The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 39 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 24 Supported · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 10 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports stress exposure on postnatal days 28–42 and increased risk-taking and novelty seeking, alongside decreased anxiety-like behavior, on days 45–51. The Discussion describes the resulting behaviors as an exacerbation of independence-building behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Introspective awareness of one's performance on a perceptual task also improves across adolescence, following a trajectory similar to mentalizing (Weil et al. 2013).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Weil et al. 2013 source
The Discussion reports that metacognitive ability—awareness of one’s own task performance—improves across adolescence. It also says that previous mentalising studies found a similar improvement, while noting that this study did not include a mentalising task. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although much evidence for adolescence as a sensitive period for social processing comes from rodent studies, there is evidence that socioenvironmental conditions experienced during human adolescence can impact attitudes toward health and reproduction in young adulthood (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structural Model) link harsh and unpredictable adolescent environments to life-history strategy in young adulthood. But the young-adult measures described in Results (Measurement Model) are health, sexual behavior, and contraception use—not attitudes toward health or reproduction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although this idea remains contentious, there exists a network of brain regions consistently involved in social cognitive processes (Adolphs 2009, Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Adolphs 2009 source
In “Perceiving Social Stimuli” (page not supplied), Adolphs describes a set of brain structures involved in social behavior and a scheme linking multiple regions in social information processing. “Evaluating Social Stimuli” (page not supplied) also describes regions routinely activated during relevant emotional and social processes. The paper treats specialization of these regions as an open question, consistent with the citing sentence’s caveat. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Section 1, “The social brain” (page not provided), identifies several brain regions involved in social cognition and says imaging evidence has supported the proposed social brain. It also reports that medial prefrontal regions have been consistently implicated in mental-state tasks, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of a network. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports that peri-pubertal stress on postnatal days 28–42 decreased anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence, on days 45–51. The Discussion likewise states that stress reduced anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male and female rats. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) concludes that peri-pubertal stress increases novelty seeking and risk taking in adolescent rats and suggests that it exacerbates independence-building behavior. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and many other animal studies (reviewed in Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011) show that stress exposure during adolescence has a significant impact on the adult.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that earlier studies investigated the long-term effects of peri-adolescent stress on adult behavior, endocrine responses, and brain measures. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim about effects in adulthood, although this paper’s own experiment measured outcomes in late adolescence rather than adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study correlated longitudinal changes in ventral striatal activity with decreasing susceptibility (i.e., increasing resistance) to peer influence”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pfeifer et al. 2011 source
The Results section, under “Longitudinal Relationships between Brain and Behavior,” reports that increases in ventral striatal activity over time were positively correlated with increases in resistance to peer influence over time. That directly supports the citing sentence’s description of decreasing susceptibility to peer influence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some studies, higher activity in more posterior regions, such as the pSTS/TPJ (Blakemore et al. 2007), and in the ATC (Burnett et al. 2009), was observed in adults as compared to adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al. 2007 source
The Functional imaging results report higher right STS activity for intentional versus physical causality in adults than in adolescents. The Discussion describes this as a shift toward posterior STS activity with age. The ATC portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different paper and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Burnett et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Histological studies of postmortem human brain tissue support the idea that the prefrontal cortex continues to undergo synaptic pruning across adolescence (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997, Petanjek et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Petanjek et al. 2011 source
The Results (p. 1) describe measuring dendritic spine density in postmortem human prefrontal tissue using the rapid Golgi method. The Discussion (p. 4) concludes that elimination of dendritic spines extends into the third decade of life, supporting pruning across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saxe & Kanwisher 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Saxe et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, dmPFC is activated in multiple conditions: when inferring the mental states of others, when reflecting on knowledge of another's traits, and when reflecting on the traits of oneself (Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Frith 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6(b) says that mentalizing, judging another person’s dispositions, and judging one’s own dispositions all elicit MPFC activity. But the paper attributes this three-task pattern to MPFC, not specifically to dorsal MPFC (dmPFC); section 6(c) describes the associated activity as anterior rostral MPFC. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, it is thought that reductions in gray matter volume might reflect synaptic reorganization and/or increases in white matter integrity (Paus et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Paus et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Adolescence = pruning + myelination?” section suggests that reduced synapses could indirectly reduce cortical grey-matter volume and that increased myelination of intra-cortical axons could produce an apparent loss of grey matter. It does not specifically attribute the reduction to increased white-matter integrity, and it cautions that MRI findings cannot be assigned to a single biological process. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adolescents within socially unpredictable environments not only experienced decreased physical and mental health in the short term but also adopted faster life history strategies in young adulthood, such as decreased health, less sexual restrictedness, and less resource-accruing potential (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 source
The Methods > Measures section defines adolescent health using physical and mental health indicators. Results > Structural Model reports that greater environmental unpredictability was associated with poorer adolescent health and a faster life history strategy in young adulthood; Results > Overview of Findings identifies health, sexual restrictedness, and resource-accruing potential as components of that young-adult strategy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A combination of lesion, nonhuman primate, and fMRI studies has prompted researchers to theorize the involvement of the ATC in applying social knowledge (Olson et al. 2013) and processing social scripts (Frith 2007, Frith & Frith 2003).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olson et al. 2013 source
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Frith (2007) is cited for the social-scripts part of the sentence. In §3(a), “Social scripts,” the paper links the temporal poles to knowledge of social situations and its use in current situations; §7(b) says scripts for different circumstances are instantiated there. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith 2003 source
The Frith & Frith citation is attached to the claim about processing social scripts, not the separate claim about applying social knowledge. In the “Temporal pole” section, the authors tentatively propose that the temporal poles, especially on the left, retrieve scripts used to interpret and predict behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although recruitment of the dmPFC and ATC appeared to be related to self-reported trait empathy, only the anterior insula showed a positive correlation with prosocial behavior.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Masten et al. 2010 source
The Neuroimaging Results report positive correlations between self-reported trait empathy and activity in the DMPFC and temporal pole (an anterior temporal region) during observed exclusion relative to inclusion. In the same section, anterior insula activity positively correlated with prosocial ratings of participants’ emails; the other reported correlations with those ratings were negative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Silvers et al. 2012 source
Study 2’s Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that rejection sensitivity and the social content of emotional stimuli affected regulation success, especially early in adolescence. The General Discussion likewise identifies both factors as affecting younger adolescents; the paper studied participants aged 10–22. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Perceived threats and crime expectations in the environment, but not actual experience with violence, correlated with mortality judgments (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that perceived threat and crime expectations correlated with mortality judgments in the UCSF study, while reports of violent events did not correlate significantly. But it also reports that all four threat measures correlated significantly with mortality judgments in NLSY97, so the claim's unqualified statement about actual experience with violence does not hold across both studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Developmental fMRI studies suggest that distinct neural systems develop at different rates across childhood and adolescence and that these age-related changes in regions involved in feedback processing may underlie behavioral differences in flexible performance adjustment (Crone et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crone et al. 2008 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to adults, adolescents showed greater risk-adverse behavior after receiving expert advice, and this effect is modulated by increased engagement of the dorsolateral PFC by adolescents during valuation in the presence of advice (Engelmann et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 4
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Engelmann et al. 2012 source
The section on the differential influence of expert advice reports significantly greater risk-averse behavior in both adolescent groups relative to adults when advice was present. The Discussion reports that advice modulated adolescent DLPFC activity during valuation, strengthening its correlation with parameters reflecting safe choices. The paper does not establish that overall DLPFC activity increased, but its reported valuation-specific effect supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent report suggested that adolescents perceive their risk of dying soon as higher than it actually is (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 source
The Abstract Results state that adolescents in both samples greatly overestimated their chance of dying. The Discussion specifies that their estimates for dying in the next year exceeded the statistical death rate, directly supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
In the paper
“Gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medial Brodmann area 10 (a proxy for dmPFC), TPJ, and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties, whereas the ATC increased in gray matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills et al. 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Structural MRI studies have consistently shown continuing neuroanatomical development in gray matter and white matter (Brain Dev.Coop.Group 2012, Giedd et al. 1999, Sowell et al. 2003, Tamnes et al. 2013), with association cortices reducing in gray matter volume across adolescence and white matter increasing into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently report the involvement of the pSTS in the perception of biological motion and eye gaze (Puce & Perrett 2003) and in grasping the intentionality and appropriateness of biological motion (Pelphrey et al. 2004).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, male rats exposed to chronic social instability stress during adolescence were, in adulthood, more anxious and less socially interactive (Green et al. 2012)”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although accuracy improved until mid-adolescence in both conditions, accuracy in the director condition continued to improve after mid-adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dumontheil et al. 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that the desire to be accepted by one's peers, and avoidance of social rejection, is particularly acute in adolescence and might drive adolescent behavior (Figure 1).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentalizing (theory of mind), the process of mental state attribution, has been associated with a network of brain regions including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and anterior temporal cortex (ATC) (Figure 3).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Exposure to social isolation during adolescence increases the likelihood of depressive-like behaviors as well as alterations in the structure of the prefrontal cortex (Leussis & Andersen 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leussis & Andersen 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the consequences of social exclusion can be so great that mechanisms and behaviors promoting peer acceptance are considered adaptive.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
In the paper
“In one study, recruitment of the mPFC during exclusion relative to inclusion was associated with greater selfreported susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents but not in adults (Sebastian et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Older adolescents and emerging adults were more likely to reciprocate when the first player stood to lose more money, whereas the younger adolescents did not differentiate, supporting the idea that the ability to understand the intentions of others increases into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest the vlPFC plays a role in regulating distress following social exclusion and that this region is still developing functionally between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both adults and adolescents recruited the dmPFC when the social cues were needed to accurately perform the task, adolescents also recruited the dmPFC when social cues were not needed.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumontheil et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“showed greater recruitment in the dmPFC when making self-oriented choices (defecting), but only young adolescents engaged this region when making reciprocal choices.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex during face-processing tasks increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood (reviewed in Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Understanding the mental states of others by processing facial expressions is a crucial skill and is one that continues to develop across adolescence (McGivern et al. 2002).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This heightened activation in the dmPFC for reciprocal choices decreased between early and late adolescence and remained stable into early adulthood, possibly reflecting a shift away from engaging in social interactions from an egocentric perspective (van den Bos et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes in functional recruitment have been hypothesized to reflect changes in neurocognitive strategy and/or neuroanatomy (Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The recruitment of the left TPJ when participants were shown that the first player trusted them increased with age, and this level of activation correlated with participants' sensitivity to the first player's intentions.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, peers had no impact on risk taking in adults and had an intermediate effect on risk taking in youths (Gardner & Steinberg 2005) (see Figure 4).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents (13 to 16 years), young adults (18 to 22 years), and adults (24+ years) took around the same number of driving risks when alone, whereas the adolescents took significantly more in the presence of their friends (Gardner & Steinberg 2005).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults can have a large impact on the social cognitive development and life course trajectories of adolescents by creating and maintaining the structures of social environments.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents show adult levels of probability estimation and reward evaluation during one such gambling task, suggesting that heightened risky decision making in adolescents is probably not related to a change in risk perception (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty years ago, Terrie Moffitt presented evidence supporting the idea that the majority of adolescents who engage in criminal behavior will do so during adolescence and at no other period of their life (Moffitt 1993).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moffitt 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They pointed out the potential for neuroscience research to perpetuate stereotypes or combat stereotypes, depending on how adults incorporate research in their understanding of adolescence (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet the adolescent brain is malleable and adaptable-this is an excellent opportunity for learning and creativity.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental improvements in executive functions likely influence-and are influenced by-social cognitive processing during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents also rate the potential reward to be gained as very high, which may make the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived risk (Reyna & Farley 2006).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna & Farley 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The participating adolescents in this study felt that although research on the adolescent brain is necessary and important, the model of the adolescent brain as an explanation for adolescent behavior is insufficient (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Acculturation, or adaptation to the mainstream culture of where one has immigrated, occurs more rapidly at younger ages (1 to 15 years) (Cheung et al. 2011), suggesting that the sensitive period for cultural learning is not adolescent specific but instead that cultural sensitivity may begin to close during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY Is the Human Brain Particularly Sensitive to Social Signals During Adolescence?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cheung et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cognitive abilities such as processing speed, voluntary response suppression, delay discounting, future planning, and working memory all mature into adolescence (Luna et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on brain development suggests that adolescence might represent a period of relatively high neural plasticity, in particular in brain regions involved in executive function and social cognition.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a period of brain development during which environmental experiencesincluding teaching-can and do profoundly shape the developing brain.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, participants were less interested in how neuroscience could influence how they understand themselves and more interested in how research on the adolescent brain could influence the perspectives of adults (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence might represent a period of enhanced sensitivity to social signals in the environment, and these signals might influence an adolescent's life course trajectory by motivating certain behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are sensitive to the signals within their social environment, and these signals can impact how likely they are to invest in the future.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of the brain involved in understanding the mental states of others continue to develop structurally and functionally across adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the discussion on culpability and the brain is ongoing, evidence from multiple fields supports the need for special consideration in prosecuting and punishing adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both young adolescents (12 to 14 years) and older adolescents (16 to 18 years) showed heart rate slowing after erring on a task-switching task, which might indicate an increasing ability to monitor performance (Crone et al. 2006a).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crone et al. 2006a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to consider future consequences of actions continues to improve across adolescence (Crone & van der Molen 2004), which might impact how adolescents interact in social situations.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
“Although the study involved rodents, the impact of social isolation on adolescent health and life trajectories likely applies to humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During adolescence, the acceptation by peers becomes an important purpose in everyday life and guides decision-making [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The sensitivity to rewards together with increased value of social cues creates a perfect situation for learning new skills that are important to function in a social context [53, 55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research has demonstrated that each life stage exhibits its own unique trajectories, goals, and influences19,45–47, and activities can therefore differ from being of no impact, to being adaptive or maladaptive depending on which developmental period one examines46,48.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescence, combined with increased concern about social rejection, increases the likelihood that adolescents will conform to their peers in order to gain social acceptance and avoid the social risk of being excluded by their peer group. 141-143”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In articulating their perceptions of well-being, participants' views showed hallmarks of normal adolescent development such as a reliance on peer relationships and adult role models, 15,16 and a heightened sensitivity to criticism. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is marked by strong reward sensitivity, new social goals, and developing self-control (45-50).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, self-awareness increases during adolescence [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that substantial biological changes in the social brain make adolescence a sensitive period for social development19, self-perception, and social interaction20.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterised by substantial biological, psychological and social change, including heightened sensitivity to peer relationships, identity development, reward processing and social evaluation [31, 32].”
From The Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Social Media: Perspectives From Young Adolescents, Parents and Experts (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of heightened neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial change, characterized by asynchronous brain development, identity formation, and shifting social orientation. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Virus containment measures may have more adverse effects on adolescents as an age group than on adults or children because many of the key tasks of adolescent development are achieved through interactions with others (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; La Greca and Prinstein, 1999; Papini et al., 1990).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“This research indicates that adolescents’ social lives both leading up to and during adolescence relate to the sensitivity of the brain when perceiving, processing, and responding to social information (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
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Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
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Mapping cortical change across the human life span
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People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
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Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Items 101–200 of 2,276
Haller, S. P., Kadosh, K. C., Scerif, G., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.02.002 · Cited by 144
“This is an open access article un phic secondary sexual characteristics, neural changes), the offset is more contingent on sociocultural norms (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Forbes and Dahl, 2010; Goddings et al., 2014; Herting et al., 2014; Peper and Dahl, 2013; Sisk and Foster, 2004).”
Lichenstein, S. D., Verstynen, T., & Forbes, E. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.024 · Cited by 139
“Adolescence is widely conceptualized as a time of social-affective reorientation (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Crone and Dahl, 2012; Somerville et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPozuelo, J., Desborough, L., Stein, A., & Cipriani, A. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.005 · Cited by 117
Assessment framework of the OECD Study on Social and Emotional Skills
Kankaraš, M., & Suárez‐Álvarez, J. (2019) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/5007adef-en · Cited by 208
“And peers influence children’s behaviour and attitudes more and more as they transition into adolescence (Blakemore and Mills, 2014[194]; Knoll et al., 2015[195]) Knoll et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChild and Adolescent Health and Development: Realizing Neglected Potential
Bundy, D. A. P., de Silva, N., Horton, S., Patton, G. C., Schultz, L. B., & Jamison, D. T. T. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch1 · Cited by 145
Immersive Virtual Reality and the Developing Child
Bailey, J. O., & Bailenson, J. N. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809481-5.00009-2 · Cited by 147
Serrano, B. G., Spiers, A. D. V., Ruotong, L., Gangadia, S., Toledano, M. B., & Simplicio, M. C. D. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02012-8 · Cited by 204
“Adolescence is a dynamic phase of social and emotional development characterised by a change in the intensity and quality of communications among peers [21].”
BackgroundLitovsky, R. Y., & Gordon, K. A. (2016) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.003 · Cited by 117
“1998 ; Blakemore and Mills , 2014 ) .”
Neural responses to exclusion predict susceptibility to social influence.
Falk, E. B., Cascio, C. N., Brook O'Donnell, M., Carp, J., Tinney, F. J., Bingham, C. R., Shope, J. T., Ouimet, M. C., Pradhan, A. K., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.035 · Cited by 115
“However, adolescents are not uniformly susceptible to risk [7,13e15]; recent empirical work and reviews highlight the likely importance of social context and motivational salience [7,14,16,17], among other factors [13], in affecting adolescent responses to social-cognitive and social-affective cues, as well as in resu…”
BackgroundJaeschke, L., Steinbrecher, A., Luzak, A., Puggina, A., Aleksovska, K., Buck, C., Burns, C., Cardon, G., Carlin, A., Chantal, S., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0627-3 · Cited by 116
“In adults, findings were inconsistent with limited, non-conclusive evidence (0, Lnc [47]), but experiencing encouragement from significant others was perceived as a facilitator to PA in 14 qualitative eligible primary studies in cultural subgroups [26, 39, 42].”
BackgroundInfluentialKadosh, K. C., Luo, Q., Burca, C. D., Sokunbi, M. O., Feng, J., Linden, D. E. J., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.070 · Cited by 118
“Published by Elsevier Inc a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o”
BackgroundSocial Media Use and adolescents' mental health and well-being: An umbrella review
Sala, A., Porcaro, L., & Gómez, E. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100404 · Cited by 120
When it feels good to give: Depressive symptoms, daily prosocial behavior, and adolescent mood.
Schacter, H. L., & Margolin, G. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000494 · Cited by 125
“…is, during a developmental period where adolescents already become increasingly preoccupied with the opinions of their peers and romantic partners (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), depressed adolescents exhibit intensified negative emotions following stressful social experiences (e.g., rejection; Silk…”
BackgroundThe Lancet Commission on self-harm
Moran, P., Chandler, A., Dudgeon, P., Kirtley, O. J., Knipe, D. W., Pirkis, J., Sinyor, M., Allister, R., Ansloos, J. P., Ball, M. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01121-8 · Cited by 143
Leveraging Technology to Improve Health in Adolescence: A Developmental Science Perspective
Giovanelli, A., Ozer, E. M., & Dahl, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.020 · Cited by 125
“…to social stimuli that often characterize and shape views of adolescence as a problematic period stem from neural changes that are also associated with heightened flexibility and plasticity in contexts that facilitate enhancement of key social and identity-related developmental skills (6,19,41).”
BackgroundJuvonen, J., Lessard, L. M., Schacter, H. L., & Suchilt, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1188703 · Cited by 124
“If youth are concerned about being rejected by their peers and feeling isolated, they may actively withdraw from social events and situations at the developmental phase when peer affiliations serve vital developmental functions (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundRacial discrimination and cortisol output: A meta-analysis
Korous, K. M., Causadías, J. M., & Casper, D. M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.042 · Cited by 118
Trajectories of adolescent life satisfaction
Orben, A. C., Lucas, R. E., Fuhrmann, D., & Kievit, R. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211808 · Cited by 157
Kim, S. Y., Schwartz, S. J., Perreira, K. M., & Juang, L. P. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925 · Cited by 127
Adolescent risk-taking in the context of exploration and social influence
Ciranka, S., & van den Bos, W. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100979 · Cited by 127
“On the other hand, adolescents may only show increased risk-taking behaviour when they believe that their peers expect them to drive aggressively – suggesting a form of reasoned risk-taking (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Romer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWeimer, A. A., Warnell, K. R., Ettekal, I., Cartwright, K. B., Guajardo, N. R., & Liew, J. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100945 · Cited by 119
Neural mechanisms of social influence in adolescence
Welborn, B. L., Lieberman, M. D., Goldenberg, D., Fuligni, A. J., Galván, A., & Telzer, E. H. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv095 · Cited by 127
“Key words: social influence; adolescence; functional MRI; mentalizing; self-control; reward”
BackgroundBell, B. T. (2019) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2019.03.002 · Cited by 111
Prosocial development in adolescence
Crone, E. A., & Achterberg, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.020 · Cited by 125
On Neuroeducation: Why and How to Improve Neuroscientific Literacy in Educational Professionals
Jolles, J., & Jolles, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752151 · Cited by 167
Modeling the evolution of sensitive periods
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Walasek, N. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100715 · Cited by 99
Harris, M. A., Grünenfelder‐Steiger, A. E., Ferrer, E. E., Donnellan, M. B., Allemand, M., Fend, H. A., Conger, R. D., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12356 · Cited by 112
Elmore, K., Scull, T. M., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0609-9 · Cited by 113
“First, adolescence is a time when peer affiliation becomes a prominent goal (Blakemore and Mills 2014) and sensitivity to peer acceptance vs.”
BackgroundInsights about Adolescent Behavior, Plasticity, and Policy from Neuroscience Research
Galván, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.027 · Cited by 100
Obsuth, I., Murray, A., Malti, T., Sulger, P., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0534-y · Cited by 96
Grünenfelder‐Steiger, A. E., Fend, H. A., & Allemand, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038478 · Cited by 118
Blankenstein, N. E., Telzer, E. H., Do, K. T., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Crone, E. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13292 · Cited by 105
“In addition, MPFC volume has consistently been linked to social perspective taking (Blakemore & Mills, 2014) and prosocial behavior (Thijssen et al., 2015; Wildeboer et al., 2017).”
InfluentialWade, M., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1809145116 · Cited by 92
“This is crucial, as adolescence is a unique stage of development in which adaptation is the product of interactions between prenatal, early childhood, and adolescent-specific social and biological changes that accompany puberty (13, 14).”
BackgroundOpendak, M., Gould, E., & Sullivan, R. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.002 · Cited by 94
“…in receptors, epigenetics, brain structure, the microbiome, immune system, and homeostasis maintenance (Andersen and Teicher, 2008; Bale, 2015; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Callaghan et al., 2016; Drury et al., 2012; Gold et al., 2016; Green et al., 2016; Halevi et al., 2016; Hartley and Lee,…”
Wilson, D. M., & Gross, D. A. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12612 · Cited by 100
Davis, J. P., Pedersen, E. R., Tucker, J. S., Dunbar, M. S., Seelam, R., Shih, R. A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01024-z · Cited by 91
“Within the developmental periods of adolescence and young adulthood, youth are particularly susceptible to influence by perceived norms (Blakemore and Mills 2014; Gardner and Steinberg 2005; Simons-Morton and Farhat 2010; Steinberg and Monahan 2007), thus it is important to understand how perceived…”
BackgroundRoles of age, gender and psychological difficulties in adolescent mentalizing
Poznyak, E., Morosan, L., Perroud, N. A., Speranza, M., Badoud, D., & Debbané, M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.007 · Cited by 105
Green, K. H., van de Groep, S., Sweijen, S., Becht, A., Buijzen, M., de Leeuw, R. N. H., Remmerswaal, D., van der Zanden, R. A., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Crone, E. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90851-x · Cited by 94
“The current longitudinal study examined two aims: (1) the short‐ and long‐”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeight Stigma and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Warnick, J. L., Darling, K. E., West, C. E., Jones, L. C., & Jelalian, E. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab110 · Cited by 120
Cohort Profile: The Tokyo Teen Cohort study (TTC)
Ando, S., Nishida, A., Yamasaki, S., Koike, S., Morimoto, Y., Hoshino, A., Kanata, S., Fujikawa, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz033 · Cited by 93
Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation
Elliot, A. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0002 · Cited by 91
Crone, E. A., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1327 · Cited by 84
Dietz, L., Arnold, A. K., Goerlich, V. C., & Vinke, C. M. (2018) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003486 · Cited by 108
“During sensitive windows in early life neural structures mature (Knudsen, 2004), while environmental and social factors can profoundly affect this process (Sachser et al., 2013; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Brydges, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-control development in adolescence predicts love and work in adulthood.
Allemand, M., Job, V., & Mroczek, D. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000229 · Cited by 104
“…developmental period that offer many challenges, new demands, and experiences to expand self-regulatory skills and abilities that may help individuals to avoid risky behaviors and to exert control over impulsive drives in the interest of long-term goals (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Steinberg, 2008).”
BackgroundA Meta-Analytic Review of Emotion Regulation Focused Psychosocial Interventions for Adolescents
Eadeh, H., Breaux, R., & Nikolas, M. A. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00362-4 · Cited by 112
Adolescents’ Internet addiction: Does it all begin with their environment?
Chemnad, K., Aziz, M., Abdelmoneium, A., Al-Harahsheh, S. T., Baghdady, A., Motawaa, F. Y. A., Hassan, D. A., & Ali, R. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00626-7 · Cited by 112
An Exploration of Social Functioning in Young People with Eating Disorders: A Qualitative Study
Patel, K., Tchanturia, K., & Harrison, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159910 · Cited by 83
“Indeed, peer acceptance, social evaluation and negative peer influences are considered adolescent-typical behaviours [30].”
BackgroundQu, Y., Fuligni, A. J., Galván, A., & Telzer, E. H. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.005 · Cited by 101
Smirnov, I., & Stefan Thurner, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183473 · Cited by 90
Matthews, T., Qualter, P., Bryan, B. T., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., Strange, L., & Arseneault, L. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001632 · Cited by 84
“Adolescence is a critical period for brain development in regions involved in social processing, corresponding with an increased sensitivity to social rejection (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundDray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E. M., Freund, M., Hodder, R. K., Wolfenden, L., Richards, J., Leane, C., Green, S., Lecathelinais, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.03.009 · Cited by 101
“2014), is a time of extensive physical and social development, during which capabilities vital for successful progression into adulthood are established (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundEl-Ammari, A., Kazdouh, H. E., Bouftini, S., Samira, E. F., & Achhab, Y. E. (2019) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0775-y · Cited by 82
Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: The adolescent perspective
Scott, H., Biello, S. M., & Woods, H. C. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.07.006 · Cited by 95
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Nusslock, R., Barton, A. W., Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Holmes, C., McCormick, M., & Sweet, L. H. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619847989 · Cited by 82
“…plasticity and reorganization (Casey, Galván, & Hare, 2005) and of heightened sensitivity to social influences such as parent–child relationships (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Knoll, Magis-Weinberg, Speekenbrink, & Blakemore, 2015), are associated with rsFC within the central-executive network…”
Magis‐Weinberg, L., Gys, C. L., Berger, E. L., Domoff, S. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12666 · Cited by 79
“Perceived social support is linked to psychosocial well-being in developing populations (Chu, Saucier, & Hafner, 2010), especially during adolescence due to the heightened sensitivity to social contexts (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Klineberg et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWorthman, C. M., Tomlinson, M., & Rotheram‐Borus, M. J. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.040 · Cited by 93
The neural basis of reactive aggression and its development in adolescence
Lickley, R. A., & Sebastian, C. L. (2017) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2017.1420187 · Cited by 86
“…approval) may mean that the potential for social reward plays a disproportionate role when weighing up the costs and benefits of risk behaviours that typically play out in a social context (e.g. whether to drive recklessly, experiment with drugs, or take part in a fight; Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Neuroscience of Adolescence
Galván, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143 · Cited by 82
The Impact of COVID‐19 on Adolescents’ Daily Lives: The Role of Parent–Child Relationship Quality
Janssens, J. J., Achterhof, R., Lafit, G., Bamps, E., Hagemann, N., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Lecei, A., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Kirtley, O. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12657 · Cited by 92
“…physical and psychological changes, adolescence is a period of profound social transformation, where both peer and parent interactions are crucial for the development of adolescents into independent adults (Andrews, Ahmed, & Blakemore, 2020; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Steinberg & Morris, 2001).”
BackgroundTowner, E., Grint, J., Levy, T., Blakemore, S., & Tomova, L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101309 · Cited by 115
Self-citationPatterns of sociocognitive stratification and perinatal risk in the child brain
Alnæs, D., Kaufmann, T., Marquand, A. F., Smith, S. M., & Westlye, L. T. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2001517117 · Cited by 75
Updating Perceptions of (In)Justice
Augustyn, M. B. (2016) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427815616991 · Cited by 77
Wright, A. G. C., Zalewski, M., Hallquist, M. N., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_200 · Cited by 78
“…while all the psychosocial domains selected for this study were included due to their relevance within the adolescent period, aspects of identify formation and forming significant peer and romantic relationships are perhaps the most central tasks of adolescent development (Blakemore & Mills 2014).”
Adolescent brain development and contextual influences: a decade in review
Galván, A. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12687 · Cited by 77
Lozada, F. T., Riley, T. N., Catherine, E., & Brown, D. W. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12699 · Cited by 94
Peer facilitation of emotion regulation in adolescence
Sahi, R. S., Eisenberger, N. I., & Silvers, J. A. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101262 · Cited by 129
Wade, M., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2556 · Cited by 74
Baldwin, J. R., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Fisher, H. L., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Houts, R. M., Matthews, T., Ougrin, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.903 · Cited by 78
“These stressful experiences may be particularly harmful to adolescents because of the major neurobiological, emotional, and social changes that take place during this period.(10,11) Previous studies have suggested that victimized adolescents have an increased”
BackgroundPossible Effects of Internet Use on Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Mills, K. L. (2016) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v4i3.516 · Cited by 76
Self-citationvan Hoorn, J., Shablack, H., Lindquist, K. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.024 · Cited by 76
Crone, E. A., Achterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Euser, S., van den Bulk, B. G., van der Meulen, M., van Drunen, L., Wierenga, L. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100805 · Cited by 83
Adolescent sleep and the foundations of prefrontal cortical development and dysfunction
Anastasiades, P. G., de Vivo, L., Bellesi, M., & Jones, M. W. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102338 · Cited by 89
“Adolescence is characterised by shifting social relationships, increased emotional reactivity, risk taking and greater propensity for drug and alcohol abuse (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Larsen and Luna, 2018; Spear, 2000).”
van Hoorn, J., Fuligni, A. J., Crone, E. A., & Galván, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.007 · Cited by 79
“This network, involved in thinking about the self and others, encompasses cortical structures such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and superior temporal sulcus (STS) [reviewed in 2,14].”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, J., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Li, D., Fu, R., & Coplan, R. J. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416664195 · Cited by 76
“Increased motivation to establish social status in the peer group and extensive experiences in various social environments may also make adolescents particularly sensitive to sociocultural signals including emergent standards and norms (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Choudhury, 2010).”
BackgroundDifferential effects of parent and peer presence on neural correlates of risk taking in adolescence
van Hoorn, J., McCormick, E. M., Rogers, C. R., Ivory, S. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy071 · Cited by 82
“Social influence on attitudes and behaviors also instantiates mentalizing about other people’s social norms, values and expectations, which is facilitated by social-cognitive regions such as the TPJ and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) (Somerville et al., 2013; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Welborn et al., 2015; Van…”
BackgroundContext, Development, and Digital Media: Implications for Very Young Adolescents in LMICs
Magis‐Weinberg, L., Suleiman, A. B., & Dahl, R. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632713 · Cited by 97
Psychological Resilience in Young Female Athletes
O’Brien, K. H. M., Rowan, M. R., Willoughby, K., Griffith, K. L., & Christino, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168668 · Cited by 98
Brief report: Danish emerging adults' conceptions of adulthood
Arnett, J. J., & Padilla‐Walker, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.10.011 · Cited by 74
“These variations demonstrate that reaching adult status is culturally-defined and consequently varies depending on cultural and historical context (Arnett, 2011; Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundVogan, V. M., Leung, R. C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01774 · Cited by 80
“These findings may suggest that while environmental demands increase dramatically as children enter adolescence (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Brizio et al., 2015), refinements of EF problems are impaired in ASD, making it challenging for them to adapt to and keep pace with growing real-world demands.”
BackgroundThe audience effect in adolescence depends on who's looking over your shoulder
Wolf, L. K., Bazargani, N., Kilford, E. J., Dumontheil, I., & Blakemore, S. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.003 · Cited by 73
“Social information is thought to have particularly high salience during adolescence, in particular in the context of relationships with peers (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJarcho, J. M., Romer, A. L., Shechner, T., Galvan, A., Guyer, A. E., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.03.002 · Cited by 70
“This transition involves acquiring skills needed for peer-based relationships (Blakemore and Mills, 2014), which thereby promotes novel patterns of peer-focused behavior and learning (Blakemore, 2008; Crone and Dahl, 2012; Nelson et al., 2005; Steinberg and Morris, 2001).”
InfluentialAdolescent Paranoia: Prevalence, Structure, and Causal Mechanisms
Bird, J. C., Evans, R., Waite, F., Loe, B. S., & Freeman, D. H. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby180 · Cited by 75
The connecting brain in context: How adolescent plasticity supports learning and development
Baker, A. E., Galván, A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101486 · Cited by 110
“Heightened social plasticity during this time can enhance their ability to learn from social feedback, making social relationships particularly influential for guiding behavior (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Spaans et al., 2020; Telzer et al., 2014).”
Borman, G. D., Rozek, C. S., Pyne, J., & Hanselman, P. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1820317116 · Cited by 68
“A defining feature of this developmental stage is a heightened sensitivity to social acceptance, social comparisons, and sociocultural cues (2, 3).”
A Call for Greater Attention to Culture in the Study of Brain and Development
Qu, Y., Jorgensen, N. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620931461 · Cited by 72
“…Singer, Ross, & Denckla, 1996), we have made tremendous progress in understanding the neural processes supporting youths’ development (for reviews, see Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Dahl, Allen, Wilbrecht, & Suleiman, 2018; Decety & Meyer, 2008; Goldsmith, Pollak, & Davidson, 2008;…”
BackgroundHow social media affects teen mental health: a missing link
Orben, A., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00402-9 · Cited by 71
Self-citationGreen teens: Understanding and promoting adolescents’ sustainable engagement
Thomaes, S. C. E., Grapsas, S., van de Wetering, J., Spitzer, J. E., & Poorthuis, A. M. G. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.02.006 · Cited by 82
“12,66,67 As such, autonomy and status motives may constitute key psychological levers to unleash adolescents’ potential for sustainable engagement.”
BackgroundRevisiting adolescence as a sensitive period for sociocultural processing
Cheng, T. W., Mills, K. L., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105820 · Cited by 93
Self-citationSocial network cohesion in school classes promotes prosocial behavior
van den Bos, W., Crone, E. A., Meuwese, R., & Güroğlu, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194656 · Cited by 87
“Adolescent development has been successfully studied from a social information processing perspective [5,6], which has put an emphasis on the development of the cognitive and affective processes underlying prosocial behavior.”
BackgroundWade, M., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001764 · Cited by 80
Multiple pathways of risk taking in adolescence
Crone, E. A., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100996 · Cited by 74
A Neurocognitive Model of Self-Concept Development in Adolescence
Crone, E. A., Green, K. H., van de Groep, I. H., & van der Cruijsen, R. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-023842 · Cited by 88
Marshall, A. D. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.004 · Cited by 76
Kongerslev, M., Chanen, A. M., & Simonsen, E. H. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2015-004 · Cited by 76
“This could indicate that the significance of PD symptoms changes over time in relation to salient life tasks and environmental demands (53,58-60).”
BackgroundMaturation of vocal emotion recognition: Insights from the developmental and neuroimaging literature
Morningstar, M. A., Nelson, E. E., & Dirks, M. A. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.019 · Cited by 68
The physiology of adolescent sexual behaviour: A systematic review
Pringle, J., Mills, K. L., McAteer, J., Jepson, R. G., Hogg, E., Anand, N., & Blakemore, S. (2017) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2017.1368858 · Cited by 92
“In addition to the effects of testosterone, Campbell et al. (2005) reported that boys’ first spontaneous nocturnal emission was a stronger predictor of initiation of sexual activity than secondary sexual characteristics, such as the development of genital hair. Both of these studies were cross-sectional in design, so…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationWhy Trust Matters: How Confidence in Leaders Transforms What Adolescents Gain From Youth Programs
Griffith, A. N., & Larson, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12230 · Cited by 66
Blake, M. J., Snoep, L., Raniti, M. B., Schwartz, O., Waloszek, J. M., Simmons, J. G., Murray, G., Blake, L. M., Landau, E. R., Dahl, R. E., et al. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.006 · Cited by 71
Tamnes, C. K., Øverbye, K., Ferschmann, L., Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Blakemore, S., & Dumontheil, I. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000541 · Cited by 80
“…taking usage will be associated with individual differences in real-life pro-and antisocial behavior in adolescence, a period of life when our social world becomes more complex and we hone our skills at navigating increasingly manifold and intimate relationships (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Self-citationStress sensitization among severely neglected children and protection by social enrichment
Wade, M., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Tibu, F., Ciolan, L. E., & Nelson, C. A. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13622-3 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-207
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2103167256
- Cited by
- 2,264
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 243 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, sensitive period, social cognition, social brain, brain development, social environment, social reward, executive function, social sensitivity, adolescent behavior, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Executive Function
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