Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment
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Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
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In a simplified framework, direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways oppose each other, with indirect pathway activation causing net inhibition of thalamus and decreased movement, and direct pathway activation causing net disinhibition and increased movement.
“In a simplified framework, these anatomically distinct pathways have been thought to oppose each other, resulting in net inhibition of thalamus and decrease of movement via activation of the indirect pathway, or net disinhibition (i.e. overall excitation) and increase of movement by activation of the direct pathway (Fig.1) 46,47.”
From DISSECTING OCD CIRCUITS: FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO TARGETED TREATMENTS: Review: Dissecting OCD Circuits: Animals to Treatments (2015) · cites this paper as [47]
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Francis, T. C., Chandra, R., Friend, D. M., Finkel, E., Dayrit, G., Miranda, J., Brooks, J. M., Iñiguez, S. D., O’Donnell, P., Kravitz, A., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.021 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
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“…direct and indirect pathway model to the NAc shell, though some authors have argued that connections with regions not traditionally included in the classic pathways form direct and indirect pathways (O′Donnell et al., 1997; Nicola et al., 2000; Sesack and Grace, 2010; Kravitz and Kreitzer, 2012).”
BackgroundMaguire, E. P., Macpherson, T., Swinny, J. D., Dixon, C. I., Herd, M. B., Belelli, D., Stephens, D. N., King, S. L., & Lambert, J. J. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3232-13.2014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kravitz, A. V., & Kreitzer, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kreitzer, Anatol C.
- Venue
- Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 167-177
- ISSN
- 0886-1714 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-9213
- 1548-9221
- PMC
- PMC3880226
- OpenAlex
- W2114899976
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DK999999, Z99 OD999999, Z99 DA999999)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078435, R01NS064984)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- striatum, direct pathway, indirect pathway, reward, reinforcement, punishment, aversion, motor control, basal ganglia, striatal neurons
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Movement, Neurons, Punishment, Reinforcement, Psychology
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