopathology and its social correlates in the daily lives of youth
Achterhof, R., Kirtley, O. J., Schneider, M., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Binder, M. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.147 · Cited by 40
Deng, X., Lin, M., Zhang, L., Li, X., & Gao, Q. (2022) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-022-00197-1 · Cited by 32
“Adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development, with psychological and social cognitive changes [6].”
BackgroundAudience effects on the neural correlates of relational reasoning in adolescence
Dumontheil, I., Wolf, L. K., & Blakemore, S. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.001 · Cited by 30
“These environmental changes are thought to coincide with a heightened sensitivity to social contexts and thus influence adolescent behaviour (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationClassroom environment predicts changes in expressed intellectual humility
Porter, T., Molina, D. C., Lucas, M., Oberle, C., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102081 · Cited by 34
Pathways for engaging in prosocial behavior in adolescence
Crone, E. A., Sweijen, S., Brinke, L. T., & van de Groep, S. (2022) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.03.003 · Cited by 38
Stereotypes of adolescence: Cultural differences, consequences, and intervention
Qu, Y. (2023) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12489 · Cited by 35
“Adolescent brains undergo important changes and are sensitive to sociocultural input (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Guyer, 2020; Nelson & Guyer, 2011).”
BackgroundBachner‐Melman, R., Zontag-Oren, E., Zohar, A. H., & Sher, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02128 · Cited by 32
“The need for social support and a sense of belonging is healthy and normative, especially during adolescence (Blakemore and Mills, 2014), and identification with a social group is strongly linked to health and well-being (Haslam and Reicher, 2006).”
BackgroundConcerns and Expectations of Parents Seeking Subspecialist Care for Their Child’s Short Stature
Hitt, T. A., Ginsburg, K. R., Cousounis, P., Lipman, T. H., Cucchiara, A. J., Stallings, V. A., & Grimberg, A. (2019) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000506739 · Cited by 31
Jansen, K., & Kiefer, S. M. (2020) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2020.1787749 · Cited by 33
Coelho, A. P. S., Oliveira, D. S., Fernandes, E. T. B. S., Santos, A. L. D. S., Rios, M. O., Fernandes, E. S. F., Novaes, C. P., Viana, T. B. P., & Fernandes, T. S. S. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i9.8074 · Cited by 34
Illingworth, G., Mansfield, K. L., Espie, C. A., Fazel, M. S., & Waite, F. (2022) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab021 · Cited by 31
“[17,18] Adolescence is a period of biological and social transition,[19] heightened emotionality,[20] and increased susceptibility to the onset of social-emotional/ mental health disorders.”
BackgroundCaffo, E., Asta, L., & Scandroglio, F. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000747 · Cited by 29
Domitrovich, C. E., Harris, A. R., Syvertsen, A. K., Morgan, N. R., Jacobson, L., Cleveland, M. J., Moore, J. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01596-3 · Cited by 36
“Biological, cognitive, and physiological changes that take place during adolescence create an opportunity for expanded autonomy and development in the socialemotional domain (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundYu, H., Li, Y., Tian, J., Austin, L., & Tao, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912152 · Cited by 35
“As a standard or parameter for adequate levels of PA, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults practice moderate PA for a minimum of 150 min per week, vigorous PA for 75 min per week, or a combination of the two [6]; however, one-third of adults and four-fifths of adolescents do not reach public heal…”
BackgroundA Neuroecosocial Perspective on Adolescent Development
Choudhury, S., Pi‐Sunyer, B. P., & Blakemore, S. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120321-011511 · Cited by 49
Self-citationEconomic hardship and adolescent behavioral outcomes: Within- and between-family associations
Miller, P. L., Blatt, L. R., Hunter-Rue, D., Barry, K. R., Jamal-Orozco, N. P., Hanson, J. L., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001451 · Cited by 36
“Social roles and norms become particularly salient for youth, and at the same time adolescents are gaining more knowledge of their own economic circumstances (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; McLoyd et al., 2009; McLoyd, 1998, 2011).”
Positioning adolescence in the developmental timeline
Chaku, N., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12928 · Cited by 39
Gardner, A., Cotton, S., Allott, K., Filia, K., Hester, R., & Killackey, E. J. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12507 · Cited by 29
Lessard, L. M., & Juvonen, J. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12388 · Cited by 35
“Thus, establishing friendships is critical following the transition to middle school (Akos & Galassi, 2004; Lessard & Juvonen, in press) and the lack of a close peer relationship might be particularly hurtful at this time of heightened social sensitivity (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSchacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619874402 · Cited by 32
“…friendship, depression, social anxiety, adolescence During adolescence, as youth become increasingly concerned with gaining peer acceptance and avoiding peer rejection (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), experiences of peer victimization pose a significant developmental threat (Troop-Gordon, 2017).”
BackgroundSex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms and Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Neurotypical Youth
Padgaonkar, N. T., Lawrence, K. E., Hernandez, L. M., Green, S. A., Galván, A., & Dapretto, M. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100797 · Cited by 29
Renbarger, R., Padgett, R. N., Cowden, R. G., Govender, K., Yilmaz, M., Scott, L. M., Makhnach, A. V., Novotný, J., Nugent, G., Rosenbaum, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12569 · Cited by 30
Shangase, N., Kharsany, A. B. M., Ntombela, N. P., Pettifor, A. E., & McKinnon, L. R. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03242-8 · Cited by 40
Yu, X., Zhang, L., Lin, Z., Zhou, Z., Hazer-Rau, D., Li, P., Ji, W., Zhang, H., & Wu, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111282 · Cited by 32
“They are sensitive to social stimuli and the negative effects of social exclusion at this age [7].”
BackgroundMoses-Payne, M. E., Chierchia, G., & Blakemore, S. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101128 · Cited by 35
Self-citationPark, L. R., Gagnon, E. B., & Dillon, M. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1141065 · Cited by 30
Crone, E. A. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12252 · Cited by 33
“These different contributions and their developmental trajectories can have implications for understanding how adolescents navigate a changing social world, given that this is a time of natural learning and adaptation (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012).”
InfluentialHodges, T. E., Green, M. R., Simone, J. J., & McCormick, C. M. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.03.001 · Cited by 32
Adolescent-onset depression is associated with altered social functioning into middle adulthood
Chang, K., & Kuhlman, K. R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22131-1 · Cited by 31
MacSweeney, N., Allardyce, J., Edmondson-Stait, A. J., Shen, X., Casey, H., Chan, S. W. Y., Cullen, B., Reynolds, R. M., Frangou, S., Kwong, A. S. F., et al. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101223 · Cited by 29
Locati, F., Benzi, I. M. A., Milesi, A., Campbell, C., Midgley, N., Fonagy, P., & Parolin, L. A. L. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12226 · Cited by 31
Çelik, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384695 · Cited by 61
“…their parents, and that when this support is provided, their learning, i.e., academic motivation, is strongly influenced (Crone and Dahl, and Mills, 2014; Telzer, 2016). considering that academic motivation levels of 7th-grade students are significantly higher than those of 9th-grade students, and…”
BackgroundOpendak, M. M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31276 · Cited by 31
“…levels, brain structure, epigenetics, the microbiome, immune system, and homeostasis maintenance (Andersen & Teicher, 2008; Bale, 2015; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Buran et al., 2014; Coria-Avila et al., 2014; Drury et al., 2012; Hartley & Lee, 2015; Heim & Binder, 2012; Knudsen, 2004;…”
Neural Correlates of Social Influence on Risk Taking and Substance Use in Adolescents
Telzer, E. H., Rogers, C. R., & van Hoorn, J. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0164-9 · Cited by 37
Rosenblau, G., Korn, C. W., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1044-17.2017 · Cited by 25
“Some evidence relates ToM abilities to brain plasticity over the course of adolescence (Blakemore and Mills, 2014); for instance, adolescents display greater mPFC activity during mental state inference than adults (Blakemore, 2007).”
BackgroundEthridge, P., Sandre, A., Dirks, M. A., & Weinberg, A. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy091 · Cited by 32
“Importantly, research suggests that there are sensitive periods in development during which stress has a greater impact on psychological outcomes (e.g. Blakemore and Mills, 2012; Simpson et al., 2012) as well as reward processing (Novick et al., 2018).”
Effects of exercise on the levels of BDNF and executive function in adolescents
de Azevedo, K. P. M., Segundo, V. H. D. O., de Medeiros, G. C. B. S., Mata, Á. N. D. S., García, D. Á., Leitão, J. C., Knackfuss, M. I., & Piuvezam, G. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000016445 · Cited by 29
“Adolescence is marked by biological, behavioral, and social changes that gradually progress with brain development.([1]) Researching methods that potentially affect brain health with the prospect of improving cognitive performance, academic performance, and professional trajectory is indispensable.”
Backgroundde la Torre‐Luque, A., Fiol‐Veny, A., Balle, M., Nelemans, S. A., & Bornas, X. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00936-y · Cited by 33
Schreuders, E., Braams, B. R., Crone, E. A., & Güroğlu, B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20042-1 · Cited by 29
Peers' Choices Influence Adolescent Risk‐taking Especially When Explicit Risk Information is Lacking
Osmont, A., Camarda, A., Habib, M., & Cassotti, M. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12611 · Cited by 34
Westhoff, B., Blankenstein, N. E., Schreuders, E., Crone, E. A., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101018 · Cited by 24
Nakanishi, M., Richards, M., Stanyon, D., Yamasaki, S., Endo, K., Sakai, M., Yoshii, H., & Nishida, A. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.228 · Cited by 28
“These associations are consistent with previous studies regarding adolescent mental health during the pandemic [4,23].”
The Art of Restraint: How Experienced Program Leaders Use Their Authority to Support Youth Agency
Larson, R. W., Izenstark, D., Rodríguez, G., & Perry, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12234 · Cited by 29
Kiesner, J. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000058 · Cited by 29
“Similarly, recent theoretical work has further suggested that adolescence represents a sensitive period during which the “social brain” is subject to both structural and functional plasticity in relation to social stress (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Fuhrmann, Knoll, & Blakemore, 2015).”
BackgroundPollak, I., Mitić, M., Birchwood, J., Dörfler, S., Krammer, I., Rogers, J. C., Schek, E. J., Schrank, B., Stiehl, K. A. M., & Woodcock, K. A. (2022) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-022-00195-4 · Cited by 48
“Indeed, increased social sensitivity during adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), is thought to interact with neurological development in social-emotional (Casey et al., 2008) and cognitive domains (Blakemore, 2012).”
BackgroundWang, X.-Y., Wang, Z.-W., Jiang, D.-L., Liu, C., Xing, W., Yuan, Z.-T., Cui, L., Wu, S., & Ren, L. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06675-w · Cited by 33
“On the other hand, the prominent protection effect of agreeableness on anxiety was inconsistent with the previous review [16], which can be explained by its association with heightened social sensitivity during adolescence [50].”
Nelis, S., Bastin, M., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0880-z · Cited by 31
Developmental aspects in cultural neuroscience
Chiao, J. Y. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.005 · Cited by 33
Cheng, T. W., Vijayakumar, N., Flournoy, J. C., Op de Macks, Z., Peake, S. J., Flannery, J. E., Mobasser, A., Alberti, S. L., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2020) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00772-x · Cited by 29
Pinckston, M., Dalton, L. J., Farrar, S., & Hotton, M. (2020) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/1055665620921669 · Cited by 28
“…good informant agreement (Kersten et al., 2016), this finding may be due to parents not being aware of their child’s negative social or emotional experiences at this age, especially since this is an age at which adolescents aim to achieve greater independence from parents (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodDo I fit in? Psychosocial ramifications of low gender typicality in early adolescence
Smith, D. S., & Juvonen, J. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.014 · Cited by 34
Causadias, J. M., & Korous, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.001 · Cited by 27
“These negative health consequences may be exacerbated during adolescence, a developmental transition marked by enhanced socioemotional processing [5].”
BackgroundLópez, A. T. (2019) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v36i36.67130 · Cited by 28
Schmidt, E. P., Rap, S. E., & Liefaard, T. (2020) · Youth Justice · doi:10.1177/1473225419897316 · Cited by 35
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Silvers, J. A., & Peris, T. S. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13776 · Cited by 38
Gotlieb, R. J. M., Yang, X., & Immordino‐Yang, M. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56800-0 · Cited by 29
Liu, X., Liu, J., Flores, D. D., & McDonald, C. C. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12367 · Cited by 29
Xu, J., Chen, X., Liu, S., Weng, X., Zhang, H., Yi, Z., Gao, M. M., & Han, Z. R. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14145 · Cited by 30
Lessard, L. M., Kogachi, K., & Juvonen, J. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0964-9 · Cited by 27
Racial discrimination and ethnic racial identity in adolescence as modulators of HPA axis activity
Adam, E. K., Hittner, E. F., Thomas, S., Villaume, S. C., & Nwafor, E. E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000111x · Cited by 30
Cummings, L. R., Mattfeld, A. T., Pettit, J. W., & McMakin, D. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621989323 · Cited by 33
“…2005) we believe these activations reflect a more general conflict detection and processing of self-relevant, socio-emotional information (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Ledoux & Pine, 2016; Menon & Uddin, 2010), including instances of both social acceptance and social rejection (Perini…”
BackgroundInfluentialBrunetta, J., Fahner, J. C., Legemaat, M., van den Bergh, E., Krommenhoek, K. B., Prinsze, K., Kars, M. C., & Michiels, E. M. C. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9060830 · Cited by 27
“They highly value the acceptance of peers, which influences decision making [88].”
BackgroundMiller, J. W., Mills, K. L., Vuorre, M., Orben, A. C., & Przybylski, A. K. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.009 · Cited by 37
“The changing nature of the brain during the first two decades of life suggests that environmental inputs could impact brain development (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationde Macks, Z. A. O., Bunge, S. A., Bell, O. N., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Kayser, A. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw125 · Cited by 28
The influence of groups and alcohol consumption on individual risk-taking
Erskine-Shaw, M., Monk, R. L., Qureshi, A., & Heim, D. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.032 · Cited by 28
Influs, M., Pratt, M., Masalha, S., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2018) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2018.1479983 · Cited by 29
Song, Q., Yuan, T., Hu, Y., Liu, X., Fei, J., Zhao, X., Gao, R., Yue, J., & Mei, S. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241227538 · Cited by 32
“Adolescence is a critical developmental stage characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Children as agents of cultural adaptation
Lew‐Levy, S., & Amir, D. (2024) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x24001377 · Cited by 28
Social information use in adolescents: The impact of adults, peers and household composition
Molleman, L., Kanngießer, P., & van den Bos, W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225498 · Cited by 21
The interplay between cognitive control and emotional processing in children and adolescents
Kray, J., Ritter, H., & Müller, L. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104795 · Cited by 30
Wade, L., Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., & Duncan, M. J. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101707 · Cited by 33
Ntakolia, C., Priftis, D., Charakopoulou-Travlou, M., Rannou, I., Magklara, K., Giannopoulou, I., Kotsis, K. T., Serdari, A., Tsalamanios, E., Grigoriadou, A., et al. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010149 · Cited by 25
“decreased completion of home activities to be significant predictors of mental distress [31].”
BackgroundMethodMcKone, K. M. P., Edershile, E. A., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001079 · Cited by 30
“Compared to children and adults, adolescents are acutely attuned to social and emotional information, exhibiting greater sensitivity to both social reward and social rejection (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Silvers et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGiovanelli, A., Rowe, J., Taylor, M., Berna, M. S., Tebb, K., Penilla, C., Pugatch, M., Lester, J. C., & Ozer, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40306 · Cited by 36
“However, such frameworks are not developmental, as they do not account for many rapidly evolving adolescent contextual and user attributes, which may not be fully captured in traditional self-report or behavioral measures [40-42].”
The psychobiology of emotional development: The case for examining sociocultural processes
Michalska, K. J., & Davis, E. L. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21795 · Cited by 31
“This tends to happen during early adolescence soon after puberty has begun (Blakemore, 2012; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Larson, Richards, Moneta, Holmbeck, & Duckett, 1996).”
BackgroundLourenco, F. S., Decker, J. H., Pedersen, G. A., Dellarco, D. V., Casey, B. J., & Hartley, C. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128047 · Cited by 28
“As such, both social contexts and desire for peer acceptance become key factors that influence adolescents’ decisions and actions [24].”
BackgroundPetersen, K. J., Qualter, P., Humphrey, N., Damsgaard, M. T., & Madsen, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02677-y · Cited by 45
“Furthermore, adolescents become more aware of their social environment (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundDisrupting links between poverty, chronic stress, and educational inequality
Harms, M. B., & Garrett-Ruffin, S. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00199-2 · Cited by 46
“” Adolescents are confronted with more complex psychosocial developmental tasks, such as developing identity, autonomy, acceptance from peers, competence, and goal attainment 57 .”
BackgroundAdolescents' brain-autonomic coupling during emotion processing
Weissman, D. G., Guyer, A. E., Ferrer, E. E., Robins, R. W., & Hastings, P. D. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.069 · Cited by 25
Social anxiety and age are associated with neural response to social evaluation during adolescence
Smith, A. R., Nelson, E. E., Kircanski, K., Rappaport, B. I., Do, Q. B., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Jarcho, J. M. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100768 · Cited by 28
“A marked shift occurs in peer relations (for reviews, see Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Crone and Dahl, 2012; Nelson, 2017), which coincides with age-related increases in social anxiety (Wittchen et al., 1999).”
BackgroundGraham, C. L., & Pozuelo, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-021-00881-y · Cited by 27
Bizzi, F., Riva, A., Borelli, J. L., Mora, S. C., Bomba, M., Cavanna, D., & Nacinovich, R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23218 · Cited by 24
Adolescent social isolation induced alterations in nucleus accumbens glutamate signalling
Deutschmann, A. U., Kirkland, J. M., & Briand, L. A. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13077 · Cited by 26
Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Bui, H. N. T., & Lorenzo, N. E. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00872-3 · Cited by 25
Capturing Hassles and Uplifts in Adolescents’ Daily Lives: Links with Physical and Mental Well-Being
Zheng, H., Cooke, E. M., Li, K.-H., & Zheng, Y. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01682-6 · Cited by 20
“Biological, cognitive, and behavioral changes during adolescence can further heighten individuals’ sensitivity to environmental and social influences (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundHuang, J., Zhou, L., Zhu, D., Liu, P., & Lei, J. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01778-7 · Cited by 24
“High school students are actively engaged in social interactions with their friends and acquire a wide range of attitudes and behaviors from them (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundFacial and Vocal Emotion Recognition in Adolescence: A Systematic Review
Zupan, B., & Eskritt, M. (2023) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-023-00219-7 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, there is concern that many mental health issues in adults originate in adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Paus et al., 2008).”
InfluentialWhat Explains Correlates of Peer Victimization? A Systematic Review of Mediating Factors
Kretschmer, T. (2016) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-016-0035-y · Cited by 30
Meyer, S., Weidmann, R., & Grob, A. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.002 · Cited by 28
“Mental health matters particularly in adolescence: rapid structural brain maturation makes adolescence a critical period of psychosocial development and adaptation.(2) During this time, especially for girls, internalizing problems—such as lower self-regard— seem to increase.”
BackgroundTherapeutic dose assessment of patient switching from atorvastatin to simvastatin.
Hess, G. P., Sanders, K. N., Hill, J. W., & Liu, L. Z. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Concern for mianzi: Relations with adjustment in rural and urban Chinese adolescents
Chen, X., Zhou, J., Li, D., Liu, J., Zhang, M., Zheng, S., & Han, X. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13964 · Cited by 28
Bonab, H. S., Sani, S. E., & Behzadnia, B. (2024) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2023.0240 · Cited by 33
A framework for understanding adverse adolescent experiences
Pollmann, A., Bates, K. E., & Fuhrmann, D. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02098-x · Cited by 36
“Adolescence is a period of development in which we are susceptible to our social environment 71 .”
Social norms in adolescent risk engagement and recommendation
Ciranka, S., & van den Bos, W. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12369 · Cited by 24
Beltz, A. M., Demidenko, M. I., Wilson, S. J., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24900 · Cited by 25
“Moreover, emotion processing develops behaviorally and neurally across adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014) in ways associated with puberty (reviewed in Goddings et al., 2019); thus, findings likely reflect a complex interplay between organizational effects of prenatal androgens, adolescent brain…”
BackgroundKe, T., Simoni, S. D., Barker, E. D., & Smith, P. A. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12081 · Cited by 30
“Adolescence is a period of heightened sensitivity to valuation of social rewards (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundExperiences of the Ukrainian adolescents during the Russia-Ukraine 2022 War
Lopatovska, I., Arora, K., Fernandes, F. V., Rao, A., Sivkoff-Livneh, S., & Stamm, B. (2022) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-07-2022-0093 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-207
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2103167256
- Cited by
- 2,264
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 243 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, sensitive period, social cognition, social brain, brain development, social environment, social reward, executive function, social sensitivity, adolescent behavior, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Executive Function
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