Beyond Autism: Introducing the Dialectical Misattunement Hypothesis and a Bayesian Account of Intersubjectivity
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Drawing on sociocultural theories and Bayesian accounts of brain function, in this article we construe psychiatric conditions as disorders of social interaction to fully account for their complexity and dynamicity across levels of description and temporal scales. After an introduction of the theoretical underpinnings of our integrative approach, we take autism spectrum conditions (ASC) as a paradigm example and discuss how neurocognitive hypotheses can be translated into a Bayesian formulation, i.e., in terms of predictive processing and active inference. We then argue that consideration of individuals (even within a Bayesian framework) will not be enough for a comprehensive understanding of psychiatric conditions and consequently put forward the dialectical misattunement hypothesis, which views psychopathology not merely as disordered function within single brains but also as a dynamic interpersonal mismatch that encompasses various levels of description. Moving from a mere comparison of groups, i.e., “healthy” persons versus “patients,” to a fine-grained analysis of social interactions within dyads and groups of individuals will open new avenues and may allow to avoid an overly neurocentric scope in psychiatric research as well as help to reduce social exclusion.
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Among stakeholders, preference for a biopsychosocial model emphasizing social factors' effect on functioning and wellbeing is increasing.
“Although most people agree with this conceptualisation of neuro-biological aetiology, amongst a variety of stakeholders, the preference for a biopsychosocial model with more emphasis on how social factors affect functioning and wellbeing, is increasing (Bolis et al., 2017; Greaves-Lord et al., 2022).”
From Innovations of the ICD-11 in the Field of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychological Approach (2022) · cites this paper as Bolis et al., 2017
In the discussion of sociocultural processes (post-print, page unavailable), Bolis et al. argue that social factors matter and that an emphasis on biology alone is incomplete. Section 1.3 proposes greater attention to interpersonal processes. The paper does not report that preference for a biopsychosocial model is increasing among stakeholders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Dingemanse, M., Liesenfeld, A., Rasenberg, M., Albert, S., Ameka, F., Birhane, A., Bolis, D., Cassell, J., Clift, R., Cuffari, E., et al. (2023) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1111/cogs.13230 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationMorrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591100 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Rather, more consistent with relational accounts of autistic sociability (Milton, 2012; Bottema-Beutel, 2017; Bolis et al., 2018; Redcay and Schilbach, 2019), the dyadic combination of social abilities between diagnostic groups was more predictive of how autistic and NA adults evaluated (and were evaluated by) their p…”
BackgroundSchilbach, L., & Redcay, E. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080123-101149 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating Markers of Rapport in Autistic and Nonautistic Interactions
Rifai, O., Fletcher-Watson, S., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., & Crompton, C. J. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0017 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Interpersonal similarity of autistic traits predicts friendship quality
Bolis, D., Lahnakoski, J. M., Seidel, D., Tamm, J., & Schilbach, L. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa147 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“This is problematic, because clinical insight and preliminary empirical evidence point toward the need for an interactive and relational turn in autism research (cf. Gallagher, 2004; De Jaegher, 2013; Schilbach et al., 2013; Schilbach, 2016; Bolis et al., 2017; Milton et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKourtesis, P., Kouklari, E.-C., Ρούσσος, Π., Mantas, V., Papanikolaou, Κ., Skaloumbakas, C., & Pehlivanidis, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040336 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The limitations of the aforementioned methods are thought to likely arise because of the ASD literature’s tendency of examining social (and/or cognitive) deficits as isolated and individual features and not by evaluating how they manifest in real-life contexts in which outcomes are influenced by relational dynamics as…”
BackgroundOn the role of eye contact in gaze cueing
Kompatsiari, K., Ciardo, F., Tikhanoff, V., Giorgio Metta, B., & Wykowska, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36136-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Recent approaches to the study of the mechanisms of social cognition propose that more interactive experimental protocols are crucial for understanding cognitive and social mechanisms elicited by social interaction 29–33 .”
BackgroundStudying parent-child interaction with hyperscanning
Nguyen, T., Bánki, A., Marková, G., & Hoehl, S. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Interpersonal agreement and disagreement during face-to-face dialogue: An fNIRS investigation
Hirsch, J., Tiede, M., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., Salama-Manteau, A., & Biriotti, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.606397 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The dialectical misattunement hypothesis (Bolis et al., 2017) proposes that disturbances in the reciprocal unfolding of an interaction result in a change of the dyadic state, thus predicting a behavioral and neural difference between the two conditions employed in this study.”
BackgroundMethodMilton, D. E. M., Heasman, B., & Sheppard, E. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102273-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Human Spectrum: A Phenomenological Enquiry within Neurodiversity
Murray, D., Milton, D. E. M., Green, J., & Bervoets, J. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000526213 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hyon, R., Youm, Y., Kim, J., Chey, J., Kwak, S., & Parkinson, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2013606117 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
An Active-Inference Approach to Second-Person Neuroscience
Lehmann, K., Bolis, D., Friston, K. J., Schilbach, L., Ramstead, M. J. D., & Kanske, P. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231188000 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…a multiscale tracking of dyads and groups of interactors could even allow people to assess “whether and how interpersonal coordination in real-time social interactions might actually serve as a prior and modulate the need for inferences about hidden causes of social behavior” (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychiatry Beyond the Brain: Externalism, Mental Health, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Roberts, T., Krueger, J., & Glackin, S. (2019) · Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2019.0030 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Seeing and inviting participation in autistic interactions
Jaegher, H. D. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211009627 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Research shows that autistic interactions have particular characteristics and dynamics (Bolis et al., 2017; Crompton, Ropar, et al., 2020; De Jaegher, 2013; Heasman & Gillespie, 2019).”
BackgroundKoehler, J. C., Dong, M. S., Bierlich, A. M., Fischer, S., Späth, J., Plank, I. S., Koutsouleris, N., & Falter-Wagner, C. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02802-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“This is re fl ected in theoretical frameworks, such as the “ double empathy problem ” [65] as well as “ dialectic misattune-ment ” [66], specifying autistic impairments to be especially pronounced between people with fundamentally different ways of information processing and interacting.”
Precise Worlds for Certain Minds: An Ecological Perspective on the Relational Self in Autism
Constant, A., Bervoets, J., Hens, K., & de Cruys, S. V. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-018-9546-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Scientifically, as noted by Bolis et al. (2017), more ecologically valid approaches shift the comprehension of “healthy individuals” versus “patients” towards considerations of social interactions per se , taking hold among differently tuned individuals.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural correlates of eye contact and social function in autism spectrum disorder
Joy Hirsch, C., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., Dravida, S., Naples, A. J., Tiede, M., Wolf, J. M., & McPartland, J. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265798 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ayache, J., Connor, A. M., Marks, S., Kuss, D. J., Rhodes, D., Sumich, A. L., & Heym, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718237 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
MENTAL INSTITUTIONS, HABITS OF MIND, AND AN EXTENDED APPROACH TO AUTISM
Krueger, J., & Maiese, M. (2019) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · doi:10.13136/thau.v6i0.90 · Cited by 45
Lonely Individuals Process the World in Idiosyncratic Ways
Baek, E. C., Hyon, R., López, K., Du, M., Porter, M. A., & Parkinson, C. M. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221145316 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Other approaches have calculated ISCs to examine how people’s overall levels of particular traits or symptoms relate to their level of attunement with others (Bolis et al., 2017).”
Transient brain networks underlying interpersonal strategies during synchronized action
Heggli, O. A., Konvalinka, I., Cabral, J., Brattico, E., Kringelbach, M. L., & Vuust, P. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa056 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The network identified in this work is a prime candidate for such a self–other integrating network, as it contains regions linked to functions of segregation and integration of self and other, such as the temporoparietal junction, supramarginal gyrus and precuneus, as well as action– perception-related regions (Farrer…”
BackgroundBolis, D., & Schilbach, L. (2017) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2017.1295215 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationInnovations of the ICD-11 in the Field of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychological Approach
Greaves-Lord, K., Skuse, D., & Mandy, W. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Although most people agree with this conceptualisation of neuro-biological aetiology, amongst a variety of stakeholders, the preference for a biopsychosocial model with more emphasis on how social factors affect functioning and wellbeing, is increasing (Bolis et al., 2017; Greaves-Lord et al., 2022).”
BackgroundCamouflaging, internalized stigma, and mental health in the general population
Ai, W., Cunningham, W. A., & Lai, M. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241260020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Camouflaging/IM could be more pervasive and taxing for autistic than non-autistic people given their neurodevelopmental differences in a world saturated by neurotypical social expectations (Ai et al., 2022; Bolis et al., 2017; Milton, 2012).”
BackgroundInterpersonal motor synchrony in autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Carnevali, L., Valori, I., Mason, G., Altoè, G., & Farroni, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1355068 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dideriksen, C., Fusaroli, R., Tylén, K., Dingemanse, M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019) · Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fd8y9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Social motor synchrony in autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review
Glass, D., & Yuill, N. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231213295 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“We have discussed how an interpersonal mismatch might make SMS challenging (Bolis et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDirected coupling in multi-brain networks underlies generalized synchrony during social exchange
Bilek, E., Zeidman, P., Kirsch, P., Tost, H., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Friston, K. J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119038 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pathological demand avoidance in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Kildahl, A. N., Helverschou, S. B., Rysstad, A. L., Wigaard, E., Hellerud, J. M. A., Ludvigsen, L. B., & Howlin, P. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211034382 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bervoets, J., & Hens, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.529193 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Towards autistic flow theory: A non‐pathologising conceptual approach
Heasman, B., Williams, G., Charura, D., Hamilton, L., Milton, D. E. M., & Murray, F. (2024) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12427 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Glass, D., & Yuill, N. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05917-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“We drew upon theories of Dialectical Misattunement and Double Empathy (Bolis et al., 2018; Milton, 2012), and literature suggesting matched-neurotype interactions feel more comfortable and connected than mixed-neurotype interactions (Crompton et al., 2020b, 2020c).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFormalising social representation to explain psychiatric symptoms
Barnby, J. M., Dayan, P., & Bell, V. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“These multiphase configurations allow testing of key psychiatric phenomena, such as the misattunement hypothesis [66], with results suggesting that discrepancies in self-other representations make individuals more prone to developing paranoid explanations of social events [65].”
BackgroundIntegrating Evolutionary, Cultural, and Computational Psychiatry: A Multilevel Systemic Approach
Constant, A., Badcock, P. B., Friston, K. J., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.763380 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Resonance as a Design Strategy for AI and Social Robots
Lomas, D., Lin, A., Dikker, S., Förster, D., Lupetti, M. L., Huisman, G., Habekost, J., Beardow, C., Pandey, P., Ahmad, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2022.850489 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This also implies some possibilities for breakdown and pathologies in psychological relationships due to misattunement in interpersonal resonance (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNeural processes for live pro-social dialogue between dyads with socioeconomic disparity
Descorbeth, O., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., & Joy Hirsch, C. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa120 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The dialectical misattunement hypothesis is one approach that conceptualizes social psychopathology as dynamic interpersonal mismatches between dyads (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCaruana, N., White, R. C., & Remington, A. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211005694 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Considering the results of this study, we suggest that while the ability and drive for social interaction may be intact in autism, the autism phenotype is better characterised by difficulties maintaining relationships with others because of a mismatch or “misattunement” in the communication and social-cognitive proces…”
BackgroundCañigueral, R., Ward, J. A., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320951691 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“, 2012) and the dialectal misattunement hypothesis (Bolis et al., 2018) of autism.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocial behavioural adaptation in Autism
d’Arc, B. F., Devaine, M., & Jean Daunizeau, A. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007700 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This is reminiscent to the so-called "social interaction mismatch" hypothesis, which suggests that autistic persons find it easier to relate to other autistic persons [42,43].”
BackgroundInterpersonal Motor Interactions Shape Multisensory Representations of the Peripersonal Space
Fanghella, M., Era, V., & Candidi, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020255 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The Bayesian account of intersubjectivity recently proposed by Bolis and Schilbach [241,242] is of particular interest for the scope of this work.”
Interpersonal educational neuroscience: A scoping review of the literature
Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Ma, F., Cui, H., Cheng, X., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100593 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Williams, G. (2021) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.04.032 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Olivati, A. G., & Leite, L. P. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial · doi:10.1590/s1413-65382519000400012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
McNaughton, K. A., Moss, A., Yarger, H. A., & Redcay, E. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241238269 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Variety in Neurotypical Environments: The Source of “Deficit” in Autism
Legault, M., Bourdon, J.-N., & Poirier, P. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2019.96019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brandi, M., Kaifel, D., Bolis, D., & Schilbach, L. (2019) · i-com · doi:10.1515/icom-2018-0018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“dictable social interactions might be different [20, 138], as well as evidencedisplayingdifferences in prediction errors of social cues in autism [139], it can be hypothesised that autistic traits are related to differences in the experience of social agency specifically.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA developmental framework of interpersonal neural synchrony
Hoehl, S., Bánki, A., Brzozowska, A., Carollo, A., Kostorz, K., Nguyen, T., Pletti, C., Reisner, S., Schäfer, V. T., Schaetz, C., et al. (2025) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2025.101234 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…be less pronounced when two autistic people interact with each other, recent hyperscanning work compared INS between dyads that were either matched or mismatched in autistic-like traits (Bolis et al., 2017; Kruppa et al., 2021; Minagawa et al., 2023; Moreau et al., 2024; Schilbach & Redcay, 2025).”
Barnby, J. M., Raihani, N., & Dayan, P. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105098 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Integration and Causality in Enactive Approaches to Psychiatry
Gallagher, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870122 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“On this view, circular causality just is a form of reciprocal, downward and upward relations between parts and whole [(15); also see (17)].”
BackgroundSchuwerk, T., Kaltefleiter, L. J., Au, J., Hoesl, A., & Stachl, C. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04134-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This suggests that, rather than attributing social interaction problems only to deficits within the autistic individual, we should focus on the mismatch between interaction partners to explain social impairments (Bolis et al. 2017).”
BackgroundToward feeling, understanding, and caring: The development of empathy in young autistic children
Li, B., Blijd-Hoogewys, E. M. A., Stockmann, L., Vergari, I., & Rieffe, C. J. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117955 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…this, the misattunement theory advocates that the social difficulties and communication breakdowns that autistic people encounter may result from a mismatch of communication styles and a mutual misunderstanding between autistic and non-autistic people (Bolis et al., 2017; Davis & Crompton, 2021).”
BackgroundThe metaphysics of psychology and a dialectical perspective
Dafermos, M. (2020) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354320975491 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“to dialectics in psychology, there have still been several significant attempts to employ dialectical insights in developmental psychology (Riegel, 1977), in psychotherapy (Kaminstein, 1987), in neuroscience (Bolis & Schilbach, 2018), and in psychopathology (Bolis et al., 2017). The emergence of interest in the study…”
BackgroundTransdisciplinary AI Observatory—Retrospective Analyses and Future-Oriented Contradistinctions
Aliman, N.-M., Kester, L. J. H. M., & Yampolskiy, R. V. (2021) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies6010006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schilbach, L. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-00998-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism as Gradual Sensorimotor Difference: From Enactivism to Ethical Inclusion
van Es, T., & Bervoets, J. (2021) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-021-09779-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Paranoia: From Passive Social-Threat Perception to Misattunement in Social Interaction
Hajdúk, M., Sasson, N. J., Park, S., & Pinkham, A. E. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231218639 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“From this perspective, paranoia may be influenced by cumulative misattunements or misalignments between people (for reference in autism, see Bolis et al., 2017) that contribute to poor social connection and poorer social relationships.”
InfluentialFolz, J., Akdağ, R., Nikolić, M., van Steenbergen, H., & Kret, M. E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35773-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Furthermore, ASD was argued to specifically become apparent in alterations in interpersonal dynamics (i.e., during bidirectional information exchange) 118, 119 .”
The social roots of self development: from a bodily to an intellectual interpersonal dialogue
Fini, C., Bardi, L., Bolis, D., Fusaro, M., Lisi, M. P., Michalland, A. H., & Era, V. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01785-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGayle, R., Valentino, A. L., & Fuhrman, A. M. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-00968-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Skills are taught in isolation in a therapeutic context that may not incorporate outcomes influenced by relational dynamics (Bolis et al., 2017; Pasqualotto et al., 2021) or situational variables.”
A levels-of-analysis framework for studying social emotions
Yu, H., Gao, X., Shen, B., Hu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00285-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Marr’s levels-of-analysis framework 17 has been adopted in seminal theoretical papers to synthesize understanding of social cognition and emotion 18,20,23,184 , communication 21 , neurobiological processes 22,24 and psychiatric disorders 19 .”
InfluentialWehrle, S., Grice, M., & Vogeley, K. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06000-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…the behaviour of disposition-matched dyads seems to us the most promising way to gain insights into what we might justifiably call an “autistic conversation style” (Bolis et al., 2017; Davis & Crompton, 2021; Milton, 2012; Mitch-ell et al., 2021; Rifai et al., 2022; Sheppard et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMcParlin, Z., Cerritelli, F., Manzotti, A., Friston, K. J., & Esteves, J. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.961075 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ecological-enactive account of autism spectrum disorder
Nešić, J. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04073-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…et al. and Perrykkad & Hohwy 19 The ecological approach of Constant et al. (2018a) is complementary to the dialectical misattunement hypothesis (Bolis et al., 2017), embracing the intersubjectivist turn in cognitive science and autism research, and viewing ASD as a relational disorder, while…”
BackgroundInfluentialClin, É., & Kissine, M. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221148553 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Taylor, S. C., Gehringer, B. N., Dow, H. C., Langer, A., Rawot, E., Smernoff, Z., Steeman, S. L., Almasy, L. A., Rader, D. J., Bućan, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05822-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…neu-rotypical and autistic individuals or the double empathy problem, i.e. the idea that social communication difficulties are not solely reliant on the autistic individual’s inherent social ability, but are also dependent on their neurotypical social partner (Bolis et al., 2017; Milton, 2012).”
Brandi, M., Kaifel, D., Lahnakoski, J., & Schilbach, L. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01299-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationA predictive processing framework for joint action and communication.
Pezzulo, G., Knoblich, G., Maisto, D., Donnarumma, F., Pacherie, E., & Hasson, U. (2026) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2026.03.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pan, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, Y., Schilbach, L., & Ji, C. (2023) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkad002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The idea of translating Bayesian predictive models to study two-person interactions at both the individual and collective levels, based on a dialectical mis-attunement hypothesis in autism, has been proposed (Bolis et al. , 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAutism through cinema: co-creation and the unmaking of knowledge
Eastwood, S., Evans, B., Gaigg, S., Harbord, J. P., & Milton, D. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2022.2025492 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…of a convergence of differing disciplines around issues with concepts derived from autistic scholars such as monotropism (interest models) or the double empathy problem (Milton, 2017) and enactivist or predictive-coding models applied to autism (Bolis et al., 2017; De Jaeger, 2020; Jurgens, 2020).”
Explaining Variance in Social Symptoms of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alkire, D. R., Warnell, K. R., Kirby, L., Moraczewski, D., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04598-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Autism, social connectedness, and minimal social acts
León, F. (2019) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712318818813 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“14 The current proposal is, thus, congenial with the distinction between ‘‘homogeneous’’ and ‘‘heterogeneous’’ dyads as a way of capturing different styles and forms of social interaction with persons with ASC, as well as different degrees of attunement (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGeelhand, P., Papastamou, F., Jaspard, S., & Kissine, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241298376 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, recent research suggests that social difficulties in autism are not only intrinsic to autistic individuals but are also relational (Bolis et al., 2018; Davis & Crompton, 2021; Milton, 2012) because autistic and non-autistic individuals have different communication and socio-cognitive…”
Greaves, N. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12270 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Bolis et al. (2017) argue that this mismatch of interpersonal dynamics —‘dialectical misattunement’—underlies the social and communicative difficulties experienced by autistic people whereby repeated and reciprocal ‘misattunements’ over time lead to ‘increasing di-vergencies in communication styles…”
Introducing Social Breathing: A Model of Engaging in Relational Systems
Kaiser, N., & Butler, E. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571298 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Theories have pointed out different key aspects, but social, motor and sensory processes seem to be interconnected to a higher degree than previously thought (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPhysiological synchrony promotes cooperative success in real-life interactionsPreprint
Behrens, F., Snijdewint, J., Moulder, R., Prochazkova, E., Sjak-Shie, E., Boker, S., & Kret, M. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/792416 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Azhari, A., Rai, A., & Chua, Y. H. V. (2025) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci15101113 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This approach likely draws on the social interaction mismatch hypothesis [23] and double empathy problem [24,25], which proposes that interpersonal dissimilarity can disrupt synchronization processes.”
Caruana, N., Nalepka, P., Perez, G. A., Inkley, C., Munro, C., Rapaport, H., Brett, S., Kaplan, D. M., Richardson, M. J., & Pellicano, E. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231211967 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Building on Milton’s ideas, the dialogical misattunement hypothesis dismisses the idea that social difficulties in autism stem from ‘disordered’ autistic brains, but rather from a cumulative mismatch in the interpersonal dynamics between two people (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundChen, Y.-L., Schneider, M., & Patten, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946651 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Recognizing this, recent theories emphasize the need to situate autistic social interactions in the interpersonal context (Milton, 2012; De Jaegher, 2013; Bolis et al., 2017; Milton et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAn Approach to Neuroimaging Interpersonal Interactions in Mental Health Interventions
Crum, J. E., II, Zhang, X., Noah, A., Hamilton, A. F. D. C., Tachtsidis, I., Burgess, P. W., & Joy Hirsch, C. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.01.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“synchronization—or lack thereof—in clinical situations might be interpreted as a dialectical misattunement of coupled, dynamic systems (97,98).”
BackgroundPott, J., & Schilbach, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In combination with experimental tasks that record psychophysiology from two interacting persons, these developments could help to increase our understanding of how to improve the relationship quality and efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions in the future (Bolis et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSeeing a Bayesian ghost: Sensorimotor activation leads to an illusory social perception
Friedrich, E. V. C., Zillekens, I. C., Biel, A. L., O’Leary, D., Seegenschmiedt, E. V., Singer, J., Schilbach, L., & Sauseng, P. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104068 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Interpersonal predictive coding applies this logic to the social domain and focuses on how prior knowledge and resulting expectations help us to understand social interactions, during which the behavior of one person can help to anticipate what the interaction partner will do (Bolis et al., 2018; von der Lühe et al.,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMatyjek, M., Dziobek, I., Hamilton, A., & Wheatley, T. (2026) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581251375249 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Similarly, the Dialectical Misattunement Hypothesis 31 (DMH) predicts that interactions are more synchronous and enjoyable when the interactants are more likely to predict each other’s actions, for example, due to a similar neurotype, experiences, and expectations.”
Can similarity of autistic traits promote neural synchronization?
Feng, S., Ding, L., Wang, M., Zhang, J.-N., Yuan, Y., Zhang, P., & Bai, X.-J. (2024) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-024-06919-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“They suggest taking ASC as a distinctive prediction and action mode instead of impaired brain function, which is shaped by the reciprocal influence between autistic people’s prediction styles and the mismatched interaction between autistic and neurotypical people (Bolis et al. 2017).”
- Authors
- Bolis, D., Balsters, J., Wenderoth, N., Becchio, C., & Schilbach, L.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Psychopathology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 355-372
- ISSN
- 0254-4962 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-033X
- OpenAlex
- W2764030498
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Trinity College Dublin
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, Bayesian inference, predictive processing, active inference, intersubjectivity, misattunement, dyadic interaction, neurocentrism, social exclusion
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Psychopathology
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