Cited by 173Sex and Gender in HealthcareSexual Differentiation and DisordersGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

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Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders

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Zagni, Emanuela, Simoni, Lucia, Colombo, Delia·2016·Neuroscience Journal

DOI 10.1155/2016/2827090PMC PMC4904110

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Abstract

There are important sex differences in the brain that seem to arise from biology as well as psychosocial influences. Sex differences in several aspects of human behavior and cognition have been reported. Gonadal sex steroids or genes found on sex chromosomes influence sex differences in neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and neuronal structure, and connectivity. There has been some resistance to accept that sex differences in the human brain exist and have biological relevance; however, a few years ago, it has been recommended by the USA National Institute of Mental Health to incorporate sex as a variable in experimental and clinical neurological and psychiatric studies. We here review the clinical literature on sex differences in pain and neurological and psychiatric diseases, with the aim to further stimulate interest in sexual dimorphisms in the brain and brain diseases, possibly encouraging more research in the field of the implications of sex differences for treating these conditions.

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Authors: Zagni, E., Simoni, L., & Colombo, D.
Affiliations: Novartis (Italy) (IT)
MediNeos Observational Research, Viale Virgilio 54/U, 41123 Modena, Italy
Corresponding author: Colombo, Delia
ORCID: Zagni, Emanuela
Simoni, Lucia
Venue: Neuroscience Journal
Publisher: Hindawi Limited
Published: 2016-05-30
Volume: 2016
Pages: 1-13
ISSN: 2314-4262 (ISSN-L)
2314-4270
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2827090
PMC: PMC4904110
OpenAlex: W2411714001
Cited by: 173
References: 175
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Neuroscience Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords: sex differences, sexual dimorphism, central nervous system disorders, sex hormones, sex chromosomes, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, pain, neurological disorders, mental illness

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Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders

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