Cited by 5,784Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealthcare Systems and Public HealthHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

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Virani, Salim S., Alonso, Alvaro, Aparicio, Hugo J., Benjamin, Emelia J., Bittencourt, Marcio S., Callaway, Clifton W., Carson, April P., Chamberlain, Alanna M., Cheng, Susan, Delling, Francesca N., Elkind, Mitchell S.V., Evenson, Kelly R., Ferguson, Jane F., Gupta, Deepak K., Khan, Sadiya S., Kissela, Brett M., Knutson, Kristen L., Lee, Chong D., Lewis, Tené T., Liu, Junxiu, Loop, Matthew Shane, Lutsey, Pamela L., Ma, Jun, Mackey, Jason, Martin, Seth S., Matchar, David B., Mussolino, Michael E., Navaneethan, Sankar D., Perak, Amanda Marma, Roth, Gregory A., Samad, Zainab, Satou, Gary M., Schroeder, Emily B., Shah, Svati H., Shay, Christina M., Stokes, Andrew, VanWagner, Lisa B., Wang, Nae-Yuh, Tsao, Connie W., On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee·2021·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950PMC PMC13036842

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Abstract

Background: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). Methods: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year’s edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. Results: Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. Conclusions: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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“Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide [165], thus representing a major global health concern, and the number of affected patients has doubled in the last 10 years [166].”
Background
Empagliflozin, Health Status, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Preserved Trial
Butler, J., Filippatos, G., Jamal Siddiqi, T., Brueckmann, M., Böhm, M., Chopra, V. K., Pedro Ferreira, J., Januzzi, J. L., Kaul, S., Piña, I. L., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.057812 · Cited by 206
Self-citation
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: 2022 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Flynn, J. T., Urbina, E. M., Brady, T. M., Baker-Smith, C., Daniels, S. R., Hayman, L. L., Mitsnefes, M., Tran, A., Zachariah, J. P., & on behalf of the Atherosclerosis, H. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000215 · Cited by 202
Reducing Nontraumatic Lower-Extremity Amputations by 20% by 2030: Time to Get to Our Feet: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association
Creager, M. A., Matsushita, K., Arya, S., Beckman, J. A., Duval, S., Goodney, P. P., Gutierrez, J. A. T., Kaufman, J. A., Joynt Maddox, K. E., Pollak, A. W., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000967 · Cited by 164
Triglyceride-glucose index and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Khalaji, A., Behnoush, A. H., Khanmohammadi, S., Mardasi, K. G., Sharifkashani, S., Sahebkar, A., Vinciguerra, C., & Cannavò, A. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01973-7 · Cited by 172
Association between different insulin resistance surrogates and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension: NHANES longitudinal cohort study
Hou, X.-Z., Lv, Y.-F., Li, Y., Wu, Q., Lv, Q.-Y., Yang, Y.-T., Li, L.-L., Ye, X.-J., Yang, C.-Y., Wang, M., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02173-7 · Cited by 145
“According to the American Heart Association, more than 350,000 people die of CHD in the United States each year [1].”
Background
The impact of aerobic exercise on HDL quantity and quality: a narrative review
Franczyk, B., Gluba-Brzózka, A., Ciałkowska-Rysz, A., Ławiński, J., & Rysz, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054653 · Cited by 142
Association between anxiety and hypertension in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lim, L.-F., Solmi, M., & Cortese, S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.031 · Cited by 134
Cardiovascular Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: The Heart–Brain Axis
Saeed, A., López, O. L., Cohen, A. D., & Reís, S. E. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030780 · Cited by 181
“9,11,12 As such, efforts to maintain and improve cardio and cerebrovascular health for curtailing mortality and disability in the United States, and globally, is a shared fundamental priority from a public health domain.”
Background
Assessing and Addressing Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health
Brandt, E. J., Tobb, K., Cambron, J. C., Ferdinand, K. C., Douglass, P., Nguyen, P. K. P., Vijayaraghavan, K., Islam, S., Thamman, R., Rahman, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.042 · Cited by 166
Vascular complications of diabetes: A narrative review
Lu, Y., Wang, W., Liu, J., Xie, M., Liu, Q., & Li, S. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035285 · Cited by 171
“7% decrease in the age-standardized death rate for the 9-year period from 2010 to 2019.[88,89] DM is associated with an elevated risk of stroke.”
Self-citation
Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and risk factors
Belger, C., Abrahams, C., Imamdin, A., & Lecour, S. (2023) · International Journal of Cardiology: Heart & Vasculature · doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101332 · Cited by 113
“On the other hand, black Americans have a higher mortality rate due to heart disease than all other ethnic groups [106].”
Hypothyroidism prevalence in the United States: a retrospective study combining National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and claims data, 2009-2019.
Wyne, K. L., Nair, L., Schneiderman, C. P., Pinsky, B., Antunez Flores, O., Guo, D., Barger, B., & Tessnow, A. H. (2022) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac172 · Cited by 111
Lipoprotein(a), Oxidized Phospholipids, and Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Outcomes
Gilliland, T., Liu, Y., Mohebi, R., Miksenas, H., Haidermota, S., Wong, M., Hu, X., Cristino, J., Browne, A., Plutzky, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.050 · Cited by 110
Vulnerable or High-Risk Plaque
Vergallo, R., Park, S., Stone, G. W., Erlinge, D., Porto, I., Waksman, R., Mintz, G. S., D’Ascenzo, F., Seitun, S., Saba, L., et al. (2025) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.12.004 · Cited by 119
The role of diet and nutrition in heart failure: A state-of-the-art narrative review
Billingsley, H. E., Hummel, S. L., & Carbone, S. (2020) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.08.004 · Cited by 106
Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Quantitative Coronary Plaque and Hemodynamic Analysis for Predicting Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Koo, B.-K., Yang, S., Jung, J. W., Zhang, J.-L., Lee, K., Hwang, D., Lee, K.-S., Doh, J., Nam, C., Kim, T. H., et al. (2024) · JACC Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.03.015 · Cited by 106
Practical, evidence-based approaches to nutritional modifications to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an American Society for Preventive Cardiology Clinical Practice Statement
Belardo, D., Michos, E. D., Blankstein, R., Blumenthal, R. S., Ferdinand, K. C., Hall, K., Klatt, K., Natajaran, P., Ostfeld, R. J., Reddy, K., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100323 · Cited by 90
Personalized Intervention Based on Early Detection of Atherosclerosis
Nielsen, R. V., Fuster, V., Bundgaard, H., Fuster, J. J., Johri, A. M., Kofoed, K. F., Douglas, P. S., Diederichsen, A. C. P., Shapiro, M. D., Nicholls, S. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.053 · Cited by 98
Leptomeningeal collaterals regulate reperfusion in ischemic stroke and rescue the brain from futile recanalization
Binder, N. F., Amki, M. E., Glück, C., Middleham, W., Reuss, A. M., Bertolo, A., Thurner, P., Deffieux, T., Lambride, C., Epp, R., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.031 · Cited by 106
Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the CardioRACE trial
Lee, D.-C., Brellenthin, A. G., Lanningham-Foster, L. M., Kohut, M. L., & Li, Y. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad827 · Cited by 108
Understanding exosomes: Part 2—Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine
Miron, R. J., Estrin, N. E., Sculean, A., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12561 · Cited by 89
Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate deep vein thrombosis: from mechanism to therapy
Yao, M., Ma, J., Wu, D., Fang, C., Wang, Z., Guo, T., & Mo, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198952 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
An injectable conductive hydrogel with dual responsive release of rosmarinic acid improves cardiac function and promotes repair after myocardial infarction
Zhang, L.-H., Bei, Z.-W., Li, T., & Qian, Z.-Y. (2023) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.007 · Cited by 89
Heart Failure and Obesity: The Latest Pandemic
Aryee, E. K., Özkan, B., & Ndumele, C. E. (2023) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2023.05.003 · Cited by 100
Association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and risk of stroke incidence in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population: evidence from a large national cohort study
Zhang, Z., Zhao, L. Y., Lu, Y., Meng, X., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04309-x · Cited by 87
“Although the stable and even decreased incidence of stroke in the past two decades is encouraging, increased aging and cumulative risk factors result in an increasing risk of lifelong stroke, and the absolute number of stroke incidence, disability-adjusted life-years lost and death owing to stroke increased continuous…”
Background
Artificial intelligence for detection of cardiovascular-related diseases from wearable devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lee, S., Chu, Y., Ryu, J., Park, Y. J., Yang, S., & Koh, S. B. (2022) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.63.s93 · Cited by 88
Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A critical appraisal
Carra, M. C., Rangé, H., Caligiuri, G., & Bouchard, P. (2023) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12528 · Cited by 67
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) prognostic effects on heart failure; a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vakhshoori, M., Nemati, S., Sabouhi, S., Yavari, B., Shakarami, M., Bondariyan, N., Emami, S. A., & Shafie, D. (2023) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-023-03572-6 · Cited by 82
“HF prevalence is still rising rapidly and it has been estimated to increase by 46% in 2030 [3].”
Background
Mitochondrial dysfunction at the crossroad of cardiovascular diseases and cancer
Rocca, C., Soda, T., Francesco, E. M. D., Fiorillo, M., Moccia, F. D., Viglietto, G., Angelone, T., & Amodio, N. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04498-5 · Cited by 84
“with a high-energy demand and producing high levels of oxidative stress, such as cardiomyocytes [96, 97].”
Background
The bidirectional association between atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction
Frederiksen, T. C., Dahm, C. C., Preis, S. R., Lin, H., Trinquart, L., Benjamin, E. J., & Kornej, J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00857-3 · Cited by 95
Self-citation
Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Cause-specific Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Kapelios, C. J., Shahim, B., Lund, L. H., & Savarese, G. (2023) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2023.03 · Cited by 96
“3,28,29,37,45,47,51,52 In terms of demographics, it has been reported that black people are less likely to have HFpEF compared with white people.”
Challenges and advances in materials and fabrication technologies of small-diameter vascular grafts
Li, M.-X., Wei, Q.-Q., Mo, H.-L., Ren, Y., Zhang, W., Lu, H.-J., & Joung, Y. K. (2023) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.1186/s40824-023-00399-2 · Cited by 96
“6 million deaths in the past 30 years [1].”
Background
Primary Prevention of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults
Devesa, A., Ibáñez, B., Malick, W. A., Tinuoye, E. O., Bustamante, J., Peyra, C., Rosenson, R. S., Bhatt, D. L., Stone, G. W., & Fuster, V. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.817 · Cited by 101
Naotaifang formula attenuates OGD/R-induced inflammation and ferroptosis by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization through BMP6/SMADs signaling pathway.
Liao, J., Wei, M.-Z., Wang, J., Zeng, J.-S., Liu, D., Du, Q., Ge, J.-W., & Mei, Z.-G. (2023) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115465 · Cited by 73
Non-invasive arterial blood pressure measurement and SpO2 estimation using PPG signal: a deep learning framework
Chu, Y.-P., Tang, K.-C., Hsu, Y.-C., Huang, T.-T., Wang, D.-L., Li, W.-T., Savitz, S., Jiang, X.-Q., & Shams, S. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02215-2 · Cited by 73
“Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) higher than 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) higher than 90 mmHg [3].”
Background
Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: The promising targets for cardiovascular disease
Pang, Q., You, L., Meng, X., Li, Y., Deng, T., Li, D., & Zhu, B. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115587 · Cited by 75
Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications
Shi, Y., Ma, J., Li, S., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Liu, N., Liu, S., & Huang, H. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01929-7 · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Immune and inflammatory mechanism of remote ischemic conditioning: A narrative review
Xu, Y., Wang, Y., & Ji, X. (2023) · Brain Circulation · doi:10.4103/bc.bc_57_22 · Cited by 70
A Comprehensive Review on Heart Disease Risk Prediction using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms
Karna, V. V. R., Karna, V., Janamala, V., Devana, V. N. K. R., Ch., V. R. S., & Tummala, A. B. (2024) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-024-10194-4 · Cited by 70
“CVDs have significant health and economic impacts both in the United States and worldwide [1].”
Nativity-Related Disparities in Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among a Racially Diverse Cohort of US Women
Boakye, E., Kwapong, Y. A., Obisesan, O., Ogunwole, S. M., Hays, A. G., Nasir, K., Blumenthal, R. S., Douglas, P. S., Blaha, M. J., Hong, X., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39564 · Cited by 69
Prediction of atrial fibrillation from at-home single-lead ECG signals without arrhythmias
Gadaleta, M., Harrington, P., Barnhill, E., Hytopoulos, E., Turakhia, M. P., Steinhubl, S. R., & Quer, G. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00966-w · Cited by 75
Association of Prescription Co-payment With Adherence to Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Therapies in Patients With Heart Failure and Diabetes
Essien, U. R., Singh, B., Swabe, G., Johnson, A. E., Eberly, L. A., Wadhera, R. K., Breathett, K., Vaduganathan, M., & Magnani, J. W. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16290 · Cited by 69
Moving Towards Equity With Digital Health Innovations for Stroke Care
Verma, A., Towfighi, A., Brown, A., Abhat, A., & Casillas, A. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.035307 · Cited by 65
American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacologic Management of Adults With Dyslipidemia
Patel, S. B., Wyne, K. L., Afreen, S., Belalcazar, L. M., Bird, M. D., Coles, S., Marrs, J. C., Peng, C. C., Pulipati, V. P., Sultan, S., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.09.016 · Cited by 80
Mechanisms of Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Disease
Xu, L., Yang, Q., & Zhou, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158465 · Cited by 71
“Globally, there is an exceptionally high death and recurrence rate associated with CVD, a category of illnesses affecting the heart or blood vessels [52,53].”
Background
Association of Coronary Artery Calcium Detected by Routine Ungated CT Imaging with Cardiovascular Outcomes
Peng, A. W., Dudum, R., Jain, S. S., Maron, D. J., Patel, B. N., Khandwala, N., Eng, D., Chaudhari, A. S., Sandhu, A. T., & Rodriguez, F. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.06.040 · Cited by 67
Application of biomedical materials in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction
Zhang, J., Guo, Y., Bai, Y., & Wei, Y. (2023) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02063-2 · Cited by 78
“Numerous known risk factors of MI include smoking, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise, significantly affecting life quality [2].”
Background
Sex differences in human performance
Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284198 · Cited by 172
“…inclusion of females in clinical trials has contributed to inappropriate treatment options and poor health outcomes for females and even exacerbated cardiovascular mortality rates (Kim et al., 2010; Melloni et al., 2010; Shannon et al., 2019; Virani et al., 2021; Zucker & Prendergast, 2023).”
SHAP based predictive modeling for 1 year all-cause readmission risk in elderly heart failure patients: feature selection and model interpretation
Luo, H., Xiang, C., Zeng, L., Li, S., Xue, M., Xiong, L., Liu, Y., Wen, C., Cui, Y., Du, L., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67844-7 · Cited by 64
Assessing and managing frailty in advanced heart failure: An International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus statement
Denfeld, Q. E., Jha, S. R., Fung, E., Jaarsma, T., Maurer, M. S., Reeves, G. R., Afilalo, J., Beerli, N., Bellumkonda, L., Geest, S. D., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2023.09.013 · Cited by 69
DCRM Multispecialty Practice Recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases
Handelsman, Y., Anderson, J. E., Bakris, G. L., Ballantyne, C. M., Beckman, J. A., Bhatt, D. L., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Bozkurt, B., Budoff, M. J., Butler, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108101 · Cited by 64
Routine Electrocardiogram Screening and Cardiovascular Disease Events in Adults
Yagi, R., Mori, Y., Goto, S., Iwami, T., & Inoue, K. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2270 · Cited by 62
Associations Between Life's Essential 8 and Chronic Kidney Disease
Ren, Y.-Q., Cai, Z.-A., Guo, C.-G., Zhang, Y.-Y., Xu, H.-X., Liu, L., Wang, L.-B., Ba, Y., Liu, S.-T., Zhang, G.-J., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030564 · Cited by 61
Uric acid and neurological disease: a narrative review
Otani, N., Hoshiyama, E., Ouchi, M., Takekawa, H., & Suzuki, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1164756 · Cited by 58
Genome-wide association analysis provides insights into the molecular etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy
Zheng, S. L., Henry, A., Cannie, D. E., Lee, M., Miller, D., McGurk, K. A., Bond, I., Xu, X. Y., Issa, H. G., Francis, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01952-y · Cited by 67
“For AF and CAD, we calculated the sample prevalence by dividing the number of cases by the number of samples reported in the GWAS, and we used a population prevalence of 2.2% for AF and 7.2% for CAD 62,63 .”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Advancements in risk stratification and management strategies in primary cardiovascular prevention
Barkas, F., Şener, Y. Z., Golforoush, P. A., Kheirkhah, A., Rodríguez‐Sánchez, E., Novák, J., Apellániz-Ruiz, M., Akyea, R. K., Bianconi, V., Ceasovschih, A., et al. (2024) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117579 · Cited by 61
Neuroprotection during Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Future Therapies
Dammavalam, V. M., Lin, S. Y., Nessa, S., Daksla, N., Stefanowski, K., Costa, A., & Bergese, S. D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020891 · Cited by 61
“Consequently, the prevalence of individuals afflicted with disability due to stroke has increased, making stroke the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide [4].”
Background
Decellularized extracellular matrix materials for treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy
Liu, W., Zhang, X., Jiang, X., Dai, B., Zhang, L., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.015 · Cited by 47
“Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) remain one of the leading causes of death worldwide over the past few decades [1 – 3], opposing heavy medical and financial burdens on patients and community.”
Background
Diabetes and Progression of Heart Failure
Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ndumele, C. E., Zhang, S., Florido, R., Matsushita, K., Coresh, J., Skali, H., Shah, A. M., & Selvin, E. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.03.378 · Cited by 54
An Anatomy- and Topology-Preserving Framework for Coronary Artery Segmentation
Zhang, X., Sun, K.-C., Wu, D., Xiong, X.-S., Liu, J.-M., Yao, L.-L., Li, S.-F., Wang, Y., Feng, J., & Shen, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2023.3319720 · Cited by 54
“C ORONARY artery disease (CAD) is one of the most critical cardiovascular diseases in our daily life, which can lead to myocardial ischemia, hypoxia, or necrosis in severe cases [1], [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Team principles for successful interdisciplinary research teams
Brown, S.-A. N., Sparapani, R., Osinski, K. I., Zhang, J., Blessing, J., Cheng, F., Hamid, A. B., Bagherimohamadipour, M., Lal, J. C., Kothari, A. N., et al. (2023) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2023.100306 · Cited by 59
“The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in adults in the general population is ~50 % (including hypertension) and ~10 % (excluding hypertension) (4), associated with ~$220 billion in direct costs annually (4).”
Background
Sarcopenic obesity is associated with reduced cardiorespiratory fitness compared with nonsarcopenic obesity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Billingsley, H. E., Del Buono, M. G., Canada, J. M., Kim, Y., Damonte, J. I., Trankle, C. R., Halasz, G., Mihalick, V., Vecchié, A., Markley, R. R., et al. (2022) · Circulation: Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009518 · Cited by 52
Engineering extracellular vesicles derived from endothelial cells sheared by laminar flow for anti-atherosclerotic therapy through reprogramming macrophage
Li, C., Fang, F., Wang, E., Yang, H., Yang, X., Wang, Q., Si, L., Zhang, Z., & Liu, X. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122832 · Cited by 54
A Systematic Literature Review on Risk Factors for and Timing of Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States
Eeuwijk, J., Ferreira, G. S., Yarzabal, J., & Holle, M. R.-D. R. V. B. (2024) · Infectious Disease and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-024-00919-0 · Cited by 52
Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: A New Research Direction for Ischemic Stroke
Deng, X., Chu, W., Zhang, H., & Peng, Y. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01411-y · Cited by 55
“The absolute number of strokes, related deaths, and loss of disability-adjusted life years are increasing year by year, and the number of patients and deaths is getting younger and younger (Virani et al. 2021).”
Background
Vascular smooth muscle–specific YAP/TAZ deletion triggers aneurysm development in mouse aorta
Arévalo Martínez, M., Ritsvall, O., Bastrup, J. A., Celik, S., Jakobsson, G., Daoud, F., Winqvist, C., Aspberg, A., Rippe, C., Maegdefessel, L., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.170845 · Cited by 51
Coffee consumption and cardiometabolic health: a comprehensive review of the evidence
Ungvari, Z. I., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01262-5 · Cited by 69
Macrophage CARD9 mediates cardiac injury following myocardial infarction through regulation of lipocalin 2 expression
Liu, Y., Shao, Y., Zhang, J.-M., Wang, Y., Zhou, M. L., Li, H., Zhang, C., Yu, P.-J., Gao, S., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01635-w · Cited by 52
Emerging Roles of Gut Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid Composition in the Etiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
Yntema, T., Koonen, D. P. Y., & Kuipers, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15081850 · Cited by 58
“In accordance with the continuous ageing of the global population, CVD prevalence is steadily rising [3,4].”
Background
Translatome analysis reveals microglia and astrocytes to be distinct regulators of inflammation in the hyperacute and acute phases after stroke
Hernandez, V. G., Lechtenberg, K. J., Peterson, T. C., Zhu, L., Lucas, T. A., Bradshaw, K. P., Owah, J. O., Dorsey, A. I., Gentles, A. J., & Buckwalter, M. S. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24377 · Cited by 51
Update on sex specific risk factors in cardiovascular disease
Nguyen, A. H., Hurwitz, M., SULLIVAN, S. A., Saad, A. F., Kennedy, J. L. W., & Sharma, G. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1352675 · Cited by 61
New Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease
Kim, S., Mesquita, F. C. P., & Hochman-Mendez, C. (2023) · Texas Heart Institute Journal · doi:10.14503/thij-23-8178 · Cited by 49
Advances in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment: Current Status and Future Directions
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“Cardiovascular i , i l i g, but not limited to, coronary heart disease (CHD) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), are the principle cause of death world ide, especially in developed countries, where cardiovascular diseases affect more people than all types of cancer combined [11,12].”
Background
Machine Learning and the Conundrum of Stroke Risk Prediction
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Special Considerations for Healthy Lifestyle Promotion Across the Life Span in Clinical Settings: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
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“Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1].”
Background

Authors: Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Ferguson, J. F., Gupta, D. K., Khan, S. S., Kissela, B. M., Knutson, K. L., Lee, C. D., Lewis, T. T., Liu, J., Loop, M. S., Lutsey, P. L., Ma, J., Mackey, J., Martin, S. S., Matchar, D. B., Mussolino, M. E., Navaneethan, S. D., Perak, A. M., Roth, G. A., Samad, Z., Satou, G. M., Schroeder, E. B., Shah, S. H., Shay, C. M., Stokes, A., VanWagner, L. B., Wang, N.-Y., Tsao, C. W., & On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
ORCID: Virani, Salim S.
Aparicio, Hugo J.
Benjamin, Emelia J.
Callaway, Clifton W.
Carson, April P.
Chamberlain, Alanna M.
Cheng, Susan
Delling, Francesca N.
Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
Evenson, Kelly R.
Ferguson, Jane F.
Gupta, Deepak K.
Khan, Sadiya S.
Knutson, Kristen L.
Lee, Chong D.
Lewis, Tené T.
Liu, Junxiu
Loop, Matthew Shane
Lutsey, Pamela L.
Ma, Jun
Mackey, Jason
Martin, Seth S.
Matchar, David B.
Navaneethan, Sankar D.
Perak, Amanda Marma
Roth, Gregory A.
Samad, Zainab
Satou, Gary M.
Schroeder, Emily B.
Shah, Svati H.
Shay, Christina M.
Stokes, Andrew
VanWagner, Lisa B.
Wang, Nae-Yuh
Tsao, Connie W.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-02-23
Volume: 143
Issue: 8
Pages: e254-e743
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950
PMC: PMC13036842
OpenAlex: W3122226502
Cited by: 5,784
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 503 · 2025: 658 · 2024: 915 · 2023: 1282 · 2022: 1694 · 2021: 646
FWCI: 764.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R03HL145195, R01HL155717)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (L30 NS093634, R01NS017950)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease statistics, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health behaviors, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, venous disease, peripheral arterial disease, quality of care, health care costs, social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular disease prevention
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, Diet, Healthy, American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Diseases, Hospitalization, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Prevalence, Stroke

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