Mechanisms of Sympathetic Activation in Obesity-Related Hypertension

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol

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Recombinant Mouse OB Protein: Evidence for a Peripheral Signal Linking Adiposity and Central Neural Networks

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Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans

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Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea.

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Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance.

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Obesity-related glomerulopathy: An emerging epidemic

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Sympathetic Overactivity in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

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Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study

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Rapid Rewiring of Arcuate Nucleus Feeding Circuits by Leptin

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Overflow of catecholamine neurotransmitters to the circulation: source, fate, and functions

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Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

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Sympathetic Activation in Obese Normotensive Subjects

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Overweight and Hypertension

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Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight

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Sympathetic Neural Activation in Visceral Obesity

Alvarez, G. E., Beske, S. D., Ballard, T. P., & Davy, K. P. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000041244.79165.25 · Cited by 557

Adrenocortical, Autonomic, and Inflammatory Causes of the Metabolic Syndrome: Nested Case-Control Study

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Sympathetic Activity in Obese Subjects With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Serum Uric Acid and Plasma Norepinephrine Concentrations Predict Subsequent Weight Gain and Blood Pressure Elevation

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Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension

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Fasting, Feeding and Regulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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A polymorphism of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor within the fourth transmembrane domain alters ligand binding and functional properties of the receptor.

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Regional Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Oxygen Consumption in Obese Normotensive Human Subjects

Vaz, M., Jennings, G., Turner, A., Cox, H., Lambert, G., & Esler, M. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.10.3423 · Cited by 404

Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension

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Evidence for a Central Mechanism in Angiotensin Induced Hypertension.

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Leptin Gene Expression in the Brain and Pituitary Gland

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Diet, Obesity and Hypertension: An Hypothesis Involving Insulin, the Sympathetic Nervous System, and Adaptive Thermogenesis

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Sympathetic and Cardiorenal Actions of Leptin

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Insulin In The Brain

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Effect of central and peripheral body fat distribution on sympathetic and baroreflex function in obese normotensives

Grassi, G. M., Dell’Oro, R., Facchini, A., Trevano, F. Q., Bolla, G. B., & Mancia, G. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200412000-00019 · Cited by 339

Differential effects of hyperinsulinemia and carbohydrate metabolism on sympathetic nerve activity and muscle blood flow in humans

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Mature Adipocytes Inhibit In Vitro Differentiation of Human Preadipocytes via Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors

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Reflex sympathetic activation induces acute insulin resistance in the human forearm.

Jamerson, K. A., Julius, S., Gudbrandsson, T., Andersson, O., & Brant, D. O. (1993) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.21.5.618 · Cited by 311

Glucose-free fatty acid cycle operates in human heart and skeletal muscle in vivo.

Nuutila, P., Koivisto, V. A., Knuuti, J. M., Ruotsalainen, U., Teräs, M., Haaparanta‐Solin, M., Bergman, J. R., Solin, O. H., Voipio-Pulkki, L. M., & Wegelius, U. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115780 · Cited by 309

Renal Denervation Attenuates the Sodium Retention and Hypertension Associated With Obesity

Kassab, S., Kato, T., Wilkins, F. C., Chen, R., Hall, J. E., & Granger, J. P. (1995) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.25.4.893 · Cited by 307

Mortality associated with body fat, fat-free mass and body mass index among 60-year-old Swedish men—a 22-year follow-up. The study of men born in 1913

Heitmann, B. L., Eriksson, H., Ellsinger, B. M., Mikkelsen, K. L., & Larsson, B. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801082 · Cited by 298

Neuroadrenergic and reflex abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome

Grassi, G., Dell’Oro, R., Quarti-Trevano, F., Scopelliti, F., Seravalle, G., Paleari, F., Gamba, P. L., & Mancia, G. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1798-z · Cited by 294

Reduced sympathetic nervous activity. A potential mechanism predisposing to body weight gain.

Spraul, M., Ravussin, E., Fontvieille, A. M., Rising, R., Larson, D. E., & Anderson, E. A. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116760 · Cited by 293

Interactions Between Leptin and the Human Sympathetic Nervous System

Eikelis, N., Schlaich, M., Aggarwal, A., Kaye, D., & Esler, M. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000066289.17754.49 · Cited by 271

Dissociation Between Muscle and Skin Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Essential Hypertension, Obesity, and Congestive Heart Failure

Grassi, G., Colombo, M., Seravalle, G., Spaziani, D., & Mancia, G. (1998) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.64 · Cited by 256

Overweight and Hypertension: A 2-Way Street?

Julius, S., Valentini, M., & Palatini, P. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.35.3.807 · Cited by 253

Effects of Dietary Weight Loss on Sympathetic Activity and Cardiac Risk Factors Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome

Straznicky, N. E., Lambert, E. A., Lambert, G. W., Masuo, K., Esler, M. D., & Nestel, P. J. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0961 · Cited by 227

Comparative effects of candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and sympathetic drive in obese hypertensive individuals: results of the CROSS study

Grassi, G., Seravalle, G., Dell'Oro, R., Trevano, F. Q., Bombelli, M., Scopelliti, F., Facchini, A., & Mancia, G. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200309000-00027 · Cited by 225

Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Dependent and –Independent Adrenergic Activation in Obesity

Grassi, G. M., Facchini, A., Trevano, F. Q., Dell’Oro, R., Arenare, F., Tana, F., Bolla, G. B., Monzani, A., Robuschi, M., & Mancia, G. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000174243.39897.6c · Cited by 214

Sympathetic Neural Activation in Nondiabetic Metabolic Syndrome and Its Further Augmentation by Hypertension

Huggett, R. J., Burns, J., Mackintosh, A. F., & Mary, D. A. S. G. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000147893.08533.d8 · Cited by 211

Louis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. Renal and cardiovascular mechanisms of hypertension in obesity.

Hall, J. E. (1994) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.23.3.381 · Cited by 204

Experimental Obesity: A Homeostatic Failure due to Defective Nutrient Stimulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System

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Disparate cardiovascular effects of obesity and arterial hypertension

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Sympathetic Nerve Hyperactivity Precedes Hyperinsulinemia and Blood Pressure Elevation in a Young, Nonobese Japanese Population

Masuo, K. (1997) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00303-2 · Cited by 196

Location and regulation of rat angiotensinogen messenger RNA.

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Nested Case-control Study

喬, 嶋. (1992) · doi:10.11381/jjcdp1974.26.198 · Cited by 192

Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks

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Noradrenaline turnover during under- and over-eating in normal weight subjects

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Exercise training lowers resting renal but not cardiac sympathetic activity in humans.

Meredith, I. T., Friberg, P., Jennings, G. L., Dewar, E. M., Fazio, V. A., Lambert, G. W., & Esler, M. D. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.5.575 · Cited by 189

Obesity-Induced Hypertension: New Concepts From the Emerging Biology of Obesity

Mark, A. L., Correia, M., Morgan, D. A., Shaffer, R. A., & Haynes, W. G. (1999) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.33.1.537 · Cited by 185

Antihypertensive effect of α- and β-adrenergic blockade in obese and lean hypertensive subjects

Wofford, M. (2001) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(01)01293-6 · Cited by 184

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Obesity Hypertension

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Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980.

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Regional Norepinephrine Turnover in Human Hypertension

Esler, M., Lambert, G., & Jennings, G. (1989) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. Part A: Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/10641968909045414 · Cited by 161

Lisinopril Versus Hydrochlorothiazide in Obese Hypertensive Patients: A Multicenter Placebo-Controlled Trial

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Reduced Postprandial Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Contributes to Glucose Intolerance in Human Obesity*

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Chicken and egg

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Weight Gain–Induced Blood Pressure Elevation

Masuo, K., Mikami, H., Ogihara, T., & Tuck, M. L. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.35.5.1135 · Cited by 155

The Interconnection between Sympathetics, Microcirculation, and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension

Julius, S., Gudbrandsson, T., Jamerson, K., & Andersson, O. (1992) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.3109/08037059209065119 · Cited by 154

Effects of hypothalamic lesion on pancreatic autonomic nerve activity in the rat

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Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen supplementation on norepinephrine kinetics and cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnea

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Aldosterone in obesity

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Progressive vascular damage in hypertension is associated with increased levels of circulating P-selectin

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Is There a Rationale for Angiotensin Blockade in the Management of Obesity Hypertension?

Sharma, A. M. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000132568.71409.a2 · Cited by 136

Acute noradrenergic activation induces insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle

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Sympathetics, insulin resistance and coronary risk in hypertension: the chicken-and-egg question

Julius, S., & Jamerson, K. (1994) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199405000-00001 · Cited by 127

β 2 - and β 3 -Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms Are Related to the Onset of Weight Gain and Blood Pressure Elevation Over 5 Years

Masuo, K., Katsuya, T., Fu, Y., Rakugi, H., Ogihara, T., & Tuck, M. L. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.519652 · Cited by 123

Chronic Management of Blood Pressure After Stroke

Pedelty, L., & Gorelick, P. B. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000129170.50448.5f · Cited by 122

Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation

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Gender differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity: effect of body fat distribution

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Pathogenesis of weight-related changes in blood pressure in dogs.

Rocchini, A. P., Moorehead, C., DeRemer, S. J., & Bondie, D. (1989) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.13.6.922 · Cited by 108

Angiotensinogen, angiotensin II and adipose tissue development

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Moxonidine improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant hypertensives.

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Reduced parasympathetic control of heart rate in obese dogs

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Forearm resistance vessel abnormalities and insulin resistance in obese adolescents.

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Leptin in human plasma is derived in part from the brain, and cleared by the kidneys

Esler, M., Vaz, M. A. P., Collier, G. R., Nestel, P. J., Jennings, G., Kaye, D. M., Seals, D. R., & Lambert, G. W. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70289-0 · Cited by 80

The Effect of Metformin and Insulin on Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Norepinephrine Spillover and Blood Pressure in Obese, Insulin Resistant, Normoglycemic, Hypertensive Men

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Abnormal Neurovascular Control during Sympathoexcitation in Obesity

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The Effects of Leptin Administration in Non‐obese Human Subjects

Mackintosh, R. M., & Hirsch, J. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.60 · Cited by 74

Effects of mental stress on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and energy expenditure in lean and obese women

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Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on autonomic nervous system function in patients with essential hypertension

Krum, H., Lambert, É., Windebank, E., Campbell, D. J., & Esler, M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00885.2005 · Cited by 73

Sympathetic nervous system activity, body fatness, and body fat distribution in younger and older males

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Weight loss and weight maintenance, ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac autonomic tone in obese persons with the metabolic syndrome

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Extra-adipocyte leptin release in human obesity and its relation to sympathoadrenal function

Eikelis, N., Lambert, G. W., Wiesner, G., Kaye, D. M., Schlaich, M. P., Morris, M. J., Hastings, J. A., Socratous, F., & Esler, M. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2003 · Cited by 68

Leptin interacts with heart rate but not sympathetic nerve traffic in healthy male subjects

Narkiewicz, K., Kato, M., Phillips, B. G., Pesek, C. A., Choe, I., Winnicki, M., Palatini, P., Sivitz, W. I., & Somers, V. K. (2001) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200106000-00014 · Cited by 68

Sympathetic neural control of the kidney in hypertension.

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The neurobiology of human obesity

Eikelis, N., & Esler, M. (2005) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031385 · Cited by 61

Moxonidine in the treatment of overweight and obese patients with the metabolic syndrome: a postmarketing surveillance study

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Muscle sympathetic nerve activity and hemodynamic alterations in middle-aged obese women

Ribeiro, M. M., Trombetta, I. C., Batalha, L. T., Rondon, M. U. P. B., Forjaz, C. L. M., Barretto, A. C. P., Villares, S. M., & Negrão, C. E. (2001) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2001000400006 · Cited by 54

Reduced brain leptin in patients with major depressive disorder and in suicide victims

Eikelis, N., Esler, M., Barton, D., Dawood, T., Wiesner, G., & Lambert, G. W. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001862 · Cited by 47

Rilmenidine normalizes fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats.

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