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Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling
Open accessAbstract
We determined the effects of varying daily carbohydrate intake by providing or withholding carbohydrate during daily training on endurance performance, whole body rates of substrate oxidation, and selected mitochondrial enzymes. Sixteen endurance-trained cyclists or triathletes were pair matched and randomly allocated to either a high-carbohydrate group (High group; n = 8) or an energy-matched low-carbohydrate group (Low group; n = 8) for 28 days. Immediately before study commencement and during the final 5 days, subjects undertook a 5-day test block in which they completed an exercise trial consisting of a 100 min of steady-state cycling (100SS) followed by a 7-kJ/kg time trial on two occasions separated by 72 h. In a counterbalanced design, subjects consumed either water (water trial) or a 10% glucose solution (glucose trial) throughout the exercise trial. A muscle biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle on day 1 of the first test block, and rates of substrate oxidation were determined throughout 100SS. Training induced a marked increase in maximal citrate synthase activity after the intervention in the High group (27 vs. 34 μmol·g−1·min−1, P < 0.001). Tracer-derived estimates of exogenous glucose oxidation during 100SS in the glucose trial increased from 54.6 to 63.6 g ( P < 0.01) in the High group with no change in the Low group. Cycling performance improved by ∼6% after training. We conclude that altering total daily carbohydrate intake by providing or withholding carbohydrate during daily training in trained athletes results in differences in selected metabolic adaptations to exercise, including the oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate. However, these metabolic changes do not alter the training-induced magnitude of increase in exercise performance.
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“Regular exposure to high carbohydrate loads may upregulate SGLT1 expression, enhance intestinal absorptive capacity, reduce GI distress, and ultimately increase the capacity for exogenous carbohydrate oxidation [74, 75, 76].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“For example, a high-carbohydrate diet will increase the number of sodium glucose co-transporter transporters in the intestine as well as the activity of the transporters [75–78], allowing greater carbohydrate absorption and oxidation during exercise [74].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that diet has an impact on the capacity of the intestine to absorb nutrients [74].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Despite the theoretical rationale for the training-low paradigm, potential pitfalls to longterm training with low CHO availability include perturbations to immune function [67] impaired training intensity [55], reduced ability to oxidise exogenous CHO during competition [68] and increased muscle protein oxidation [69].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“It is apparent that well-trained athletes can tolerate higher intakes of CHO during running [128], and that habituation to a high CHO diet enhances total carbohydrate oxidation rates which may be important for sustained race performance [141] and reduced GI upset.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“although the functional outcomes of enhanced CHO utilisation have been observed following gut training for CHO in general [38,72]”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“However, as reviewed by Jeukendrup (2017b), sodium-dependent glucose transporter abundance and activity in animals is increased by a CHO-rich diet; furthermore, chronic exposure to higher CHO intakes by athletes, including exercise intake, increases gut tolerance, intestinal absorption, and muscle oxidation of CHO consumed during exercise (Costa et al., 2017;Cox et al., 2010).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, G. R., Clark, S. A., Cox, A. J., Halson, S. L., Hargreaves, M., Hawley, J. A., Jeacocke, N., Snow, R. J., Yeo, W. K., & Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen;
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- RMIT University (AU)
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen;
- Corresponding author
- Cox, Gregory R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 126-134
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2092809716
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Institute of Sport
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- carbohydrate availability, carbohydrate restriction, endurance training, substrate oxidation, citrate synthase, mitochondrial enzymes, endurance cycling performance, trained cyclists, triathletes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Glucose, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Young Adult, Athletes
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