Cited by 5,784Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealthcare Systems and Public HealthHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

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Virani, Salim S., Alonso, Alvaro, Aparicio, Hugo J., Benjamin, Emelia J., Bittencourt, Marcio S., Callaway, Clifton W., Carson, April P., Chamberlain, Alanna M., Cheng, Susan, Delling, Francesca N., Elkind, Mitchell S.V., Evenson, Kelly R., Ferguson, Jane F., Gupta, Deepak K., Khan, Sadiya S., Kissela, Brett M., Knutson, Kristen L., Lee, Chong D., Lewis, Tené T., Liu, Junxiu, Loop, Matthew Shane, Lutsey, Pamela L., Ma, Jun, Mackey, Jason, Martin, Seth S., Matchar, David B., Mussolino, Michael E., Navaneethan, Sankar D., Perak, Amanda Marma, Roth, Gregory A., Samad, Zainab, Satou, Gary M., Schroeder, Emily B., Shah, Svati H., Shay, Christina M., Stokes, Andrew, VanWagner, Lisa B., Wang, Nae-Yuh, Tsao, Connie W., On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee·2021·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950PMC PMC13036842

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Abstract

Background: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). Methods: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year’s edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. Results: Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. Conclusions: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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“Introduction S troke is a leading cause of adult long-term disability for more than 15 million individuals who experience a new stroke each year (Strong et al., 2007; Virani et al., 2021).”
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiac Remodeling Due to Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Involving Gliflozins and Sirtuins
Sanz, R. L., Inserra, F., Menéndez, S. G., Mazzei, L. J., Ferder, L., & Manucha, W. A. (2023) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-023-01240-w · Cited by 24
High-Dose Once-Weekly Semaglutide: A New Option for Obesity Management
Bradley, C. L., McMillin, S. M., Hwang, A. Y., & Sherrill, C. H. (2022) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/10600280211053867 · Cited by 16
Stroke risk factors in United States: an analysis of the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ren, Z., & Fu, X. (2021) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s327075 · Cited by 15
Cardiovascular Health Score and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Million Veteran Program
Nguyen, X.-M. T., Li, Y.-P., Gong, Y., Houghton, S., Ho, Y., Pyatt, M., Treu, T., Li, R.-F., Akinosho, K., Raghavan, S., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.47902 · Cited by 16
Analysis and projections of disease burden for different risk factors and sexes of ischemic stroke in young adults in China
Gao, Y., Liu, K.-D., & Fang, S.-K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63920-0 · Cited by 16
“The association between body-mass index and stroke is widely accepted 22,23 .”
Ischemic stroke outcome after promoting CD4+CD25+ Treg cell migration through CCR4 overexpression in a tMCAO animal model
Lee, S., Kim, J., You, J.-S., Hyun, Y.-M., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, J. E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60358-2 · Cited by 16
Disparities in Patient Portal Engagement Among Patients With Hypertension Treated in Primary Care
Khatib, R., Glowacki, N., Chang, E., Lauffenburger, J., Pletcher, M., & Siddiqi, A. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.11649 · Cited by 16
Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving cardiac tissue fibrosis: On the precipice of personalized and precision medicine
Hassanabad, A. F., Zarzycki, A. N., & Fedak, P. W. M. (2024) · Cardiovascular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107635 · Cited by 18
Association Between Myocardial Infarction and Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Study Based on NHANES Database
Zheng, D.-D., & Cao, L. (2024) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1303 · Cited by 16
“Among different populations, non-Hispanic Blacks have the highest incidence of CVD and are among the populations with the highest CVD mortality rates [66].”
Background
Palmatine alleviates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast activation through the STAT3 pathway
Lin, S., Zhang, S., Zhan, A., Feng, J., Yang, Q., Li, T., Liu, Z., Mo, Q., Fan, H. J., Wang, K., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176395 · Cited by 15
Sex-stratified genome-wide association and transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization studies reveal drug targets of heart failure
Yang, Q., Yang, Q., Wu, X., Zheng, R., Lin, H., Wang, S., Joseph, J., Sun, Y. V., Li, M., Wang, T., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101382 · Cited by 18
Imaging for the assessment of the arrhythmogenic potential of mitral valve prolapse
Esposito, A., Gatti, M., Trivieri, M., Agricola, E., Peretto, G., Gallone, G., Catapano, F., Pradella, S., Devesa, A., Bruno, E., et al. (2023) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-023-10413-9 · Cited by 16
“Similarly, AMVP as a cause of SCD may be underestimated in older adults where competitive causes may erroneously be attributed [13], and these patients may actually be at higher risk due to degenerative MVP progression and development of arrhythmic substrata [14].”
Cardiac-Targeting Peptide: From Discovery to Applications
Sahagun, D. A., & Zahid, M. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13121690 · Cited by 16
“Despite major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, they remain the number one killer in the developed world, with rates rising at an alarming rate in the developing world [1–4].”
Background
Novel insight into the etiology of ischemic stroke gained by integrative multiome-wide association study
Jung, J., Lu, Z., de Smith, A. J., & Mancuso, N. (2023) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddad174 · Cited by 16
“Stroke is a complex disease resulting from an interruption of blood flow to the brain [1].”
Background
Gestational Weight Change in a Diverse Observational Pregnancy Cohort and Mortality Over 50 Years
Hinkle, S., Mumford, S. L., Grantz, K. L., Mendola, P., Mills, J., Yeung, E., Pollack, A., Grandi, S. M., Sundaram, R., Qiao, Y., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01517-9 · Cited by 16
Causal effects between atrial fibrillation and heart failure: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Zhang, Z., Li, L., Zhao, H., Zhou, L., Zhang, Z., Xiong, Y., & Yao, Y. (2023) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01606-8 · Cited by 21
“With an estimated prevalence is 1% of worldwide population [1], AF relies on interventions to maintain sinus rhythm and otherwise uninterrupted anticoagulation to reduce the risk of stroke.”
Background
Effectiveness of smartphone-assisted cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhou, M., Xu, Y.-K., Zhang, L.-L., Yang, Y., & Zheng, J.-J. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2244883 · Cited by 16
“…the aging of the population and a rising obesity rate in developed countries, this disease places a heavy burden on both patients and society [1,2]. cardiac rehabilitation is an effective way to promote recovery, reduce cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization risk, and improve…”
Influential
Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Lo, B. M., Carpenter, C., Ducey, S. A., Gottlieb, M., Kaji, A., Diercks, D., Wolf, S., Anderson, J. D., Byyny, R., Friedman, B., et al. (2023) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.03.007 · Cited by 16
“As a result, stroke remains one of the leading causes of death as well as the leading cause of disability.(1) In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration approved an intravenous tissue plasminogen activator as the first treatment for an acute ischemic stroke.”
Background
A Review of Therapeutic Strategies against Cardiac Fibrosis: From Classical Pharmacology to Novel Molecular, Epigenetic, and Biotechnological Approaches
Floris, E., Cozzolino, C., Marconi, S., Tonicello, F., Picchio, V., Pagano, F., & Chimenti, I. (2023) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2408226 · Cited by 18
Temporal Evolution of Perihematomal Blood-Brain Barrier Compromise and Edema Growth After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Yang, D.-D., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, H.-C., Sun, S.-J., Mane, R., Zhao, X.-H., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00062-023-01285-z · Cited by 16
The potential of hydrogels as a niche for promoting neurogenesis and regulating neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke
Jiang, S., Geng, R., Wang, R., Li, X., & Bao, X. (2023) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111916 · Cited by 16
Expedited transfer from the scene for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Australia: a prospective, multicentre, parallel, open label, randomised clinical trial.
Burns, B., Marschner, I., Buscher, H., Coggins, A., Oliver, M., Maruno, K. A., McNulty, R. J., Hawkins, S., Facer, R., Pradhananga, B., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(25)00130-4 · Cited by 15
Side- and Disease-Dependent Changes in Human Aortic Valve Cell Population and Transcriptomic Heterogeneity Determined by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
Villa-Roel, N., Park, C., Andueza, A., Baek, K., Su, A. J., Blaser, M., Leshnower, B. G., Yoganathan, A., Aikawa, E., & Jo, H. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15121623 · Cited by 15
Atherosclerosis: Progression, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, probiotics and synbiotics as a new prophylactic hope
Patial, S., Sharma, A., Raj, K., & Shukla, G. (2024) · The Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.microb.2024.100212 · Cited by 22
Predicting stroke severity of patients using interpretable machine learning algorithms
Azar, A. S., Samimi, T., Tavassoli, G., Naemi, A., Rahimi, B., Hadianfard, Z., Wiil, U., Nazarbaghi, S., Mohasefi, J. B., & Afshar, H. L. (2024) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-024-02147-1 · Cited by 15
“Notably, stroke prevalence is significantly higher in the elderly population, particularly among individuals aged over 65, underscoring age as a significant risk factor for CVA [12, 13].”
Efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Xu, J., Xiang, L.-W., Yin, X., Song, H., Chen, C., Yang, B., Ye, H.-F., & Gu, Z. (2024) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-024-04232-z · Cited by 15
“As a prevalent syndrome affecting millions globally, it poses substantial health and economic burdens, with costs projected to escalate [3–6].”
Background
Recent advances in targeted therapy for inflammatory vascular diseases
Zhao, K., Zeng, Z., He, Y., Zhao, R., Niu, J., Sun, H., Li, S., Dong, J., Jing, Z., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.063 · Cited by 21
TET1 mediated m5C modification of RelB aggravates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuroinflammation through regulating microglia polarization.
Lin, Y., Liu, M., Deng, P., & Zhang, J.-Z. (2024) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111210 · Cited by 15
Effects of stress management interventions on heart rate variability in adults with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gathright, E. C., Hughes, J. W., Sun, S., Storlazzi, L. E., DeCosta, J., Balletto, B. L., Carey, M. P., Scott‐Sheldon, L. A. J., & Salmoirago‐Blotcher, E. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00468-4 · Cited by 19
“Individuals with CVD face numerous challenges including physical discomfort, psychological distress (Cohen et al., 2015), reduced quality of life (Le et al., 2018), and shortened lifespan (Virani et al., 2021).”
A systematic-search-and-review of registered pharmacological therapies investigated to improve neuro-recovery after a stroke
Lee, T.-H., Uchiyama, S., Kusuma, Y., Chiu, H.-C., Navarro, J. C., Tan, K.-S., Pandian, J., Guo, L., Wong, Y., & Venketasubramanian, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1346177 · Cited by 15
Exploring deep learning for carotid artery plaque segmentation: atherosclerosis to cardiovascular risk biomarkers
Jain, P. K., Tadepalli, K., Roy, S., & Sharma, N. (2023) · Multimedia tools and applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17243-3 · Cited by 15
Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Quantification of Galectin-3 in Saliva
Pittman, T. W., Zhang, X., Punyadeera, C., & Henry, C. S. (2023) · Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2023.134811 · Cited by 15
Bystander CPR and Long-Term Survival in Older Adults With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Chan, P. S., Merritt, R., McNally, B. F., Chang, A., Al-Araji, R., Mawani, M., Ahn, K. O., & Girotra, S. (2023) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100607 · Cited by 15
Inhibition of protein arginine deiminase 4 prevents inflammation-mediated heart failure in arthritis
Heger, L., Schommer, N., Fukui, S., Bruggen, S. V., Sheehy, C. E., Chu, L., Rajagopal, S., Sivanandhan, D., Ewenstein, B., & Wagner, D. (2023) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202302055 · Cited by 15
“critical public health problem increasing in prevalence (20, 48, 49, 50).”
Inspiratory muscle training to reduce risk of pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiang, Y.-P., Zhao, Q., Luo, T., & Zeng, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1223619 · Cited by 15
Astrocytic endothelin-1 overexpression impairs learning and memory ability in ischemic stroke via altered hippocampal neurogenesis and lipid metabolism
Li, J., Jiang, W., Cai, Y., Ning, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, C., Chung, S. K., Huang, Y. X., Sun, J., Deng, M., et al. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.380906 · Cited by 19
“Of all incidences of stroke, 87% are ischemic (Virani et al., 2021).”
Background
Preemptive iron supplementation prevents myocardial iron deficiency and attenuates adverse remodelling after myocardial infarction.
Chung, B., Wang, Y., Thiel, M., Rostami, F., Rogoll, A., Hirsch, V. G., Malik, Z., Bührke, A., Bär, C., Klintschar, M., et al. (2023) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvad092 · Cited by 15
Personalized and Safe Soft Glove for Rehabilitation Training
Meng, F., Liu, C., Li, Y., Hao, H., Li, Q.-S., Lyu, C., Wang, Z., Ge, G., Yin, J., Ji, X., et al. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12112531 · Cited by 15
Tongue acupuncture for the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Li, L., Xu, F., Yang, S.-P., Kuang, P., Ding, H., Huang, M., Guo, C., Yuan, Z., Xiao, X.-M., Wang, Z.-H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1124064 · Cited by 15
“Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease defined as ischemia or hemorrhage, of which ischemic stroke accounts for 76% (Virani et al., 2021), and leads to a variety of neurological defects.”
Background
Improvement of Symptoms and Quality of Life After Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion in Elderly Patients
Zhao, S., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Hu, W., Zou, Y., Zhu, B., Yang, L., Chen, G., Yu, T.-T., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.029034 · Cited by 15
A programmable platelet theranostic platform for adaptive multi-stage delivery and synergistic immunotherapy in atherosclerosis
Li, Y., Li, X., Chen, T., Li, J., Qi, J., & Li, W. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61789-9 · Cited by 18
“Atherosclerosis stands as the primary pathological cornerstone and a pivotal risk factor for multiple cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which collectively account for approximately one-third of global morbidity and mortality 1,2 .”
Caveolin-1-mediated LDL transcytosis across endothelial cells in atherosclerosis
Zhang, Y., Jia, X., Wang, Y., & Zheng, Q. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119113 · Cited by 15
“Local biological responses to these retained lipoproteins, including a chronic and maladaptive macrophage-and T-cell-dominated inflammatory response, promote subsequent lesion development in AS [1,3,5].”
Gene editing in common cardiovascular diseases
Lauerer, A.-M., Caravia, X. M., Maier, L. S., Chemello, F., & Lebek, S. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108720 · Cited by 15
“Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the frequency is expected to increase in the coming years (Collaborators GBDRF, 2020; Virani et al., 2021).”
Impact of Gender on Patient Experiences of Self-Management in Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study
Ramírez‐Morros, A., Berenguera, A., Millaruelo, L., Buil‐Cosiales, P., Garcia, C. G., Cos, X., Lachica, L. Á., Artola, S., Millaruelo, J. M., Mauricio, D., et al. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s466931 · Cited by 18
Beta-Band Cortico-Muscular Phase Coherence in Hemiparetic Stroke
Parmar, N. J., Sirpal, P., Sikora, W. A., Dewald, J. P. A., Refai, H. H., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106719 · Cited by 13
Automated delineation of acute ischemic stroke lesions on non-contrast CT using 3D deep learning: A promising step towards efficient diagnosis and treatment
Wang, W.-C., Chien, S.-Y., Tsai, S.-T., Yang, Y.-W., Nguyen, D., Wu, Y.-L., Lu, M.-K., Sun, T.-H., Yu, J.-X., Lin, C., et al. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106139 · Cited by 14
Development of non-invasive diagnosis based on FTIR spectroscopy
Roy, S., Hauer, J., & Maiti, K. (2024) · Vibrational Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2024.103724 · Cited by 14
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, anti-diabetic drugs in heart failure and cognitive impairment: potential mechanisms of the protective effects
Riemma, M. A., Mele, E., Donniacuo, M., Telesca, M., Bellocchio, G., Castaldo, G., Rossi, F., Angelis, A. D., Cappetta, D., Urbanek, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1422740 · Cited by 13
“Heart failure (HF) and cognitive impairment are two common health conditions that often coexist in the general population (Virani et al., 2021).”
Heart Failure With Improved Ejection Fraction: Prevalence, Predictors, and Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy
Oommen, S. G., Man, R. K., Talluri, K., Nizam, M., Kohir, T., Aviles, M. A., Nino, M., Jaisankar, L. G., Jaura, J., Wannakuwatte, R. A., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.61790 · Cited by 10
“In the United States alone, the total cost of HF was estimated to be $30.7 billion in 2012 and is projected to increase to $69.8 billion by 2030 [4,5].”
BackgroundInfluential
Epigenetic age acceleration is associated with blood lipid levels in a multi-ancestry sample of older U.S. adults
Lin, L., Kiryakos, J., Ammous, F., Ratliff, S. M., Ware, E. B., Faul, J. D., Kardia, S. L. R., Zhao, W., Birditt, K. S., & Smith, J. A. (2024) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-024-01914-7 · Cited by 18
“In the U.S., approximately 38% of adults have high TC ( ≥ 200 mg/dL) [13], and over 60% of adults aged over 65 years have dyslipidemia [14].”
Background
Healthcare utilization and expenditures among patients with venous thromboembolism following gastrointestinal cancer surgery.
Khalil, M., Woldesenbet, S., Munir, M. M., Khan, M. M. M., Rashid, Z., Altaf, A., Katayama, E. S., Endo, Y., Dillhoff, M., Tsai, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.gassur.2024.05.012 · Cited by 14
Trends and Disparities in Treatment and Control of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults, 1999 to 2018
Li, J., Zhang, J., Somers, V. K., Covassin, N., Zhang, L., & Xu, H. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032527 · Cited by 20
“4 Understanding these disparities in treatment and risk factor control within populations with ASCVD may assist in identifying potential causes and solutions for these concerning mortality trends.”
Background
Age and sex mediated effects of estrogen and Β3-adrenergic receptor on cardiovascular pathophysiology
Corbi, G., Comegna, M., Vinciguerra, C., Capasso, A., Onorato, L., Salucci, A. M., Rapacciuolo, A., & Cannavò, A. (2024) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112420 · Cited by 12
“Consequently, women display a reduced risk of developing hypertension compared to men of the same age (US adults aged 20 years old: 42.8 % in women and 51.7 % in men) (Virani et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
Early Postpartum Blood Pressure Screening is Associated with Increased Detection of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Daubert, M. A., Stebbins, A., Peragallo-Urrutia, R., Chiswell, K., Loop, M., Harding, C. C., Price, T., & Wang, T. Y. (2024) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2024.03.014 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
TXNIP/NLRP3 aggravates global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced cognitive decline in mice
Yang, C., Mo, J., Liu, Q., Li, W., Chen, Y., Feng, J., Jia, J., Liu, L., Bai, Y., & Zhou, J. F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27423 · Cited by 13
Impact of Lactate Clearance on Clinical and Neurological Outcomes of Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Treated With Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Secondary Data Analysis*
Sugimoto, M., Takayama, W., Inoue, A., Hifumi, T., Sakamoto, T., Kuroda, Y., & Otomo, Y. (2024) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000006245 · Cited by 14
Ocular microvascular alteration in patients with myocardial infarction—a new OCTA study
Wu, J., Hu, J.-Y., Ge, Q., Xu, S., Zou, J., Kang, M. C., Ying, P., Wei, H., Ling, Q., He, L.-Q., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50283-1 · Cited by 16
Association between ambient temperature and stroke risk in high-risk populations: a systematic review
Danh, N., Ho, C., Ford, E., Zhang, J., Hong, H., Reid, C., & Xu, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1323224 · Cited by 14
Sex differences in the nutritional status and its association with long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a prospective cohort study.
Kałużna-Oleksy, M., Krysztofiak, H., Sawczak, F., Kukfisz, A., Szczechla, M., Soloch, A., Cierzniak, M., Szubarga, A., Przytarska, K., Dudek, M., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvad105 · Cited by 14
A very-low carbohydrate content in a high-fat diet modifies the plasma metabolome and impacts systemic inflammation and experimental atherosclerosis
Castro, R., Kalecký, K., Huang, N. K., Petersen, K. S., Singh, V., Ross, A. C., Neuberger, T., & Bottiglieri, T. (2024) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109562 · Cited by 13
Development of a thick and functional human adipose-derived stem cell tissue sheet for myocardial infarction repair in rat hearts
Zhang, J., Li, J., Qu, X., Liu, Y., Harada, A., Hua, Y., Yoshida, N., Ishida, M., Tabata, A., Sun, L., et al. (2023) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03560-9 · Cited by 16
“Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality [1, 2], with myocardial infarction (MI) being the most common cause of heart failure (HF) worldwide [3].”
Background
Pathways Linking Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Ebrahimi, R., Dennis, P., Shroyer, A., Tseng, C.-H., Alvarez, C. A., Beckham, J., & Sumner, J. A. (2023) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100744 · Cited by 14
Reference Values for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients Aged 6 to 18 Years.
Griffith, G. J., Wang, A. P., Liem, R., Carr, M. R., Corson, T., & Ward, K. M. (2023) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113770 · Cited by 14
Ischemic Etiology in Advanced Heart Failure: Insight from the HELP-HF Registry
Villaschi, A., Pagnesi, M., Stolfo, D., Baldetti, L., Lombardi, C., Adamo, M., Loiacono, F., Sammartino, A. M., Colombo, G., Tomasoni, D., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.07.114 · Cited by 16
Sex-Based Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Retrospective Analysis
Dematteis, G., Biscetti, F., Polla, D. D. D., Serra, A., Burzo, M. L., Fuorlo, M., Nicolazzi, M., Novelli, A., Santoliquido, A., Gambassi, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12155094 · Cited by 14
“The prevalence of PAD is increasing [2] and more than 200 million adults worldwide are suffering from PAD, almost three-quarters of them coming from low- and middle-income countries [3].”
Background
Health Care Costs Associated with the Development and Combination of Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Diseases
Nichols, G., Amitay, E., Chatterjee, S., & Steubl, D. (2023) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000212 · Cited by 14
“Professional societies and government organizations provide national estimates of costs of T2D, CVD, HF, and CKD. 5,6,8 However, these reports comingle the costs of each disease.”
Background
Bioactive Compounds and Cardiac Fibrosis: Current Insight and Future Prospect
Majid, A., Hassan, F. O., Hoque, M. M., Gbadegoye, J. O., & Lebeche, D. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10070313 · Cited by 14
“Cardiac fibrosis is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases which claim nearly 18 million deaths annually [1].”
Background
Long-term effects of particulate matter on incident cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged and elder adults: The CHARLS cohort study.
Lv, S.-Y., Shi, Y.-D., Xue, Y., Hu, Y., Hu, M., Li, S.-T., Xie, W.-H., Li, Y., Ouyang, Y., Li, Z.-W., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115181 · Cited by 14
Inequity in care delivery in cardio-oncology: dissecting disparities in underrepresented populations
Patel, S., Suero-Abreu, G., Ai, A., Ramachandran, M. K., Meza, K., & Florez, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1124447 · Cited by 14
“7% of females had CVD alongside an increased burden of risk factors such as obesity (>78%), hyperlipidemia, (37%), hypertension (>40%), physician-diagnosed diabetes (15%), lifetime tobacco use (52%) and sedentarism (35%) (48, 49).”
Background
Potentially Harmful Drug–Drug Interactions and Their Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Cardiac Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Kalash, A., Abdelrahman, A., Al-Zakwani, I., & Suleimani, Y. A. (2023) · Drugs - Real World Outcomes · doi:10.1007/s40801-023-00373-3 · Cited by 14
Scoping review of atherectomy and intravascular lithotripsy with or without balloon angioplasty in below-the-knee lesions
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Underrepresentation of Women in Late-Breaking Cardiovascular Clinical Trials
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“18,19 22 IPRs < 1.0 indicate underen-rollment of women as deﬁned by previous studies.”
Influential
Computed Tomography Assessment of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Varga-Szemes, Á., Maurovich-Horvat, P., Schoepf, U., Zsarnóczay, E., Pelberg, R., Stone, G., & Budoff, M. (2023) · Journal of thoracic imaging · doi:10.1097/rti.0000000000000711 · Cited by 14
Mechanisms of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of coronary heart disease based on integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology approach.
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The role of exosomes in regulation and application of vascular homeostasis and vascular grafts
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Intra-arterial selective hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke neuroprotection: A multicenter pilot trial in China
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Influential
Exosomal miR-202-5p derived from iPSC-MSCs protects against myocardial infarction through inhibition of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis
Chen, J.-Q., Liang, X.-T., Han, Q., He, H., Huang, X.-R., Shen, Y., Qiu, J., Lin, F., Mai, C., Li, Z., et al. (2025) · Stem cell research & therapeutics · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04390-7 · Cited by 13
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Curcumin encapsulated in PAMAM dendrimers for the therapeutic treatment of ischemic stroke in rats
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The Predictive Value of TyG Index and NLR for Risk of CHD and the Severity of Coronary Artery Lesions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Authors: Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Ferguson, J. F., Gupta, D. K., Khan, S. S., Kissela, B. M., Knutson, K. L., Lee, C. D., Lewis, T. T., Liu, J., Loop, M. S., Lutsey, P. L., Ma, J., Mackey, J., Martin, S. S., Matchar, D. B., Mussolino, M. E., Navaneethan, S. D., Perak, A. M., Roth, G. A., Samad, Z., Satou, G. M., Schroeder, E. B., Shah, S. H., Shay, C. M., Stokes, A., VanWagner, L. B., Wang, N.-Y., Tsao, C. W., & On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
ORCID: Virani, Salim S.
Aparicio, Hugo J.
Benjamin, Emelia J.
Callaway, Clifton W.
Carson, April P.
Chamberlain, Alanna M.
Cheng, Susan
Delling, Francesca N.
Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
Evenson, Kelly R.
Ferguson, Jane F.
Gupta, Deepak K.
Khan, Sadiya S.
Knutson, Kristen L.
Lee, Chong D.
Lewis, Tené T.
Liu, Junxiu
Loop, Matthew Shane
Lutsey, Pamela L.
Ma, Jun
Mackey, Jason
Martin, Seth S.
Matchar, David B.
Navaneethan, Sankar D.
Perak, Amanda Marma
Roth, Gregory A.
Samad, Zainab
Satou, Gary M.
Schroeder, Emily B.
Shah, Svati H.
Shay, Christina M.
Stokes, Andrew
VanWagner, Lisa B.
Wang, Nae-Yuh
Tsao, Connie W.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-02-23
Volume: 143
Issue: 8
Pages: e254-e743
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950
PMC: PMC13036842
OpenAlex: W3122226502
Cited by: 5,784
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 503 · 2025: 658 · 2024: 915 · 2023: 1282 · 2022: 1694 · 2021: 646
FWCI: 764.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R03HL145195, R01HL155717)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (L30 NS093634, R01NS017950)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease statistics, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health behaviors, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, venous disease, peripheral arterial disease, quality of care, health care costs, social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular disease prevention
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, Diet, Healthy, American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Diseases, Hospitalization, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Prevalence, Stroke

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