Cited by 224Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeurological disorders and treatmentsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment

Open access
Kravitz, Alexxai V., Kreitzer, Anatol C.·2012·Physiology

Abstract

Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1152/physiol.00004.2012

Cites

202 of 202 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In a simplified framework, direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways oppose each other, with indirect pathway activation causing net inhibition of thalamus and decreased movement, and direct pathway activation causing net disinhibition and increased movement.

    “In a simplified framework, these anatomically distinct pathways have been thought to oppose each other, resulting in net inhibition of thalamus and decrease of movement via activation of the indirect pathway, or net disinhibition (i.e. overall excitation) and increase of movement by activation of the direct pathway (Fig.1) 46,47.”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kravitz, A. V., & Kreitzer, A. C.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Kreitzer, Anatol C.
Venue
Physiology
Published
2012-06
Volume
27
Issue
3
Pages
167-177
ISSN
  • 0886-1714 (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-9213
  • 1548-9221
OpenAlex
W2114899976
Cited by
224
References
202
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (Z99 DK999999, Z99 OD999999, Z99 DA999999)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078435, R01NS064984)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
striatum, direct pathway, indirect pathway, reward, reinforcement, punishment, aversion, motor control, basal ganglia, striatal neurons
MeSH terms
Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Movement, Neurons, Punishment, Reinforcement, Psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review