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Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men
Abstract
Testosterone (T) supplementation in men induces muscle fiber hypertrophy. We hypothesized that T-induced increase in muscle fiber size is associated with a dose-dependent increase in satellite cell number. We quantitated satellite cell and myonuclear number by using direct counting and spatial orientation methods in biopsies of vastus lateralis obtained at baseline and after 20 wk of treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a 125-, 300-, or 600-mg weekly dose of T enanthate. T administration was associated with a significant increase in myonuclear number in men receiving 300- and 600-mg doses. The posttreatment percent satellite cell number, obtained by direct counting, differed significantly among the three groups (ANCOVA P < 0.000001); the mean posttreatment values (5.0 and 15.0%) in men treated with 300- and 600-mg doses were greater than baseline (2.5 and 2.5%, respectively, P < 0.05 vs. baseline). The absolute satellite cell number measured by spatial orientation at 20 wk (1.5 and 4.0/mm) was significantly greater than baseline (0.3 and 0.6/mm) in men receiving the 300- and 600-mg doses ( P < 0.05). The change in percent satellite cell number correlated with changes in total ( r = 0.548) and free T concentrations ( r = 0.468). Satellite cell and mitochondrial areas were significantly higher and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio lower after treatment with 300- and 600-mg doses. We conclude that T-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number, a proportionate increase in myonuclear number, and changes in satellite cell ultrastructure.
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“Indeed, muscle cells have multiple nuclei and their number increases with muscle hypertrophy [81, 82].”
From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Testosterone has been shown to increase the myonuclear number in men in a dose-dependent manner alongside muscle fibre CSA being well correlated with the myonuclear number [81, 82].”
From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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Haun, C. T., Vann, C. G., Mobley, C. B., Osburn, S. C., Mumford, P. W., Roberson, P. A., Romero, M. A., Fox, C. D., Parry, H. A., Kavazis, A. N., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00297 · Cited by 60
de Jager, N., Hudson, N. J., Reverter, A., Wang, Y., Nagaraj, S. H., Cafe, L. M., Greenwood, P. L., Barnard, R. T., Kongsuwan, K., & Dalrymple, B. P. (2011) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00226.2010 · Cited by 57
Satellite cell activity, without expansion, after nonhypertrophic stimuli
Joanisse, S., McKay, B. R., Nederveen, J. P., Scribbans, T. D., Gurd, B. J., Gillen, J. B., Gibala, M. J., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Parise, G. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00249.2015 · Cited by 60
Kobayashi, S., Wada, M., Fujimoto, R., Kumazawa, Y., Arai, K., Watanabe, G., & Saito, T. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2016.10.020 · Cited by 58
Effects of anabolic-androgens on brain reward function
Mhillaj, E., Morgese, M. G., Tucci, P., Bové, M., Schiavone, S., & Trabace, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00295 · Cited by 57
Mitochondrial involvement in sarcopenia
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Mechanisms of muscle cells alterations and regeneration decline during aging
Chinvattanachot, G., Rivas, D., & Duque, G. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102589 · Cited by 61
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Endurance Exercise Training Enhances Local Sex Steroidogenesis in Skeletal Muscle
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Effects of strength training and detraining on regional muscle in young and older men and women
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Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sinha-Hikim, I., Roth, S. M., Lee, M. I., & Bhasin, S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 285
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- E197-E205
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2105071743
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u54rr014616-10, 5u01dk054047-06)
- National Institute on Aging (1R01 AG-14369-01, 5F32 AG-05893-02, R01AG014369, F32AG005893)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01 DK 59627-01, U01-DK-54047, R01DK049296, 2R01DK49296-02A, R01DK059627)
- National Center for Research Resources (G12 RR 03026, P20RR11145, U54-RR14616, G12RR003026, P20RR011145, M01RR000425, M01-RR00425)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- testosterone, muscle hypertrophy, satellite cells, myonuclear number, testosterone enanthate, dose-response relationship, GnRH agonist, vastus lateralis, free testosterone, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, young men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cell Count, Cell Nucleus, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Testosterone, Tissue Fixation, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle, Cell Size
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