The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 39 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a period of formative biological and social transition. Social cognitive processes involved in navigating increasingly complex and intimate relationships continue to develop throughout adolescence. Here, we describe the functional and structural changes occurring in the brain during this period of life and how they relate to navigating the social environment. Areas of the social brain undergo both structural changes and functional reorganization during the second decade of life, possibly reflecting a sensitive period for adapting to one's social environment. The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors. We discuss the importance of considering the social environment and social rewards in research on adolescent cognition and behavior. Finally, we speculate about the potential implications of this research for society.
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Claims the paper makes
46 No full text of the sources · 24 Supported · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 10 Partly supported · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports stress exposure on postnatal days 28–42 and increased risk-taking and novelty seeking, alongside decreased anxiety-like behavior, on days 45–51. The Discussion describes the resulting behaviors as an exacerbation of independence-building behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Introspective awareness of one's performance on a perceptual task also improves across adolescence, following a trajectory similar to mentalizing (Weil et al. 2013).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Weil et al. 2013 source
The Discussion reports that metacognitive ability—awareness of one’s own task performance—improves across adolescence. It also says that previous mentalising studies found a similar improvement, while noting that this study did not include a mentalising task. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although much evidence for adolescence as a sensitive period for social processing comes from rodent studies, there is evidence that socioenvironmental conditions experienced during human adolescence can impact attitudes toward health and reproduction in young adulthood (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Structural Model) link harsh and unpredictable adolescent environments to life-history strategy in young adulthood. But the young-adult measures described in Results (Measurement Model) are health, sexual behavior, and contraception use—not attitudes toward health or reproduction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although this idea remains contentious, there exists a network of brain regions consistently involved in social cognitive processes (Adolphs 2009, Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Adolphs 2009 source
In “Perceiving Social Stimuli” (page not supplied), Adolphs describes a set of brain structures involved in social behavior and a scheme linking multiple regions in social information processing. “Evaluating Social Stimuli” (page not supplied) also describes regions routinely activated during relevant emotional and social processes. The paper treats specialization of these regions as an open question, consistent with the citing sentence’s caveat. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Section 1, “The social brain” (page not provided), identifies several brain regions involved in social cognition and says imaging evidence has supported the proposed social brain. It also reports that medial prefrontal regions have been consistently implicated in mental-state tasks, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified description of a network. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mild stress exposure during the pubertal transition in rats (postnatal days 28-42) increases risk-taking and noveltyseeking behavior and decreases anxious behavior in later adolescence (postnatal days 45-51), suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Abstract reports that peri-pubertal stress on postnatal days 28–42 decreased anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence, on days 45–51. The Discussion likewise states that stress reduced anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male and female rats. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that stress experienced during puberty motivates the rats to hasten independencebuilding behaviors (Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) concludes that peri-pubertal stress increases novelty seeking and risk taking in adolescent rats and suggests that it exacerbates independence-building behavior. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and many other animal studies (reviewed in Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011) show that stress exposure during adolescence has a significant impact on the adult.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Toledo-Rodriguez & Sandi 2011 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that earlier studies investigated the long-term effects of peri-adolescent stress on adult behavior, endocrine responses, and brain measures. This supports the citing sentence’s broad claim about effects in adulthood, although this paper’s own experiment measured outcomes in late adolescence rather than adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.89)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This study correlated longitudinal changes in ventral striatal activity with decreasing susceptibility (i.e., increasing resistance) to peer influence”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pfeifer et al. 2011 source
The Results section, under “Longitudinal Relationships between Brain and Behavior,” reports that increases in ventral striatal activity over time were positively correlated with increases in resistance to peer influence over time. That directly supports the citing sentence’s description of decreasing susceptibility to peer influence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In some studies, higher activity in more posterior regions, such as the pSTS/TPJ (Blakemore et al. 2007), and in the ATC (Burnett et al. 2009), was observed in adults as compared to adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al. 2007 source
The Functional imaging results report higher right STS activity for intentional versus physical causality in adults than in adolescents. The Discussion describes this as a shift toward posterior STS activity with age. The ATC portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different paper and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Burnett et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Histological studies of postmortem human brain tissue support the idea that the prefrontal cortex continues to undergo synaptic pruning across adolescence (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997, Petanjek et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huttenlocher & Dabholkar 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Petanjek et al. 2011 source
The Results (p. 1) describe measuring dendritic spine density in postmortem human prefrontal tissue using the rapid Golgi method. The Discussion (p. 4) concludes that elimination of dendritic spines extends into the third decade of life, supporting pruning across adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Saxe & Kanwisher 2003 source
- Partly supportedcites Saxe et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, dmPFC is activated in multiple conditions: when inferring the mental states of others, when reflecting on knowledge of another's traits, and when reflecting on the traits of oneself (Frith 2007).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Frith 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6(b) says that mentalizing, judging another person’s dispositions, and judging one’s own dispositions all elicit MPFC activity. But the paper attributes this three-task pattern to MPFC, not specifically to dorsal MPFC (dmPFC); section 6(c) describes the associated activity as anterior rostral MPFC. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite these limitations, it is thought that reductions in gray matter volume might reflect synaptic reorganization and/or increases in white matter integrity (Paus et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Paus et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Adolescence = pruning + myelination?” section suggests that reduced synapses could indirectly reduce cortical grey-matter volume and that increased myelination of intra-cortical axons could produce an apparent loss of grey matter. It does not specifically attribute the reduction to increased white-matter integrity, and it cautions that MRI findings cannot be assigned to a single biological process. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adolescents within socially unpredictable environments not only experienced decreased physical and mental health in the short term but also adopted faster life history strategies in young adulthood, such as decreased health, less sexual restrictedness, and less resource-accruing potential (Brumbach et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brumbach et al. 2009 source
The Methods > Measures section defines adolescent health using physical and mental health indicators. Results > Structural Model reports that greater environmental unpredictability was associated with poorer adolescent health and a faster life history strategy in young adulthood; Results > Overview of Findings identifies health, sexual restrictedness, and resource-accruing potential as components of that young-adult strategy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A combination of lesion, nonhuman primate, and fMRI studies has prompted researchers to theorize the involvement of the ATC in applying social knowledge (Olson et al. 2013) and processing social scripts (Frith 2007, Frith & Frith 2003).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olson et al. 2013 source
- Supportedcites Frith 2007 source
Frith (2007) is cited for the social-scripts part of the sentence. In §3(a), “Social scripts,” the paper links the temporal poles to knowledge of social situations and its use in current situations; §7(b) says scripts for different circumstances are instantiated there. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Frith & Frith 2003 source
The Frith & Frith citation is attached to the claim about processing social scripts, not the separate claim about applying social knowledge. In the “Temporal pole” section, the authors tentatively propose that the temporal poles, especially on the left, retrieve scripts used to interpret and predict behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although recruitment of the dmPFC and ATC appeared to be related to self-reported trait empathy, only the anterior insula showed a positive correlation with prosocial behavior.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Masten et al. 2010 source
The Neuroimaging Results report positive correlations between self-reported trait empathy and activity in the DMPFC and temporal pole (an anterior temporal region) during observed exclusion relative to inclusion. In the same section, anterior insula activity positively correlated with prosocial ratings of participants’ emails; the other reported correlations with those ratings were negative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Silvers et al. 2012 source
Study 2’s Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that rejection sensitivity and the social content of emotional stimuli affected regulation success, especially early in adolescence. The General Discussion likewise identifies both factors as affecting younger adolescents; the paper studied participants aged 10–22. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Perceived threats and crime expectations in the environment, but not actual experience with violence, correlated with mortality judgments (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that perceived threat and crime expectations correlated with mortality judgments in the UCSF study, while reports of violent events did not correlate significantly. But it also reports that all four threat measures correlated significantly with mortality judgments in NLSY97, so the claim's unqualified statement about actual experience with violence does not hold across both studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Developmental fMRI studies suggest that distinct neural systems develop at different rates across childhood and adolescence and that these age-related changes in regions involved in feedback processing may underlie behavioral differences in flexible performance adjustment (Crone et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crone et al. 2008 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to adults, adolescents showed greater risk-adverse behavior after receiving expert advice, and this effect is modulated by increased engagement of the dorsolateral PFC by adolescents during valuation in the presence of advice (Engelmann et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 4
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Engelmann et al. 2012 source
The section on the differential influence of expert advice reports significantly greater risk-averse behavior in both adolescent groups relative to adults when advice was present. The Discussion reports that advice modulated adolescent DLPFC activity during valuation, strengthening its correlation with parameters reflecting safe choices. The paper does not establish that overall DLPFC activity increased, but its reported valuation-specific effect supports the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent report suggested that adolescents perceive their risk of dying soon as higher than it actually is (Fischhoff et al. 2010).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fischhoff et al. 2010 source
The Abstract Results state that adolescents in both samples greatly overestimated their chance of dying. The Discussion specifies that their estimates for dying in the next year exceeded the statistical death rate, directly supporting the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
In the paper
“Gray matter volume and cortical thickness in medial Brodmann area 10 (a proxy for dmPFC), TPJ, and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties, whereas the ATC increased in gray matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mills et al. 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in social environment that occur during adolescence might interact with increasing executive functions and heightened social sensitivity to influence a number of adolescent behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Structural MRI studies have consistently shown continuing neuroanatomical development in gray matter and white matter (Brain Dev.Coop.Group 2012, Giedd et al. 1999, Sowell et al. 2003, Tamnes et al. 2013), with association cortices reducing in gray matter volume across adolescence and white matter increasing into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Structural Development
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently report the involvement of the pSTS in the perception of biological motion and eye gaze (Puce & Perrett 2003) and in grasping the intentionality and appropriateness of biological motion (Pelphrey et al. 2004).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, male rats exposed to chronic social instability stress during adolescence were, in adulthood, more anxious and less socially interactive (Green et al. 2012)”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although accuracy improved until mid-adolescence in both conditions, accuracy in the director condition continued to improve after mid-adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Cognitive Development in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dumontheil et al. 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“young and mid-adolescents (11-16 years) reported lowered overall mood”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that the desire to be accepted by one's peers, and avoidance of social rejection, is particularly acute in adolescence and might drive adolescent behavior (Figure 1).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentalizing (theory of mind), the process of mental state attribution, has been associated with a network of brain regions including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and anterior temporal cortex (ATC) (Figure 3).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > SOCIAL BRAIN NETWORK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Exposure to social isolation during adolescence increases the likelihood of depressive-like behaviors as well as alterations in the structure of the prefrontal cortex (Leussis & Andersen 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Figure 1
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leussis & Andersen 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the consequences of social exclusion can be so great that mechanisms and behaviors promoting peer acceptance are considered adaptive.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ADOLESCENCE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
In the paper
“In one study, recruitment of the mPFC during exclusion relative to inclusion was associated with greater selfreported susceptibility to peer influence in adolescents but not in adults (Sebastian et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sebastian et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Older adolescents and emerging adults were more likely to reciprocate when the first player stood to lose more money, whereas the younger adolescents did not differentiate, supporting the idea that the ability to understand the intentions of others increases into adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest the vlPFC plays a role in regulating distress following social exclusion and that this region is still developing functionally between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both adults and adolescents recruited the dmPFC when the social cues were needed to accurately perform the task, adolescents also recruited the dmPFC when social cues were not needed.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dumontheil et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“showed greater recruitment in the dmPFC when making self-oriented choices (defecting), but only young adolescents engaged this region when making reciprocal choices.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the prefrontal cortex during face-processing tasks increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood (reviewed in Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Understanding the mental states of others by processing facial expressions is a crucial skill and is one that continues to develop across adolescence (McGivern et al. 2002).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Functional Development of the Social Brain Network in Adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGivern et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This heightened activation in the dmPFC for reciprocal choices decreased between early and late adolescence and remained stable into early adulthood, possibly reflecting a shift away from engaging in social interactions from an egocentric perspective (van den Bos et al. 2011).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes in functional recruitment have been hypothesized to reflect changes in neurocognitive strategy and/or neuroanatomy (Blakemore 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Blakemore 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The recruitment of the left TPJ when participants were shown that the first player trusted them increased with age, and this level of activation correlated with participants' sensitivity to the first player's intentions.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Mentalizing.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van den Bos et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, peers had no impact on risk taking in adults and had an intermediate effect on risk taking in youths (Gardner & Steinberg 2005) (see Figure 4).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents (13 to 16 years), young adults (18 to 22 years), and adults (24+ years) took around the same number of driving risks when alone, whereas the adolescents took significantly more in the presence of their friends (Gardner & Steinberg 2005).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Peer evaluation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gardner & Steinberg 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults can have a large impact on the social cognitive development and life course trajectories of adolescents by creating and maintaining the structures of social environments.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents show adult levels of probability estimation and reward evaluation during one such gambling task, suggesting that heightened risky decision making in adolescents is probably not related to a change in risk perception (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty years ago, Terrie Moffitt presented evidence supporting the idea that the majority of adolescents who engage in criminal behavior will do so during adolescence and at no other period of their life (Moffitt 1993).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moffitt 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They pointed out the potential for neuroscience research to perpetuate stereotypes or combat stereotypes, depending on how adults incorporate research in their understanding of adolescence (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet the adolescent brain is malleable and adaptable-this is an excellent opportunity for learning and creativity.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental improvements in executive functions likely influence-and are influenced by-social cognitive processing during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adolescents also rate the potential reward to be gained as very high, which may make the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived risk (Reyna & Farley 2006).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Risky Decision Making
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reyna & Farley 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The participating adolescents in this study felt that although research on the adolescent brain is necessary and important, the model of the adolescent brain as an explanation for adolescent behavior is insufficient (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Acculturation, or adaptation to the mainstream culture of where one has immigrated, occurs more rapidly at younger ages (1 to 15 years) (Cheung et al. 2011), suggesting that the sensitive period for cultural learning is not adolescent specific but instead that cultural sensitivity may begin to close during adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY Is the Human Brain Particularly Sensitive to Social Signals During Adolescence?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cheung et al. 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cognitive abilities such as processing speed, voluntary response suppression, delay discounting, future planning, and working memory all mature into adolescence (Luna et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2009).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on brain development suggests that adolescence might represent a period of relatively high neural plasticity, in particular in brain regions involved in executive function and social cognition.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence represents a period of brain development during which environmental experiencesincluding teaching-can and do profoundly shape the developing brain.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Educational Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, participants were less interested in how neuroscience could influence how they understand themselves and more interested in how research on the adolescent brain could influence the perspectives of adults (Choudhury et al. 2012).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Choudhury et al. 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence might represent a period of enhanced sensitivity to social signals in the environment, and these signals might influence an adolescent's life course trajectory by motivating certain behaviors.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents are sensitive to the signals within their social environment, and these signals can impact how likely they are to invest in the future.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Social Implications
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas of the brain involved in understanding the mental states of others continue to develop structurally and functionally across adolescence.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the discussion on culpability and the brain is ongoing, evidence from multiple fields supports the need for special consideration in prosecuting and punishing adolescents.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Legal Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Both young adolescents (12 to 14 years) and older adolescents (16 to 18 years) showed heart rate slowing after erring on a task-switching task, which might indicate an increasing ability to monitor performance (Crone et al. 2006a).”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crone et al. 2006a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to consider future consequences of actions continues to improve across adolescence (Crone & van der Molen 2004), which might impact how adolescents interact in social situations.”
§ Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? > Executive Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of adolescent social stress generalize to human adolescent health and life trajectories.
“Although the study involved rodents, the impact of social isolation on adolescent health and life trajectories likely applies to humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence represents a sensitive period for social interaction.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During adolescence, the acceptation by peers becomes an important purpose in everyday life and guides decision-making [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The sensitivity to rewards together with increased value of social cues creates a perfect situation for learning new skills that are important to function in a social context [53, 55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past research has demonstrated that each life stage exhibits its own unique trajectories, goals, and influences19,45–47, and activities can therefore differ from being of no impact, to being adaptive or maladaptive depending on which developmental period one examines46,48.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The heightened susceptibility to social influence in adolescence, combined with increased concern about social rejection, increases the likelihood that adolescents will conform to their peers in order to gain social acceptance and avoid the social risk of being excluded by their peer group. 141-143”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In articulating their perceptions of well-being, participants' views showed hallmarks of normal adolescent development such as a reliance on peer relationships and adult role models, 15,16 and a heightened sensitivity to criticism. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, adolescence can be considered a sensitive period for social development,4 which might be partly dependent on the development of the social brain: the network of brain areas involved in social perception and cognition that allows us to understand others.18”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this Viewpoint, we discuss evidence that human adolescents are hypersensitive to social stimuli and to the negative effects of social exclusion.4”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is marked by strong reward sensitivity, new social goals, and developing self-control (45-50).”
From Developmental Trajectories and Outcomes of Online Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, self-awareness increases during adolescence [55].”
From Medical decision-making in children and adolescents: developmental and neuroscientific aspects (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been proposed that substantial biological changes in the social brain make adolescence a sensitive period for social development19, self-perception, and social interaction20.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is characterised by substantial biological, psychological and social change, including heightened sensitivity to peer relationships, identity development, reward processing and social evaluation [31, 32].”
From The Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Social Media: Perspectives From Young Adolescents, Parents and Experts (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of heightened neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial change, characterized by asynchronous brain development, identity formation, and shifting social orientation. 12,13”
From “It Feels Kind of Like a Feather”: Perceptions of Well-Being Among Adolescent Ballet Dancers (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Virus containment measures may have more adverse effects on adolescents as an age group than on adults or children because many of the key tasks of adolescent development are achieved through interactions with others (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; La Greca and Prinstein, 1999; Papini et al., 1990).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Blakemore & Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
In the citing paper
“This research indicates that adolescents’ social lives both leading up to and during adolescence relate to the sensitivity of the brain when perceiving, processing, and responding to social information (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Blakemore and Mills, 2014
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010 · Cited by 3,345
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., Tomasello, M., Butterworth, G., & Moore, C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166214 · Cited by 2,727
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507
Mapping cortical change across the human life span
Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1008 · Cited by 2,328
People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ross WD, 1925, Ethica Nicomachea.
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Development of Risk-Taking, Perspective-Taking, and Inhibitory Control During Adolescence
Humphrey, G., & Dumontheil, I. (2016) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2016.1161764 · Cited by 72
Moreira, J. F. G., & Telzer, E. H. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12484 · Cited by 71
“Lastly, because adolescence is a sensitive period for social cognitive development (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), we also examined brain regions involved in social cognition such as those implicated in the detection of social salience or perspective taking.”
BackgroundInfluentialGlover, V. A. S., & Capron, L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.007 · Cited by 66
Lessard, L. M., Watson, R. J., & Puhl, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01205-1 · Cited by 64
Frank, J. L., Broderick, P. C., Oh, Y., Mitra, J. L., Kohler, K. M., Schussler, D. L., Geier, C. F., Roeser, R. W., Berrena, E., Mahfouz, J., et al. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01594-9 · Cited by 72
Adolescents’ Exposure to and Experiences of Weight Stigma During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lessard, L. M., & Puhl, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab071 · Cited by 68
Widnall, E., Adams, E. A., Plackett, R., Winstone, L., Haworth, C. M. A., Mars, B., & Kidger, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127163 · Cited by 63
“This is of concern as adolescence is an important period for social interaction [5] and adolescents have an increased need for peer connection [6].”
BackgroundAge-dependent changes in behavioural plasticity: insights from Bayesian models of development
Stamps, J. A., & Krishnan, V. V. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.013 · Cited by 63
Developmental changes in exploration resemble stochastic optimization
Giron, A. P., Ciranka, S., Schulz, E., van den Bos, W., Ruggeri, A., Meder, B., & Wu, C. M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01662-1 · Cited by 88
“While we observed relatively minor changes in the parameters governing individual learning, plasticity in adolescents is thought to specifically target social learning mechanisms 7,62 .”
BackgroundSchacter, H. L., Lessard, L. M., Kiperman, S., Bakth, F., Ehrhardt, A., & Uganski, J. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09417-x · Cited by 62
Adolescents’ real-time social and affective experiences of online and face-to-face interactions
Achterhof, R., Kirtley, O. J., Schneider, M., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., Lafit, G., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107159 · Cited by 62
Dekkers, T. J., & van Hoorn, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121625 · Cited by 89
“During adolescence, major changes take place in cognitive and social-affective regions of the developing brain [5,46], and it has been postulated that this developmental period is a time of increased social processing [44].”
BackgroundMethodMills, K. L. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.011 · Cited by 63
“Well-established sensitive periods for sensory processes and language acquisition end well before adolescence, but adolescence might encompass a sensitive period for sociocultural learning [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGender, violence and resilience among Ugandan adolescents
Namy, S., Carlson, C., Pala, A. N., Faris, D., Knight, L., Allen, E., Devries, K. M., & Naker, D. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.015 · Cited by 67
“This period is also characterized by dynamic brain development, shaping many of the cognitive and emotional patterns an individual will sustain in adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), thus providing an op-portune moment to bolster resilience and build a foundation for life-long health and wellbeing.”
Reiter, A. M. F., Moutoussis, M., Vanes, L. D., Kievit, R., Bullmore, E. T., Goodyer, I. M., Fonagy, P., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., NSPN Principle Investigators, et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23671-2 · Cited by 63
“relationships are possible and tested for by the model: (1) differences in myelin at baseline affect the rate of preference uncertainty decrease; (2)”
MethodSpruit, A., Kavussanu, M., Smit, T., & Ijntema, M. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0968-5 · Cited by 60
“behaviors, and it has been argued that these behaviors actually serve developmental purposes in adolescence (Blakemore and Mills 2014; Moffitt et al. 2002).”
BackgroundBerg, M., Talvio, M., Hietajärvi, L., Benítez, I., Cavioni, V., Conte, E., Cuadrado, F., Ferreira, M., Košir, M., Martinsone, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705336 · Cited by 63
“At the same time, the capacity of their brain to process information about emotions undergoes a dramatic transformation (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSaragosa‐Harris, N. M., Cohen, A. O., Reneau, T. R., Villano, W. J., Heller, A. S., & Hartley, C. A. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221102070 · Cited by 63
“…et al., 1999, 2003; Philpot & Wecker, 2008; Stansfield & Kirstein, 2006) and greater sensitivity to the rewarding properties of social interaction (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Douglas et al., 2004; Foulkes & Blakemore, 2016; Somerville, 2013; Walker et al., 2017; Yates et al., 2013), we…”
BackgroundLongitudinal self-concept development in adolescence
van der Cruijsen, R., Blankenstein, N. E., Spaans, J., Peters, S., & Crone, E. A. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac062 · Cited by 81
“…age patterns in the mPFC for social versus academic domains (Cosme et al., 2022; but see Jankowski et al., 2014 for an absence of domain effects in the mPFC); therefore, developmental patterns may be specific for social relative to prosocial domains (see also Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
Monroe, P., Campbell, J. A., Harris, M., & Egede, L. E. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15274-x · Cited by 62
van Boxtel, J. J. A., Dapretto, M., & Lu, H. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1595 · Cited by 65
“At the same time, this is also an important period for brain development, specifically in relation to social cognition [e.g., Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Giedd et al., 2009; Pelphrey & Carter, 2008; Vander Wyk, Voos, & Pelphrey, 2012], with developmental changes also reported in the superior temporal…”
BackgroundVilhjalmsdottir, A., Garðarsdóttir, R. B., Bernburg, J. G., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.06.004 · Cited by 60
Mentalization and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults
Murri, M. B., Ferrigno, G., Penati, S., Muzio, C., Piccinini, G., Innamorati, M., Ricci, F., Pompili, M., & Amore, M. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12195 · Cited by 63
Petanjek, Z., Sedmak, D., Džaja, D., Hladnik, A., Rašin, M. R., & Milošević, N. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00122 · Cited by 67
van Harmelen, A., Blakemore, S., Goodyer, I. M., & Kievit, R. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00027-1 · Cited by 73
Self-citationA longitudinal analysis of neural regions involved in reading the mind in the eyes
Overgaauw, S., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Moor, B. G., & Crone, E. A. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu095 · Cited by 61
“Based on previous research on adolescents, our expectation was to find age-related changes in mPFC, right temporal pole and bilateral IFG (Gunther Moor et al., 2012, see also Blakemore, 2008; Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
InfluentialDeaf adolescents in a hearing world: a review of factors affecting psychosocial adaptation
Brice, P. J., & Strauss, G. (2016) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s60261 · Cited by 60
“Introduction Adolescence is a time when individuals are faced with the task of figuring out who they are and how they fit into the world as they go through many physical and emotional changes.(1) These changes, as they transition into adolescence, may cause those individuals to be self-conscious or sensitive as they c…”
Three-Year Study of Students’ Attitudes Toward Physical Education: Grades 4–8
Mercier, K., Donovan, C. B., Gibbone, A., et al. (2017) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1339862 · Cited by 59
“Biological, psychological, and social changes occur during adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014) and are often associated with declines in self-esteem (Wichstrom & von Soest, 2016).”
BackgroundAdolescent Risk Behavior: Differentiating Reasoned And Reactive Risk-taking
Maslowsky, J., Owotomo, O., Huntley, E. D., & Keating, D. P. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0978-3 · Cited by 70
Flow on the Internet: a longitudinal study of Internet addiction symptoms during adolescence
Stavropoulos, V., Griffiths, M. D., Burleigh, T. L., Kuss, D. J., Doh, Y. Y., & Gomez, R. (2018) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1424937 · Cited by 58
“As adolescence is a transitional stage (Blakemore and Mills 2014), developmental drives that may contribute to IA symptoms could be either satisfied in other ways or even de-escalate over time.”
BackgroundInfluentialTelzer, E. H., Jorgensen, N. A., Prinstein, M. J., & Lindquist, K. A. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13466 · Cited by 60
“Peer Influence Susceptibility in Adolescence Peer influences, whether prosocial or deviant, may be especially salient during adolescence, when a reorientation from parental to peer contexts occurs (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Nelson, Jarcho, & Guyer, 2016).”
BackgroundGrummitt, L., Barrett, E., Kelly, E., & Newton, N. (2022) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s341818 · Cited by 45
Risk contagion by peers affects learning and decision-making in adolescents.
Reiter, A. M. F., Suzuki, S., O’Doherty, J. P., Li, S., & Eppinger, B. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000512 · Cited by 61
The Effects of Exercise on BDNF Levels in Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
de Azevedo, K. P. M., Segundo, V. H. D. O., de Medeiros, G. C. B. S., Mata, Á. N. D. S., García, D. Á., Martínez, D. G., Leitão, J. C., Knackfuss, M. I., & Piuvezam, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176056 · Cited by 61
“In this sense, the available evidence in the literature indicates that obese and type 2 diabetes people may have a negative regulation of BDNF levels compared to people who exercise regularly [1,7].”
BackgroundMurray, J., Shenderovich, Y., Gardner, F. E. M., Mikton, C., Derzon, J. H., Liu, J., & Eisner, M. (2018) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/696590 · Cited by 66
Norbom, L. B., Doan, N. T., Alnæs, D., Kaufmann, T., Moberget, T., Rokicki, J., Andreassen, O. A., Westlye, L. T., & Tamnes, C. K. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.027 · Cited by 55
“I just want to keep in touch”: Adolescents’ experiences with leisure-related smartphone use
Allaby, M., & Shannon, C. S. (2019) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2019.1672506 · Cited by 56
“Social development during adolescence includes shifts in which more time is spent with peers (Larson & Richards, 1991), parental influence decreases (Blakemore & Mills, 2014), and the need to belong and be accepted by peers becomes significant (Konijn, Veldhuis, Plaisier, Spekman, & den Hamer,…”
BackgroundBody image and adolescence: A behavioral impairment model
Senín‐Calderón, C., Testal, J. F. R., Garcelán, S. P., & Perpiñá, C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.003 · Cited by 68
Spencer, K. A. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0242 · Cited by 58
Assessing social cognition: age-related changes in moral reasoning in childhood and adolescence
Chiasson, V., Vera-Estay, E., Lalonde, G., Dooley, J. J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1268650 · Cited by 56
“…particularly during adolescence, in regions and systems associated with response inhibition, the calibration of risk and reward, theory of mind and emotion regulation (Decety, Michalska, & Kinzler, 2012; Steinberg, 2005), as well as in the social brain (Blakemore, 2008a; Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundBecht, A., Bos, M. G. N., Nelemans, S. A., Peters, S., Vollebergh, W., Branje, S., Meeus, W., & Crone, E. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13048 · Cited by 60
“The formation of a stable sense of identity can be considered one such complex but important adaptive task in order to prepare for adult roles (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Erikson, 1968).”
Two Pathways to Self-Harm in Adolescence
Uh, S., Dalmaijer, E. S., Šiugždaitė, R., Ford, T. J., & Astle, D. E. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.010 · Cited by 54
Current understanding of developmental changes in adolescent perspective taking
Hollarek, M., & Lee, N. C. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101308 · Cited by 55
Adolescent neurodevelopment of cognitive control and risk-taking in negative family contexts
McCormick, E. M., Qu, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.063 · Cited by 61
“Similar to the early postnatal period, adolescence involves an increase in neural plasticity and reorganization (Casey et al., 2005), such that neural systems are particularly sensitive to social influences (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Knoll et al., 2015).”
Psychotherapy and Genetic Neuroscience: An Emerging Dialog
Jiménez, J. P., Botto, A., Herrera, L., Leighton, C., Rossi, J. L., Quevedo, Y., Silva, J. R., Martínez, F. I., Assar, R., Salazar, L. A., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00257 · Cited by 62
“…(dorsal medial PFC, temporoparietal junction, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and anterior temporal cortex) is associated with sociocognitive processes such as mentalizing, social emotion, and peer evaluation, and remains in development until early adulthood (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundSocial exclusion affects working memory performance in young adolescent girls
Fuhrmann, D., Casey, C. S., Speekenbrink, M., & Blakemore, S. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100718 · Cited by 52
“Adolescent participants were divided into two age groups because previous research suggested that socio-cognitive functions and their neural substrates change between early and mid-adolescence (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Knoll et al., 2015; Scherf et al., 2012).”
Self-citationYoung People’s health-related learning through social media: What do teachers need to know?
Goodyear, V. A., & Armour, K. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103340 · Cited by 55
Here for You: Attachment and the Growth of Empathic Support for Friends in Adolescence
Stern, J. A., Costello, M. A., Kansky, J., Fowler, C., Loeb, E. L., & Allen, J. P. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13630 · Cited by 59
“…rapid and complex changes in adolescents’ social experiences and interpersonal competencies (Eisenberg, 2017; Van der Graaff et al., 2014); indeed, many researchers identify adolescence as a “second sensitive period” (after infancy) in the development of the social brain (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundMatthews, T., Qualter, P., Bryan, B. T., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., Strange, L., & Arseneault, L. (2021) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 54
Sensitivity and specificity in affective and social learning in adolescence
Towner, E., Chierchia, G., & Blakemore, S. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.04.002 · Cited by 66
“It is also an important age for second language acquisition [5] and language innovation [6], the development of musical tastes [7], and sociocultural learning more broadly, compared to other stages of life [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKelley, P., Lockley, S. W., Kelley, J., & Evans, M. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00588 · Cited by 60
“, 2014), during a period of greater sensitivity to sociocultural signals (Blakemore and Mills, 2014) and related brain developments in adolescence.”
BackgroundColich, N. L., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Wade, M., Tibu, F., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13347 · Cited by 63
“…adversity in early life (DePasquale et al., 2018; Gunnar et al., 2019), yet there is evidence to suggest that increased sensitivity to the environment may occur in adolescents regardless of their early caregiving experience (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Fuhrmann et al., 2015; Larsen & Luna, 2018).”
BackgroundSchiepe-Tiska, A., Dzhaparkulova, A., & Ziernwald, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.518634 · Cited by 92
“However, early adolescence is also an important stage to enhance SEL as the social brain changes and reorganizes structurally and functionally (Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundCoping and Social Support in Children Exposed to Mass Trauma
Braun‐Lewensohn, O. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0576-y · Cited by 54
Emerging Sensitivity to Socially Complex Expressions: A Unique Role for Adolescence?
Garcia, N. V., & Scherf, K. S. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12114 · Cited by 60
Susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence in adolescence
Ahmed, S. P., Foulkes, L., Leung, J. T., Griffin, C., Sakhardande, A., Bennett, M., Dunning, D. L., Griffiths, K., Parker, J., Kuyken, W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.012 · Cited by 63
Self-citationInterpersonal Factors, Peer Relationship Stressors, and Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression
Potter, J. R., & Yoon, K. L. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01465-1 · Cited by 59
“With increased motivation towards peers, adolescents become hypersensitive to social evaluation [6, 7].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Peng, S., Wu, X., Liu, Z., Lian, Z., Fan, H., Kuang, N., Gu, X., Yang, S., Hu, Y., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101566 · Cited by 53
“Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which the brain undergoes critical changes (Tooley et al., 2021; Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
Altered structural connectome in adolescent socially isolated mice
Liu, C., Li, Y., Edwards, T. J. C., Kurniawan, N. D., Richards, L. J., & Jiang, T. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.037 · Cited by 50
“Social isolation not only induces stress but also deprives the animal of essential experiences required for normal brain maturation and plasticity (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Fuhrmann et al., 2015), which have been studied extensively in rodent animal models (Buwalda et al.”
BackgroundBird, J. C., Waite, F., Rowsell, E., Fergusson, E. C., & Freeman, D. H. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.023 · Cited by 48
Sakurai, T., & Gamo, N. J. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.007 · Cited by 54
Morris, A. S., Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Silk, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12379 · Cited by 48
Kievit, R., McCormick, E. M., Fuhrmann, D., Deserno, M. K., & Orben, A. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.003 · Cited by 49
Brain structural maturation and the foundations of cognitive behavioral development.
Walhovd, K., Tamnes, C., & Fjell, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000074 · Cited by 51
‘I am who I am’: Reputation concerns in adolescents on the autism spectrum
Cage, E., Bird, G., & Pellicano, E. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.01.010 · Cited by 61
Salutogenesis: Sense of Coherence in Adolescence
Braun‐Lewensohn, O., Idan, O., Lindström, B., & Margalit, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04600-6_14 · Cited by 55
Wagner, J., Lüdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Göllner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12330 · Cited by 61
An exploration of normative social and emotional skill growth trajectories during adolescence
Ross, K. M., Kim, H., Tolan, P. H., & Jennings, P. A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.02.006 · Cited by 62
Peers and offender decision‐making
Hoeben, E. M., & Thomas, K. J. (2019) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12462 · Cited by 52
How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic
Arnot, M., Brandl, E., Campbell, O. L. K., Chen, Y., Du, J., Dyble, M., Emmott, E. H., Ge, E., Kretschmer, L., Mace, R. H., et al. (2020) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoaa038 · Cited by 49
“For adolescents, teenagehood is a critical developmental period for socio-cultural learning [48, 49] reflected in their broadening of social networks with a greater focus on peers [48].”
BackgroundCrooks, R., Bedwell, C., & Lavender, T. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05022-1 · Cited by 62
Li, N., Wang, D., Zhao, X. H., Li, Z. G., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60038-1 · Cited by 53
Preyde, M., Parekh, S., Warne, A., & Heintzman, J. D. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-017-0490-8 · Cited by 49
Stein, G. L., Castro‐Schilo, L., Cavanaugh, A. M., Mejia, Y., Christophe, N. K., & Robins, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01012-3 · Cited by 51
“Overall, adolescence has been posited to serve as a “sensitive period” to social rejection due to functional and structural changes in brain development (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundAn Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108868396 · Cited by 50
Politte‐Corn, M., Nick, E. A., & Kujawa, A. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12640 · Cited by 57
Self-Control Assessments and Implications for Predicting Adolescent Offending
Fine, A., Steinberg, L. D., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. E. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0425-2 · Cited by 53
The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence
Do, K. T., McCormick, E. M., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy117 · Cited by 49
Riley, T. N., Sullivan, T. N., Hinton, T. S., & Kliewer, W. L. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.005 · Cited by 57
Muse, K., Johnson, E., & David, A. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158038 · Cited by 48
“Stigma may be particularly impactful in this group, as adolescence is a crucial age for social development where peer judgments have a strong influence on far reaching aspects of self-hood, including perceptions of social and personal worth [98].”
BackgroundMaheux, A. J., Burnell, K., Maza, M. T., Fox, K. A., Telzer, E. H., & Prinstein, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14085 · Cited by 66
Threats, rewards, and attention deployment in anxious youth and adults: An eye tracking study
Shechner, T., Jarcho, J. M., Wong, S., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.004 · Cited by 53
“This issue may be particularly relevant in the presence of stimuli that are highly salient (i.e. bottom up) during a specific developmental stage, as social stimuli appear to be for adolescents (Blakemore et al., 2007; Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Nelson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPearson, A. L., Bottomley, R., Chambers, T., Thornton, L. E., Stanley, J., Smith, M., Barr, M., & Signal, L. N. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14060563 · Cited by 48
“Evidence suggests that changes in the social environment that occur during adolescence may lead to heightened social sensitivity and influence a number of adolescent behaviors [15].”
BackgroundTrekels, J., Karsay, K., Eggermont, S., & Vandenbosch, L. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0844-3 · Cited by 59
Li, J., Li, D., Jia, J., Li, X., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.032 · Cited by 49
Neural Dynamic Responses of Monetary and Social Reward Processes in Adolescents
Wang, D., Liu, T., & Shi, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00141 · Cited by 54
Developmental Differences in the Control of Action Selection by Social Information
Dumontheil, I., Hillebrandt, H., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00268 · Cited by 44
Self-citationAdolescence and Gender Equality in Health
Greene, M. E., & Patton, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.012 · Cited by 47
“Puberty also triggers a different engagement with peers and the external world [1,2], leading to the adoption of values and aspirations a young person takes forward into adult life.”
BackgroundRauchbauer, B., & Grosbras, M. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.032 · Cited by 47
Fuhrmann, D., van Harmelen, A., & Kievit, R. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211030211 · Cited by 45
“Previous work suggests that the period between late childhood and early adolescence represents a time of biological and social change (Andersen & Teicher, 2008; Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Fuhrmann et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of longitudinal peer influence effects in childhood and adolescence.Preprint
Giletta, M., Choukas-Bradley, S., Maes, M., Linthicum, K. P., Card, N. A., & Prinstein, M. (2021) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j6cdz · Cited by 191
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no tt o be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. assumed to adaptively prepare adolescents to form and maintain positive relationships with their peers (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
Age differences in bullying victimisation and perpetration: Evidence from cross-cultural surveys
Castro, L. L., Smith, P. K., Robinson, S., & Görzig, A. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101888 · Cited by 52
Bell, V., Mills, K. L., Modinos, G., & Wilkinson, S. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616677079 · Cited by 44
Self-citationBentz, M., Jepsen, J. R. M., Telléus, G. K., Moslet, U., Pedersen, T., Bulik, C. M., & Plessen, K. J. (2017) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-017-0137-3 · Cited by 46
“Social functioning in adolescence may be more vulnerable to the effect of inefficient neurocognitive functions, because interactions with peers become increasingly complex, indirect and fluctuating, and follow less explicit social rules compared to the more unequivocal rules of play in childhood [33].”
BackgroundChiang, J. J., Bower, J. E., Irwin, M. R., Taylor, S. E., & Fuligni, A. J. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.015 · Cited by 48
“…developmental period to examine the influence of early adversity and depression on stress-induced inflammation and the potential moderating role of adiposity given that sensitivity to social stress may be heightened during this time (Blakemore and Mills, 2014; Somerville, 2013; Spear, 2009).”
Age and Gender Effects in Sensitivity to Social Rewards in Adolescents and Young Adults
Altikulaç, S., Bos, M. G. N., Foulkes, L., Crone, E. A., & van Hoorn, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00171 · Cited by 53
“Theoretical and empirical work characterizes adolescence as a time of uniquely heightened sensitivity to (non-social) reward, social stimuli, and peer influence (Galvan, 2010; Chein et al., 2011; Blakemore and Mills, 2014).”
BackgroundDelalande, L., Moyon, M., Tissier, C., Datin‐Dorrière, V., Guillois, B., Mevell, K., Charron, S., Salvia, É., Poirel, N., Vidal, J., et al. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12898 · Cited by 62
Chen, D., Strang, J. F., Kolbuck, V. D., Rosenthal, S. M., Wallen, K., Waber, D. P., Steinberg, L. D., Sisk, C. L., ROSS, J. L., Paus, T., et al. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0006 · Cited by 47
Becht, A., Wierenga, L. M., Mills, K. L., Meuwese, R., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Blakemore, S., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa166 · Cited by 54
Self-citationThe relationship between pain and suicidal vulnerability in adolescence: a systematic review
Hinze, V., Crane, C., Ford, T. J., Buivydaite, R., Lin, Q., & Gjelsvik, B. (2019) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30267-6 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 187-207
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2103167256
- Cited by
- 2,264
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 292 · 2025: 290 · 2024: 243 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 202 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 140 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, sensitive period, social cognition, social brain, brain development, social environment, social reward, executive function, social sensitivity, adolescent behavior, interpersonal relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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