Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

Frederiksen, Henriette R.; Haukedal, Henriette; Freude, Kristine

doi:10.1155/2019/7420189

Cited by 63

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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

Frederiksen, Henriette R., Haukedal, Henriette, Freude, Kristine·2019·BioMed Research International

DOI 10.1155/2019/7420189PMC PMC6668540

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Abstract

Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer’s disease.

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Cortical neurons express both TLR7 and TLR8.
“cortical neurons, which express both receptors [4, 57, 58]”
From Neurodegenerative disease-associated microRNAs acting as signaling molecules modulate CNS neuron structure and viability (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

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Sorted by citations

Neurodegenerative disease-associated microRNAs acting as signaling molecules modulate CNS neuron structure and viability
Kumbol, V., Ivanov, A., McGurran, H., Schüler, J., Zhai, Y., Ludwik, K., Hinkelmann, L., Brehm, M., Krüger, C., Küchler, J., et al. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02199-8 · Cited by 8

Authors: Frederiksen, H. R., Haukedal, H., & Freude, K.
Affiliations: Group of Stem Cells and Modeling of Neurodegeneration, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegardsvej 7, 1870C Frederiksberg, Denmark
ORCID: Freude, Kristine
Venue: BioMed Research International
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-07-18
Volume: 2019
Pages: 1-18
ISSN: 2314-6133
2314-6141
DOI: 10.1155/2019/7420189
PMC: PMC6668540
Cited by: 63
References: 34
Language: en
Licence: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Funders: Innovation Fund Denmark (GliAD—NNF18OC0052369)
Alzheimer Foundation Denmark (GliAD—NNF18OC0052369)
Novo Nordisk Foundation (GliAD—NNF18OC0052369)

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Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

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