The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling
Open accessAbstract
We determined the effects of varying daily carbohydrate intake by providing or withholding carbohydrate during daily training on endurance performance, whole body rates of substrate oxidation, and selected mitochondrial enzymes. Sixteen endurance-trained cyclists or triathletes were pair matched and randomly allocated to either a high-carbohydrate group (High group; n = 8) or an energy-matched low-carbohydrate group (Low group; n = 8) for 28 days. Immediately before study commencement and during the final 5 days, subjects undertook a 5-day test block in which they completed an exercise trial consisting of a 100 min of steady-state cycling (100SS) followed by a 7-kJ/kg time trial on two occasions separated by 72 h. In a counterbalanced design, subjects consumed either water (water trial) or a 10% glucose solution (glucose trial) throughout the exercise trial. A muscle biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle on day 1 of the first test block, and rates of substrate oxidation were determined throughout 100SS. Training induced a marked increase in maximal citrate synthase activity after the intervention in the High group (27 vs. 34 μmol·g−1·min−1, P < 0.001). Tracer-derived estimates of exogenous glucose oxidation during 100SS in the glucose trial increased from 54.6 to 63.6 g ( P < 0.01) in the High group with no change in the Low group. Cycling performance improved by ∼6% after training. We conclude that altering total daily carbohydrate intake by providing or withholding carbohydrate during daily training in trained athletes results in differences in selected metabolic adaptations to exercise, including the oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate. However, these metabolic changes do not alter the training-induced magnitude of increase in exercise performance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Regular exposure to high carbohydrate loads may upregulate SGLT1 expression, enhance intestinal absorptive capacity, reduce GI distress, and ultimately increase the capacity for exogenous carbohydrate oxidation [74, 75, 76].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“For example, a high-carbohydrate diet will increase the number of sodium glucose co-transporter transporters in the intestine as well as the activity of the transporters [75–78], allowing greater carbohydrate absorption and oxidation during exercise [74].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“There is also evidence that diet has an impact on the capacity of the intestine to absorb nutrients [74].”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Despite the theoretical rationale for the training-low paradigm, potential pitfalls to longterm training with low CHO availability include perturbations to immune function [67] impaired training intensity [55], reduced ability to oxidise exogenous CHO during competition [68] and increased muscle protein oxidation [69].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“It is apparent that well-trained athletes can tolerate higher intakes of CHO during running [128], and that habituation to a high CHO diet enhances total carbohydrate oxidation rates which may be important for sustained race performance [141] and reduced GI upset.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
In the citing paper
“although the functional outcomes of enhanced CHO utilisation have been observed following gut training for CHO in general [38,72]”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“However, as reviewed by Jeukendrup (2017b), sodium-dependent glucose transporter abundance and activity in animals is increased by a CHO-rich diet; furthermore, chronic exposure to higher CHO intakes by athletes, including exercise intake, increases gut tolerance, intestinal absorption, and muscle oxidation of CHO consumed during exercise (Costa et al., 2017;Cox et al., 2010).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Cox et al., 2010
Citations
Cites
Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.
Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x · Cited by 1,740 · cited 1×
“This is based on clear evidence that strategies such as elevating preexercise muscle glycogen stores, consuming a preexercise carbohydrate meal, or eating carbohydrate during exercise increase endurance (4, 28, 36) and performance (17, 33, 38) of a single bout of prolonged exercise.”
BackgroundTable of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update.
Péronnet, F., & Massicotte, D. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 1,177
(2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005 · Cited by 912
Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017 · Cited by 490
Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists
Hawley, J. A., & Noakes, T. D. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf01466278 · Cited by 422
Self-citationEffects of repeated days of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming performance
COSTILL, D. L., Flynn, M. G., Kirwan, J. P., Houmard, J. A., Mitchell, J. B., Thomas, R. G., & Park, S. H. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198806000-00006 · Cited by 362
Guidelines for Daily Carbohydrate Intake: Do Athletes Achieve Them?
Burke, L. M., Cox, G. R., Cummings, N. K., & Desbrow, B. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131040-00003 · Cited by 325
Self-citationThe role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running
Costill, D. L., Sherman, W. M., Fink, W. J., Maresh, C., Witten, M., & Miller, J. M. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1831 · Cited by 309
Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily
Hansen, A. K., Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004 · Cited by 286
Study on Food Intake and Energy Expenditure During Extreme Sustained Exercise: The Tour de France
Saris, W., van Erp-Baart*, M., Brouns, F., Westerterp, K., & Hoor, F. (1989) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024951 · Cited by 285
Yeo, W. K., Paton, C. D., Garnham, A. P., Burke, L. M., Carey, A. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008 · Cited by 283
Self-citationAchten, J., Halson, S. L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M. P., Casey, A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003 · Cited by 214
Self-citationEffects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance
Stepto, N. K., Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C., & Hopkins, W. G. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018 · Cited by 211
Self-citationEffects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance
Febbraio, M. A., Chiu, A., Angus, D. J., Arkinstall, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2220 · Cited by 186
Self-citationCoyle, E. F. (1991) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419108729865 · Cited by 184
Morton, J. P., Croft, L., Bartlett, J. D., MacLaren, D. P. M., Reilly, T., Evans, L., McArdle, A., & Drust, B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2009 · Cited by 179
Miyamoto, K., Hase, K., Takagi, T., Fujii, T., Taketani, Y., Minami, H., Oka, T., & Nakabou, Y. (1993) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2950211 · Cited by 152
Effects of carbohydrate type and concentration and solution osmolality on water absorption
Shi, X., Summers, R. W., Schedl, H. P., Flanagan, S. W., CHANG, R., & GISOLFI, C. V. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199512000-00005 · Cited by 150
Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance
SHERMAN, W. M., BRODOWICZ, G., WRIGHT, D. A., ALLEN, W. K., SIMONSEN, J., & DERNBACH, A. (1989) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198910000-00017 · Cited by 147
Eating Patterns and Meal Frequency of Elite Australian Athletes
Burke, L. M., Slater, G., Broad, E., Haukka, J., Modulon, S., & Hopkins, W. G. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.521 · Cited by 145
Self-citationDe Bock, K., Derave, W., Eijnde, B. O., Hesselink, M. K., Koninckx, E., Rose, A. J., Schrauwen, P., Bonen, A., Richter, E. A., & Hespel, P. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01195.2007 · Cited by 144
Energy Balance during an Ironman Triathlon in Male and Female Triathletes
Kimber, N. E., Ross, J. J., Mason, S. L., & Speedy, D. B. (2002) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.12.1.47 · Cited by 142
Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise
Carey, A. L., Staudacher, H. M., Cummings, N. K., Stepto, N. K., Nikolopoulos, V., Burke, L. M., & Hawley, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.115 · Cited by 137
Self-citationOxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men
Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Brouns, F. J. P. H., Saris, W. H. M., & Halliday, D. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2774 · Cited by 137
SIMPLE RATING METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF PERCEIVED EXERTION
Borg, G. A. V. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021373-6.50010-6 · Cited by 132
Metabolic demands of intense aerobic interval training in competitive cyclists
Stepto, N. K., Martin, D. T., Fallon, K. E., & Hawley, J. A. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200102000-00021 · Cited by 128
Self-citationMuscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans: influence of carbohydrate availability
McConell, G. K., Snow, R. J., Proietto, J., & Hargreaves, M. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1083 · Cited by 124
Self-citationEffects of Dietary Fat on Muscle Substrates, Metabolism, and Performance in Athletes
VOGT, M., PUNTSCHART, A., HOWALD, H., MUELLER, B., MANNHART, C., GFELLER-TUESCHER, L., MULLIS, P., & HOPPELER, H. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000069336.30649.bd · Cited by 120
DiMaria, D. J., & Stathis, J. H. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.350357 · Cited by 111
Angus, D. J., Hargreaves, M., Dancey, J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.113 · Cited by 101
Self-citationEffect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced alterations in metabolic gene expression
Cluberton, L. J., McGee, S. L., Murphy, R. M., & Hargreaves, M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2005 · Cited by 100
Self-citationDietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and power output during rowing training
Simonsen, J. C., Sherman, W. M., Lamb, D. R., Dernbach, A. R., Doyle, J. A., & Strauss, R. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.70.4.1500 · Cited by 99
Civitarese, A. E., Hesselink, M. K. C., Russell, A. P., Ravussin, E., & Schrauwen, P. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00193.2005 · Cited by 99
Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and exercise performance during 7 d of training
Sherman, W. M., Doyle, J. A., Lamb, D., & Strauss, R. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.1.27 · Cited by 98
Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intense training
Kirwan, J. P., COSTILL, D. L., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Flynn, M. G., Fink, W. J., & Beltz, J. D. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.6.2601 · Cited by 93
The Effects of Carbohydrate Loading on Muscle Glycogen Content and Cycling Performance
Rauch, L. H. G., Rodger, I., Wilson, G. R., Belonje, J. D., Dennis, S. C., Noakes, T. D., & Hawley, J. A. (1995) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.5.1.25 · Cited by 84
Self-citationRegulation of proline and glucose transport in mouse intestine by dietary substrate levels.
Karasov, W. H., Pond, R. S., Solberg, D. H., & Diamond, J. M. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.24.7674 · Cited by 80
Ultraendurance triathlon participation: typical race preparation of lower level triathletes.
Gulbin, J. P., & Gaffney, P. T. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performance
McConell, G. K., Kloot, K., & Hargreaves, M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00014 · Cited by 72
Self-citationThe effect of a preexercise meal on time to fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise
Schabort, E. J., Bosch, A. N., Weltan, S. M., & Noakes, T. D. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00017 · Cited by 68
Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Feedings and 1h Time Trial Cycling Performance
Desbrow, B., Anderson, S., Barrett, J., Rao, E., & Hargreaves, M. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.541 · Cited by 59
Self-citationImpact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance
Nybo, L., Pedersen, K., Christensen, B., Aagaard, P., Brandt, N., & Kiens, B. (2009) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.01996.x · Cited by 58
Diet Patterns of Elite Australian Male Triathletes
Burke, L. M., & Read, R. S. D. (1987) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1987.11709287 · Cited by 57
Self-citationDietary carbohydrate and intensity of interval swim training
Lamb, D. J., Rinehardt, K. F., Rl, B., Sherman, W., & Snook, J. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.6.1058 · Cited by 50
Glucose ingestion during endurance training does not alter adaptation
Akerstrom, T. C. A., Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Thomsen, C., van Hall, G., & Pedersen, B. K. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91534.2008 · Cited by 33
Hepatic Metabolism of Aminopyrine in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Scherrer, S., Haldimann, B., Kupfer, A., Reubi, F., & Bircher, J. (1978) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0540133 · Cited by 33
Eating and training habits of triathletes: A balancing act
Lindeman, A. K. (1990) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01680-1 · Cited by 20
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Gulbin JP, 1999, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39, 12
- Peronnet F, 1991, Can J Sport Sci, 16, 23
- Scherrer S, 1978, Clin Sci Mol Med, 54, 133
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 · Cited by 1,359
Self-citationNutrition and Athletic Performance
(2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000852 · Cited by 1,305
Self-citationCarbohydrates for training and competition
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H. S., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 · Cited by 985
Self-citationMujika, I., Halson, S., Burke, L. M., Balagué, G., & Farrow, D. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093 · Cited by 464
Self-citationA Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise
Jeukendrup, A. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z · Cited by 412
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, G. R., Clark, S. A., Cox, A. J., Halson, S. L., Hargreaves, M., Hawley, J. A., Jeacocke, N., Snow, R. J., Yeo, W. K., & Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen;
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- RMIT University (AU)
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen;
- Corresponding author
- Cox, Gregory R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 126-134
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2092809716
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Institute of Sport
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- carbohydrate availability, carbohydrate restriction, endurance training, substrate oxidation, citrate synthase, mitochondrial enzymes, endurance cycling performance, trained cyclists, triathletes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Citrate (si)-Synthase, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Glucose, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Young Adult, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
