Invited Review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance
Abstract
Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport is a key defect in the development of impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes. It is well established that both an acute bout of exercise and chronic endurance exercise training can have beneficial effects on insulin action in insulin-resistant states. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding these effects in the obese Zucker rat, a widely used rodent model of obesity-associated insulin resistance, and in insulin-resistant humans with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes. A single bout of prolonged aerobic exercise (30–60 min at ∼60–70% of maximal oxygen consumption) can significantly lower plasma glucose levels, owing to normal contraction-induced stimulation of GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation and glucose transport activity in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. However, little is currently known about the effects of acute exercise on muscle insulin signaling in the postexercise state in insulin-resistant individuals. A well-established adaptive response to exercise training in conditions of insulin resistance is improved glucose tolerance and enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity of glucose transport. This training-induced enhancement of insulin action is associated with upregulation of specific components of the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant muscle and includes increased protein expression of GLUT-4 and insulin receptor substrate-1. It is clear that further investigations are needed to further elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of acute exercise and exercise training on the glucose transport system in insulin-resistant mammalian skeletal muscle.
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Physical activity improves glucose tolerance.
“Lifestyle modification, including exercise and diet, decreases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes (166), whereas physical activity improves glucose tolerance (132).”
From Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Functional Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities (2010) · cites this paper as [132]
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“, hexokinase and citrate synthase) (4, 13, 20, 100, 106, 110).”
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Self-citationTemperature dependence of degenerate four wave mixing in azo dye doped polymer films
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Exercise training increases ERK2 activity in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats
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Exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in the obese Zucker rat
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EXERCISE TRAINING AND LIPOIC ACID UPREGULATE IRS-1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN MUSCLE OF OBESE ZUCKER RATS
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Self-citationManagement deficiencies in Type 2 diabetes
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Self-citationExercise as a therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance
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Glucose Transporter Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Endurance-Trained Individuals
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- Authors
- Henriksen, E. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Henriksen, Erik J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 788-796
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2171329429
- Semantic Scholar
- e06c2274207804947d2c183a946ca5eeca481c21
- Cited by
- 535
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 8.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, acute exercise, exercise training, skeletal muscle glucose transport, GLUT4 translocation, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, Zucker fatty rats, insulin signaling, IRS-1, aerobic exercise, glucose tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
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