Ascorbate prevents the interaction of superoxide and nitric oxide only at very high physiological concentrations
Abstract
The bioactivity of nitric oxide (.NO) depends, in part, on its interaction with superoxide. Usually, superoxide dismutase (SOD) preserves .NO bioactivity by limiting the availability of superoxide. Ascorbic acid also effectively scavenges superoxide, but the extent to which this interaction is necessary for intact .NO bioactivity is not known. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of ascorbic acid on .NO bioactivity with isolated rabbit arterial segments. A steady flux of superoxide (1.15 to 2.3 micromol . L-1 . min-1) produced either by pyrogallol autoxidation or a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system inhibited endothelium-derived .NO-mediated arterial relaxation elicited by acetylcholine. This effect of superoxide was completely blocked by SOD (300 IU/mL) and the manganese SOD mimic EUK-8 (300 micromol/L) and partially inhibited by ascorbic acid (10 mmol/L). Lower concentrations of ascorbic acid were ineffective despite scavenging >90% of superoxide. We increased the endogenous flux of superoxide (3.2+/-0.3-fold) by inhibiting vascular copper-zinc SOD with diethyldithiocarbamate. This increased endogenous flux of superoxide produced an impairment of .NO-mediated arterial relaxation that was reversed by EUK-8 (300 micromol/L) but not ascorbic acid (10 mmol/L) despite equivalent scavenging of the endogenous superoxide flux. We used 3-nitrotyrosine formation (from peroxynitrite) as an indicator of .NO interaction with superoxide and found that SOD and EUK-8 compete more effectively with .NO for superoxide than does ascorbic acid. These data indicate that preservation of .NO bioactivity by superoxide scavengers depends not only on superoxide scavenging activity, but also on the rate of superoxide scavenging. Normal extracellular concentrations of ascorbic acid (30 to 150 micromol/L) are not likely to prevent the interaction of .NO with superoxide under physiological conditions.
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In competition with NO, a concentration of vitamin C about 10 mM is needed to block the interaction of NO with the superoxide by effective scavenging of the latter.
“However, in competition with NO, a concentration of vitamin C about 10 mM is needed to block the interaction of NO with the superoxide by effective scavenging of the latter [167].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [167]
The Discussion says 10 mmol/L ascorbic acid was required to achieve any effect in the experimental system, supporting the need for a high concentration. But the section “Ascorbic Acid and Superoxide Competition for NO” says it was only partially effective even at 10 mmol/L, so the source does not support saying that concentration blocks the interaction. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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BackgroundAscorbic Acid Reduces Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes
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VASCULAR AND ANTI‐OXIDANT ACTIONS OF FLAVONOLS AND FLAVONES
Woodman, O. L., & Chan, E. C. (2004) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04072.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Uric Acid Restores Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Regular Smokers
Waring, W. S., McKnight, J. A., Webb, D. J., & Maxwell, S. R. J. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0283 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Vitamin C prevents superoxide-mediated NO degradation but only at concentrations significantly higher than physiological values (35).”
BackgroundEssential hypertension and oxidative stress: New insights
González, J. (2014) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v6.i6.353 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Huang, J., Agus, D. B., Winfree, C. J., Kiss, S., Mack, W. J., McTaggart, R. A., Choudhri, T. F., Kim, L. J., Mocco, J., Pinsky, D. J., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.171325998 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Heitzer, T. (2001) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00551-2 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“However, as ascorbic acid is a very hydrophilic agent, a substantial intracellular transport of ascorbic acid is unlikely to occur during the short time course of an acute experiment [33].”
BackgroundMethodTaddei, S., Caraccio, N., Virdis, A., Dardano, A., Versari, D., Ghiadoni, L., Ferrannini, E., Salvetti, A., & Monzani, F. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1075 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“To address this issue we used vitamin C, an antioxidant compound capable of scavenging superoxide anions at high concentrations (32).”
MethodCarr, A., & Frei, B. (2000) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00225-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Vitamin C transport and its role in the central nervous system
May, J. M. (2012) · Subcellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2199-9_6 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“, >100 μM) will effectively scavenge superoxide (Jackson et al. 1998) and spare or recycle α-tocopherol in the lipid bilayer (Niki et al.”
BackgroundChen, H., Karne, R. J., Hall, G., Campia, U., Panza, J. A., Cannon, R. O., Wang, Y., Katz, A., Levine, M., & Quon, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00768.2005 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of targeting oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Byrne, N. J., Rajasekaran, N. S., Abel, E. D., & Bugger, H. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.046 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“While it has been shown that vitamin C supplementation indeed may not reach similar serum levels in diabetic patients as it does in healthy subjects [333,341], the extended follow-up period in the HOPE-TOO trial with several years of observation argue against a treatment duration issue [335].”
BackgroundNatural Antioxidants and Hypertension: Promise and Challenges
Kizhakekuttu, T. J., & Widlansky, M. E. (2010) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00137.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Subsequent research has demonstrated that the plasma concentration of ascorbate required for this mechanism to be physiologically relevant is not attainable by oral supplementation [77].”
BackgroundVirdis, A., Ghiadoni, L., Pinto, S., Lombardo, M., Petraglia, F., Gennazzani, A., Buralli, S., Taddei, S., & Salvetti, A. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.19.2258 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Vitamin C Status and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
Travica, N., Ried, K., Sali, A., Scholey, A. B., Hudson, I. L., & Pipingas, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9090960 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Ascorbate also supports the regeneration of other antioxidants, such as vitamin E and glutathione [19].”
BackgroundVitamin C for the treatment of sepsis: The scientific rationale
Marik, P. E. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.04.007 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“This may be related to the fact that the antioxidant effect of vitamin C is dose related, thus temporarily high peaks might be beneficial (Jackson et al., 1998).”
BackgroundVitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients
de Grooth, H., Manubulu-Choo, W.-P., Zandvliet, A. S., de Man, A., Girbes, A. R. J., Swart, E. L., & Straaten, H. M. O. (2018) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Progress in Clinical Neurosciences: Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: Evolving Concepts
Wilson, J. X., & Young, G. B. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s031716710005335x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Silvestro, A., Scopacasa, F., Oliva, G., de Cristofaro, T., Iuliano, L., & Brevetti, G. (2002) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00235-6 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Rush, J., Denniss, S., & Graham, D. A. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h05-133 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“…and restore endothelium-dependent dilation (Carneado et al., 2002; Fukui et al., 1997; Gokce et al., 1999; Hattori et al., 1991; Horie et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 1998; Kinlay et al., 1999; Kinouchi et al., 1991; Laursen et al., 1997; Mugge et al., 1991b; Nakazono et al., 1991; Rajagopalan…”
BackgroundWhich Neuroprotective Agents are Ready for Bench to Bedside Translation in the Newborn Infant?
Robertson, N. J., Tan, S., Groenendaal, F., van Bel, F., Juul, S. E., Bennet, L., Derrick, M., Back, S. A., Chavez‐Valdez, R., Northington, F. J., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.052 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Sherman, D. L., Keaney, J. F., Biegelsen, E. S., Duffy, S. J., Coffman, J. D., & Vita, J. A. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.35.4.936 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
On the Role of Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants in Atherogenesis and Vascular Dysfunction
Frei, B. B. (1999) · Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-136.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Systemic Endothelial Dysfunction as an Early Predictor of Adverse Outcome in Heart Failure
Heitzer, T. A., Baldus, S. E., Kodolitsch, Y. V., Rudolph, V., & Meinertz, T. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000166516.52477.81 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Diabetes mellitus 56 (20) 19 (24) 37 (18)”
Zhang, C., Hein, T. W., Wang, W., & Kuo, L. (2003) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000056759.53828.2c · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Beckman, J. A., Goldfine, A. B., Gordon, M. B., Garrett, L. A., Keaney, J. F., & Creager, M. A. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00403.2003 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“In the present study, oral administration of vitamin C achieved a plasma level of 71 M, a concentration that is unlikely to scavenge extracellular superoxide anion (25).”
BackgroundDhar-Mascareño, M., Cárcamo, J. M., & Golde, D. W. (2005) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.01.017 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Rodrigo, R., Hernán Prat, M., Walter Passalacqua, R., Julia Araya, A., & Bächler, J. P. (2008) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20070343 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Darko, D., Dornhorst, A., Kelly, F. J., Ritter, J. M., & Chowienczyk, P. (2002) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs1030339 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Inflammation in the vascular bed: Importance of vitamin C
Aguirre, R., & May, J. M. (2008) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.002 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Although ascorbate concentrations of 100 μM and higher are required to appreciably scavenge superoxide (Jackson et al., 1998), as discussed below, ascorbate concentrations in nucleated cells are typically in the low millimolar range.”
BackgroundAntioxidants and the bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide
Tomasian, D. (2000) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00103-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Vitamin C: should we supplement?
de Man, A., Elbers, P., & Straaten, H. M. O. (2018) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000510 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Actions of “antioxidants” in the protection against atherosclerosis
Lönn, M. E., Dennis, J. M., & Stocker, R. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.027 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Hernández‐Guerra, M., García‐Pagán, J. C., Turnés, J., Bellot, P., Deulofeu, R., Abraldeṣ, J. G., & Bosch, J. (2006) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.21080 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis: from lesion formation to plaque activation and endothelial dysfunction
Keaney, J. F. (2000) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0098-2997(00)00005-4 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of antioxidant vitamins
Rodrigo, R., Guichard, C., & Charles, R. (2007) · Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00466.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Plant mitochondrial function during anaerobiosis
Igamberdiev, A. U., & Hill, R. D. (2008) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcn100 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“O2 2, but only in the high millimolar range, can also be scavenged by ascorbate (Jackson et al., 1998) Furthermore the reaction with NO is 1000 times faster (Scarpa et al., 1983).”
BackgroundFruits, vegetables, 100% juices, and cognitive function
Lamport, D. J., Saunders, C., Butler, L. T., & Spencer, J. P. E. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12149 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Antioxidant therapy for management of oxidative stress induced hypertension
Ahmad, K. A., Yuan, D. Y., Nawaz, W., Hong, Z., Zhuo, C. X., Talal, B., Taleb, A., Mais, E., & Qi-long, D. (2017) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715762.2017.1322205 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Ascorbic acid may have beneficial outcomes on vasodilation, probably because of its antioxidant actions on NO [42,47,48].”
BackgroundDuffy, S. J., Gokce, N., HOLBROOK, M. M., Hunter, L. M., Biegelsen, E. S., Huang, A., Keaney, J. F., & Vita, J. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.2.h528 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“While ascorbic acid is an effective scavenger of superoxide anion, we recently showed in an experimental model that supraphysiological concentrations of extracellular ascorbic acid would be required to enhance NO bioavailability in vivo (25).”
BackgroundMelatonin and vitamin C increase umbilical blood flow via nitric oxide‐dependent mechanisms
Thakor, A. S., Herrera, E. A., Serón‐Ferré, M., & Giussani, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00813.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Although this was as much vitamin C as a pregnant woman could ingest on a daily basis, the circulating concentration of vitamin C achieved in these women was substantially more diluted than the 10 mmol/L range estimated to be necessary for vitamin C to act as an antioxidant in vivo [37].”
BackgroundRationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition
McGregor, G. P., & Biesalski, H. K. (2006) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000247478.79779.8f · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mak, S. S., Egri, Z., Tanna, G., Colman, R., & Newton, G. E. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00947.2001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effect of Vitamin C on the Availability of Tetrahydrobiopterin in Human Endothelial Cells
Baker, T. A., Milstien, S., & Katusic, Z. S. (2001) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-200103000-00012 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“However, kinetics of the reactions with superoxide anions dictate that NO and superoxide dismutase are the most likely physiologic scavengers of superoxide (7).”
BackgroundInfluentialRodrigo, R., Prieto, J. C., & Castillo, R. L. (2012) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20110663 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Raitakari, O. T., Adams, M. R., McCredie, R. J., Griffiths, K. A., Stocker, R., & Celermajer, D. S. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00576-3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Neurobiology of vitamin C: Expanding the focus from antioxidant to endogenous neuromodulator
Ballaz, S., & Rebec, G. V. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104321 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress
Yang, C.-C., Hsu, S. P., Wu, M., Hsu, S.-M., & Chien, C. (2006) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000109 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“VC prevents the interaction of O2 K and nitric oxide only at very high physiologic concentrations.(44) VC overdoses may cause secondary oxalosis via an increase in plasma oxalate levels and the deposition of calcium oxalate in various tissues.”
BackgroundEskurza, I., Monahan, K. D., Robinson, J. A., & Seals, D. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00879.2003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Moreover, ascorbic acid can be acutely infused at rates that attain supraphysiological plasma concentrations, which are known to reduce superoxide anions and increase NO bioavailability (29).”
BackgroundInfluentialVasorelaxant and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonols and Flavones: Structure-Activity Relationships
Woodman, O. L., Meeker, W. F., & Boujaoude, M. (2005) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.fjc.0000175431.62626.07 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“For example ascorbate, an effective antioxidant, does not improve responses to ACh in the presence of oxidative stress caused by pyrogallol or hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, apparently because of the known slow rate of reaction between ascorbate and superoxide.(37) In this study the observed relationship between struc…”
BackgroundHirashima, O., Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirai, N., Ohgushi, M., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H., & Yasue, H. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00616-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“reported that normal extracellular concentrations of ascorbic acid (30 to 150 mmol/liter) are not likely to prevent the interaction of NO with superoxide under physiological condition (41).”
BackgroundVirdis, A., Colucci, R., Fornai, M., Blandizzi, C., Duranti, E., Pinto, S., Bernardini, N., Segnani, C., Antonioli, L., Taddei, S., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.104.077644 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“To address this issue, we first used ascorbic acid, an antioxidant compound capable of scavenging superoxide anions at high concentrations (Jackson et al., 1998).”
MethodOxidative Stress Contributes to Renovascular Hypertension
Oliveira‐Sales, E. B., Dugaich, A. P. C., Carillo, B. A., Abreu, N. P., Boim, M. A., Martins, P. J. F., D’Almeida, V., Dolnikoff, M. S., Bergamaschi, C. T., & Campos, R. R. (2007) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2007.12 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Nitric oxide has a regulatory effect in the germination of conidia of Colletotrichum coccodes
Wang, J., & Higgins, V. J. (2005) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2004.12.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Inflammatory Response in Microvascular Endothelium in Sepsis: Role of Oxidants
Cepinskas, G., & Wilson, J. X. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.2008026 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“injection of 2 g vitamin C in human subjects does not alter superoxide production by neutrophils [98].”
BackgroundQin, C. X., Chen, X., Hughes, R. A., Williams, S. J., & Woodman, O. L. (2008) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm070352h · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Augmented oxidative stress of platelets in chronic smokers
Takajo, Y., Ikeda, H., Haramaki, N., Murohara, T., & Imaizumi, T. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01583-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“(26) showed that impaired endotheliumderived NO release by superoxide was not prevented by vitamin C at concentrations 150 mol/l.”
BackgroundInflammation-induced vasoconstrictorhyporeactivity is caused by oxidative stress
Pleiner, J., Mittermayer, F., Schaller, G., Marsik, C. L., MacAllister, R. J., & Wolzt, M. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.06.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Vitamin C is an effective scavenger of reactive species at this high local concentration (29) and has been used to assess the bioactivity of endogenous O2.”
Ascorbic Acid Selectively Improves Large Elastic Artery Compliance in Postmenopausal Women
Moreau, K. L., Gavin, K. M., Plum, A. E., & Seals, D. R. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000165678.63373.8c · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Bioactivity
Thomas, S. R., Chen, K., & Keaney, J. F. (2003) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/152308603764816541 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Crecelius, A. R., Kirby, B. S., Voyles, W. F., & Dinenno, F. A. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00614.2010 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Possible application of high-dose vitamin C in the prevention and therapy of coronavirus infection
Hoang, B. X., Shaw, G., Fang, W., & Han, B. (2020) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.09.025 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Jablonski, K., Seals, D. R., Eskurza, I., Monahan, K. D., & Donato, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00533.2007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“However, the strongest, most direct experimental evidence supporting the involvement of oxidative stress is that infusion of supraphysiological concentrations of ascorbic acid, an intervention known to reduce the bioavailability of reactive oxygen species and thus decrease oxidative stress (3, 4, 27), selectively incr…”
- Authors
- Jackson, T. S., Xu, A., Vita, J. A., & Keaney, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 1998-11-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 916-922
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- OpenAlex
- W2155603952
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 11.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl059346-02, HL59346, HL55854, 1r01hl053398-01a1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL59346, HL 53398, P01HL055854, HL-55854)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- vitamin C, superoxide, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, peroxynitrite, nitrotyrosine, endothelium-derived nitric oxide, acetylcholine-induced relaxation, diethyldithiocarbamate
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ascorbic Acid, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Male, Nitric Oxide, Pyrogallol, Rabbits, Superoxides, Vasodilation
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