The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Incarceration and Stratification
Abstract
In the past three decades, incarceration has become an increasingly powerful force for reproducing and reinforcing social inequalities. A new wave of sociological research details the contemporary experiment with mass incarceration in the United States and its attendant effects on social stratification. This review first describes the scope of imprisonment and the process of selection into prison. It then considers the implications of the prison boom for understanding inequalities in the labor market, educational attainment, health, families, and the intergenerational transmission of inequality. Social researchers have long understood selection into prison as a reflection of existing stratification processes. Today, research attention has shifted to the role of punishment in generating these inequalities.
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In the citing paper
“due to discriminatory application of policies and laws, individuals who have lower levels of education, employment, and income are more likely to encounter the CJS (Wakefield & Uggen, 2010).”
From Adult Outcomes of Justice Involved Indigenous Youth (2023) · cites this paper as Wakefield & Uggen, 2010
In the citing paper
“Therefore, there continues to be a cycle of inequality (Wakefield & Uggen, 2010) among Indigenous individuals that is perpetuated and effectively solidified through the CJS.”
From Adult Outcomes of Justice Involved Indigenous Youth (2023) · cites this paper as Wakefield & Uggen, 2010
Citations
Cites
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The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime
Blau, J. R., & Blau, P. M. (1982) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095046 · Cited by 1,500 · cited 1×
“The effects of poverty or inequality on crime are similarly complex (e.g., Blau & Blau 1982, Bushway & Reuter 2002, Cantor & Land 1985, Hagan & Peterson 1995), but prisons are most certainly filled with the poor (Wheelock & Uggen 2008).”
BackgroundMass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration
Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality
Western, B. (2002) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240206700403 · Cited by 711
Secondary School Tracking and Educational Inequality: Compensation, Reinforcement, or Neutrality?
Gamoran, A., & Mare, R. D. (1989) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229114 · Cited by 663 · cited 1×
“Figure 5 Differences in male incarceration by race, ethnicity, and education (Source: Western 2006, p. 19). by these differences and placed onto differing tracks (see, e.g., Gamoran & Mare 1989).”
BackgroundCollateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners
Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/449296 · Cited by 621 · cited 2×
“An emerging research literature is now examining these intergenerational costs, with many hypothesizing strong negative effects (e.g., Hagan & Dinovitzer 1999, Nurse 2004, Travis et al. www.annualreviews.org • Incarceration and Stratification 397 A nn u.”
BackgroundIncarceration length, employment, and earnings
Kling, J. R. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.96.3.863 · Cited by 563
Bachman, J. G., Wallace, J. M., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Kurth, C. L., & Neighbors, H. W. (1991) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.81.3.372 · Cited by 545
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Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F. (2001) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128701047003007 · Cited by 499
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Comfort, M. (2007) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112829 · Cited by 326
Holzer, H. J., Offner, P., & Sorensen, E. (2005) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20092 · Cited by 190
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES: Old Issues, New Directions
Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x11000130 · Cited by 1,388
“disfranchisement largely reflects high rates of Black felonization, which has implications for both voting power and disease distributions (Wakefield and Uggen, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Growth of Incarceration in the United States
National Research Council (2014) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/18613 · Cited by 648
“(For other reviews of the incarceration literature, see Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999; Murray et al., 2009; Schnittker et al., 2011; Wakefield and Uggen, 2010; Wildeman and Western, 2010; and Wildeman and Muller 2012).”
BackgroundRisk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex
Edwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1821204116 · Cited by 916
Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA
Wildeman, C., & Wang, E. A. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30259-3 · Cited by 885
“Big Data Surveillance: The Case of Policing
Brayne, S. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417725865 · Cited by 596
“Emblematic of the expansion of surveillance (Lyon 2003; Marx 2016; Rule 2007) is the rapid growth of the criminal justice system since 1972 (Carson 2015; Garland 2001; Wakefield and Uggen 2010; Western 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Sociology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 387-406
- ISSN
- 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2115
- OpenAlex
- W2124160730
- Cited by
- 747
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 13.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- mass incarceration, social stratification, social inequality, prison population, labor market inequality, educational attainment, health disparities, family breakdown, intergenerational transmission of inequality, punishment, United States
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