Cited by 5,784Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealthcare Systems and Public HealthHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

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Virani, Salim S., Alonso, Alvaro, Aparicio, Hugo J., Benjamin, Emelia J., Bittencourt, Marcio S., Callaway, Clifton W., Carson, April P., Chamberlain, Alanna M., Cheng, Susan, Delling, Francesca N., Elkind, Mitchell S.V., Evenson, Kelly R., Ferguson, Jane F., Gupta, Deepak K., Khan, Sadiya S., Kissela, Brett M., Knutson, Kristen L., Lee, Chong D., Lewis, Tené T., Liu, Junxiu, Loop, Matthew Shane, Lutsey, Pamela L., Ma, Jun, Mackey, Jason, Martin, Seth S., Matchar, David B., Mussolino, Michael E., Navaneethan, Sankar D., Perak, Amanda Marma, Roth, Gregory A., Samad, Zainab, Satou, Gary M., Schroeder, Emily B., Shah, Svati H., Shay, Christina M., Stokes, Andrew, VanWagner, Lisa B., Wang, Nae-Yuh, Tsao, Connie W., On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee·2021·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950PMC PMC13036842

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Abstract

Background: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs). Methods: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year’s worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year’s edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease. Results: Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics. Conclusions: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

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“Currently, it is estimated that there are approximately 15 million cases of ischemic stroke annually, of which approximately half die within a year [1,6,7,9–11 , 14].”
Sex Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction With Low Ejection Fraction: Insights From PARADISE‐MI
Wang, X., Jering, K., Čikeš, M., Tokmakova, M. P., Mehran, R., Han, Y., East, C. A., Mody, F. V., Wang, Y., Lewis, E. F., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.028942 · Cited by 18
“1 Some studies suggest that women have similar or lower mortality following ACS after adjusting for comorbidities and severity of angiographically documented disease.”
The NuroSleeve, a user-centered 3D printed hybrid orthosis for individuals with upper extremity impairment
Khantan, M., Avery, M., Aung, P. T., Zarin, R. M., Hammelef, E., Shawki, N., Serruya, M. D., & Napoli, A. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01228-2 · Cited by 17
“Stroke [1, 7, 8], SCI [4, 9, 10], and muscular dystrophy (MD) frequently result in debilitating UE motor impairments that persist beyond rehabilitation discharge [11, 12].”
Background
Inhibition of NK1.1 signaling attenuates pressure overload-induced heart failure, and consequent pulmonary inflammation and remodeling
He, X.-C., Xu, R., Pan, L.-H., Bhattarai, U., Liu, X., Zeng, H., Chen, J.-X., Hall, M. E., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215855 · Cited by 13
Non‐classical monocytes frequency and serum vitamin D3 levels are linked to diabetic foot ulcer associated with peripheral artery disease
Hammad, R., Wahab, M. A. A., Farouk, N., Zakaria, M., Eldosoky, M. A., Elmadbouly, A. A., Tahoun, S., Mahmoud, E., Khirala, S. K., Mohammed, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14048 · Cited by 13
“The presence of PAD was assessed by duplex ultrasound (Logic 9; General Electric, New York, NY, USA) to locate areas of reduced blood ﬂ ow or blockages and measure how fast blood is ﬂ owing through the arteries 17 .”
Transitions in metabolic health and onset age of cardiovascular diseases.
Zhao, M.-X., Zhang, N., Wang, M., Yao, S., Wang, C., Yun, C., Zhang, S.-J., Sun, Y., Hou, Z., Chen, S.-H., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.06.002 · Cited by 13
Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Kazé, A. D., Yuyun, M., Fonarow, G., & Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. (2023) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100382 · Cited by 13
High-definition Cathodal Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Bahr-hosseini, M., Nael, K., Unal, G., Iacoboni, M., Liebeskind, D., Bikson, M., & Saver, J. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19231 · Cited by 13
Comparison of pulmonary congestion severity using artificial intelligence-assisted scoring versus clinical experts: A secondary analysis of BLUSHED-AHF
Goldsmith, A., Jin, M., Lucassen, R., Duggan, N., Harrison, N., Wells, W., Ehrman, R., Ferre, R., Gargani, L., Noble, V., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2881 · Cited by 13
Polyphenols and Cardiometabolic Health: Knowledge and Concern among Romanian People
Haș, I. M., Teleky, B., Vodnar, D. C., Ștefănescu, B. E., Ţiţ, D. M., & Nițescu, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15102281 · Cited by 14
“In this sense, the most common unhealthy eating habits are considered: a diet high in saturated fat, an increased salt intake, and a low consumption of dietary fiber (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) [8].”
Background
Effect of inpatient rehabilitation facility care on ninety day modified Rankin score in ischemic stroke patients.
Manchi, M. R., Venkatachalam, A. M., Atem, F. D., Stone, S., Mathews, A., Abraham, A. M., Chavez, A., Welch, B., & Ifejika, N. (2023) · Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107109 · Cited by 13
Transcriptomic reprogramming for neuronal age reversal
Pleşa, A. M., Shadpour, M., Boyden, E. S., & Church, G. M. (2023) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-023-02529-1 · Cited by 13
Ensemble learning approach with explainable AI for improved heart disease prediction
Adekoya, A., Saeed, F., Ghaban, W., & Qasem, S. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1654681 · Cited by 12
Familial Hypercholesterolemia Screening in Childhood and Early Adulthood: A Cost-Effectiveness Study.
Bellows, B., Zhang, Y.-Y., Ruiz‐Negrón, N., Kazi, D. S., Khera, A. V., Woo, J. G., Urbina, E. M., Jacobs, D., Allen, N., Wong, J. B., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.20648 · Cited by 12
Prognostic value of the lactate-to-albumin ratio in critically ill chronic heart failure patients with sepsis: insights from a retrospective cohort study
Gou, J.-Q., Liu, C.-H., Lang, M.-J., & Yao, F.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1593524 · Cited by 12
Cardiac Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure
Chaudhari, M., & Ashwath, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145002 · Cited by 12
“Prevalence varies from 1% to 2% of the adult population in Europe to exceeding 10% in people over 70 years of age [2,3].”
Influential
Treatment Patterns and Healthcare Costs Among Patients with Stroke and Spasticity: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study
Hull, M., Anupindi, V. R., He, J., DeKoven, M., Goldberg, J., & Bouchard, J. (2024) · Neurological Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s40120-024-00692-9 · Cited by 12
Reversal in the trends of atherosclerosis-associated cerebrovascular disease mortality in the United States, 1999-2020.
Ansari, H., Mahboob, E., Samad, M. A., Shahzad, M., Ahmed, M., Naqvi, S., Qazi, S., Ahmed, F., Ross-Kenny, H., Baniowda, M. A., et al. (2024) · Current problems in cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102935 · Cited by 12
Impact of frailty in hospitalized patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
Ali, S., Kumar, M., Khlidj, Y., Hendricks, E., Farooq, F., Alruwaili, W., Keisham, B., Duhan, S., Gonuguntla, K., Sattar, Y., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.16383 · Cited by 12
“3 Studies have shown an elevated incidence of complications linked to atrial fibrillation in patients aged 75 years and above, 4,5 despite catheter ablation (CA) being shown in studies to be safe and effective in patients with advanced age.”
Non-invasive heart failure monitoring: leveraging smart scales and digital biomarkers to improve heart failure outcomes
Wattanachayakul, P., Kittipibul, V., Salah, H. M., Yaku, H., Núñez, J., de la Espriella, R., Biering-Sørensen, T., & Fudim, M. (2024) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-024-10426-6 · Cited by 12
“Recent data indicate a projected 34% increase in prevalence over the next decade, leading to a corresponding 127% rise in healthcare expenses [2, 3].”
Modulating the RPS27A/PSMD12/NF-κB pathway to control immune response in mouse brain ischemia-reperfusion injury
Li, X.-C., Qiao, M., Zhou, Y., Peng, Y., Wen, G., Xie, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00870-3 · Cited by 12
“Ischemic stroke is a prevalent subtype of stroke that can result in severe brain damage in patients, ranging from disability to fatality (Meng et al. 2021; Virani et al. 2021).”
Background
Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Stroke: Modulating the Adult Neural Stem Cell Niche through the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway.
Xu, J.-D., Liu, S.-Y., Xu, L.-X., Zhang, Y.-N., Jiang, W.-R., & Chu, L.-S. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2307131 · Cited by 12
“Ischemic strokes account for approximately 80% of all stroke cases, with middle cerebral artery thromboembolism as the principal etiology [1].”
Background
Impact of hypertension and arterial wall expansion on transport properties and atherosclerosis progression.
Hernández-López, P., Laita, N., Cilla, M., Martínez, M. A., & Peña, E. (2024) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112212 · Cited by 12
Associations between lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and extracoronary vascular disease
Bellomo, T., Liu, Y.-X., Gilliland, T., Miksenas, H., Haidermota, S., Wong, M., Hu, X.-D., Cristino, J., Browne, A., Plutzky, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100585 · Cited by 12
“Extracoronary vascular diseases are progressive chronic diseases characterized by arterial narrowing due to atherosclerotic plaque, which results in insufficient blood flow to the affected organ (6, 7).”
Background
Reciprocal regulation of cardiac β-oxidation and pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin
Elnwasany, A., Ewida, H. A., Menendez-Montes, I., MIZERSKA, M. N., Fu, X., Kim, C.-W., Horton, J. D., Burgess, S. C., Rothermel, B. A., Szweda, P. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107412 · Cited by 13
Extracorporeal-CPR Versus Conventional-CPR for Adult Patients in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest– Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Reddy, S., Garcia, S., Hostetter, L., Finch, A. S., Bellolio, F., Guru, P., Gerberi, D., & Smischney, N. (2024) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666241303851 · Cited by 12
CRIF1 attenuates doxorubicin-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and myocardial senescence via regulating PXDN
Zhou, L., Zhai, G., & Tian, G. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205664 · Cited by 12
Vericiguat in patients with heart failure across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction: a patient-level, pooled meta-analysis of VITALITY-HFpEF and VICTORIA
Chen, C., Lv, J.-X., & Liu, C.-Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1335531 · Cited by 12
“Approximately 65 million adults worldwide have heart failure (HF), and the incidence and prevalence are expected to continue to increase in the coming decades (1, 2); HF continues to have one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates globally (3).”
Background
The Pink Tax: Sex and Gender Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease
Martinez, A., Huang, J., & Harzand, A. (2024) · US Cardiology Review · doi:10.15420/usc.2022.28 · Cited by 13
“1 However, there may be aspects of social determinants of health attributed to such differences, since women with PAD are often non-white, avoid medical care because of cost, live alone, and have low physical and social functioning compared with men.”
Background
The potential role and mechanism of circRNAs in Ferroptosis: A comprehensive review
Arabpour, J., Rezaei, K., Khojini, J. Y., Razi, S., Hayati, M. J., & Hayat, S. M. G. (2024) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2024.155203 · Cited by 13
Omega-3 supplementation and outcomes of heart failure: A systematic review of clinical trials
Nomali, M., Heidari, M. E., Ayati, A., Tayebi, A., Shevchuk, O. O., Mohammadrezaei, R., Navid, H., Khayyatzadeh, S. S., Palii, S. M., Shiran, F. V., et al. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000036804 · Cited by 13
“[1] 5] Despite the recent advancements in both pharmaceutical and interventional treatments, HF remains a leading cause of mortality and recurrent hospitalization.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Machine learning-based prediction of composite risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stable angina pectoris combined with coronary heart disease: development and validation of a clinical prediction model for Chinese patients
Wang, Z.-H., Sun, Z.-Y., Yu, L., Wang, Z.-T., Li, L., & Lu, X.-Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1334439 · Cited by 12
Machine learning approaches for cardiovascular hypertension stage estimation using photoplethysmography and clinical features
Abdullah, S., & Kristoffersson, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1285066 · Cited by 12
Association between type of congenital heart disease with child growth and development status: A cross-sectional study in Medan, Indonesia
Amelia, P., Yosephine, A. G., Tobing, T. C., Savira, M., Viandy, V., & Inglin, M. (2023) · Narra J · doi:10.52225/narra.v3i3.414 · Cited by 12
“C ongenital heart disease (CHD) is defined as a structural disorder characterized by malformations in the heart, heart valves, or large blood vessels [1].”
Background
Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review of the Literature, Current Challenges, and Ways Forward
Snyder, D. J., Zilinyi, R. S., Cohen, D. J., Parikh, S. A., & Sethi, S. S. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032146 · Cited by 16
Perspectives on Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Qualitative Study of Early Diagnosis and Treatment and the Impact of Health Disparities
Grant, C. C., Cuddeback, J. K., Alabi, O., Hicks, C. W., Sadik, K., & Ciemins, E. L. (2023) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2023.0095 · Cited by 13
“2 Before that, the term critical limb ischemia (CLI) was commonly used.].”
Background
Development of a New Class of Potent and Highly Selective G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Inhibitors and Structural Insight from Crystal Structures of Inhibitor Complexes
Chen, Y., Sonawane, A. D., Manda, R., Gadi, R. K., Tesmer, J., & Ghosh, A. K. (2023) · European journal of medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115931 · Cited by 12
It can be safe to discontinue oral anticoagulants after successful atrial fibrillation ablation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Wang, X.-Y., Li, M.-H., Wang, X.-S., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035518 · Cited by 12
Epicardial Adipose Tissue: a Potential Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases
Fang, W.-X., Xie, S., & Deng, W. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-023-10442-1 · Cited by 12
Knowledge and awareness of stroke in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study of the general population
Jirjees, F., Al-Obaidi, H., Barakat, M. M., Kharaba, Z., ALSalamat, H. A., Khidhair, Z., Alfoteih, Y., Eltayib, E., Mansour, S., Hallit, S., et al. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.134328.1 · Cited by 12
A hybrid machine learning and natural language processing model for early detection of acute coronary syndrome
Emakhu, J., Etu, E.-E., Monplaisir, L. F., Aguwa, C. C., Arslanturk, S., Masoud, S., Tenebe, I. T., Nassereddine, H., Hamam, M. S., & Miller, J. B. (2023) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2023.100249 · Cited by 10
Gene therapy for heart failure: A novel treatment for the age old disease.
Vora, N., Patel, P., Gajjar, A., Ladani, P., Konat, A., Bhanderi, D., Gadam, S., Prajjwal, P., Sharma, K., & Arunachalam, S. P. (2023) · Disease-a-month : DM · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101636 · Cited by 12
Evolutionary Action–Machine Learning Model Identifies Candidate Genes Associated With Early‐Onset Coronary Artery Disease
Shapiro, D., Lee, K. D., Asmussen, J. K., Bourquard, T., & Lichtarge, O. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.029103 · Cited by 14
Persistent mortality and heart failure burden of anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction following primary percutaneous coronary intervention: real-world evidence from the US Medicare Data Set
Martin, J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070210 · Cited by 12
A Serious Game System for Upper Limb Motor Function Assessment of Hemiparetic Stroke Patients
Jiang, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, T., Ma, M.-H., Tang, M., & Chai, Y. (2023) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3281408 · Cited by 12
“Stroke kills 10% of people worldwide and is the leading cause of death and disability in adults [2].”
Background
Systematic review on the application of computational fluid dynamics as a tool for the design of coronary artery stents
Valentim, M. X. G., Zinani, F., da Fonseca, C. E., & Wermuth, D. P. (2023) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43088-023-00382-9 · Cited by 12
“Atherosclerosis is among the diseases that cause the most deaths [1].”
Background
Heart failure–related genes associated with oxidative stress and the immune landscape in lung cancer
Duan, R., Ye, K., Li, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, J., & Ren, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167446 · Cited by 13
“Hypertension, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are the main risk factors for HF (4).”
Background
Role of Influenza Vaccination in Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gupta, R., Quy, R., Lin, M., Mahajan, P., Malik, A., Sood, A., Sreenivasan, J., Bandyopadhyay, D., Goel, A., Agrawal, A., et al. (2023) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000533 · Cited by 12
Endothelial cell direct reprogramming: Past, present, and future
Cho, S., Aakash, P., Lee, S., & Yoon, Y. (2023) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.04.006 · Cited by 14
The impact of Emblica Officinalis (Amla) on lipid profile, glucose, and C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Setayesh, L., Haghighat, N., Rasaei, N., Rezaei, M., Casazza, K., Nadery, M., yamrali, I., Zamani, M., & Asbaghi, O. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102729 · Cited by 11
Association between lipoprotein(a), LPA genetic risk score, aortic valve disease, and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events
Moore, M. K., Jones, G. T., McCormick, S., Williams, M. J. A., & Coffey, S. (2024) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae100 · Cited by 11
Glucagon in metabolic disease: a mini-review of emerging multi-organ roles beyond glycemic control
Lee, S. H., Park, H. Y., Yun, J. H., & Kyoung, E. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1645041 · Cited by 13
“In the United States, more than 28.5 million adults have been diagnosed with DM, while an estimated 8.5 million remain undiagnosed, and 96 million are classi ﬁ ed as having prediabetes (2).”
Influential
Does Nigella sativa supplementation improve cardiovascular disease risk factors? A comprehensive GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 82 randomized controlled trials.
Jafari, A., Mardani, H., Faghfouri, A. H., Fashtali, Z. M., Hashemi, M., Yousefabady, M. A., Javid, R., Golabi, S., Arghavan, B., Musazadeh, V., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107882 · Cited by 11
Programmable probiotic consortium employ an oleic acid-inducible system to sense and degrade cholesterol in high-fat diet mice
Yang, Q., Xiang, W. D., Khan, A., Salama, E., Kulshrestha, S., Ji, J., Wu, Y., & Li, X. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2531198 · Cited by 10
“1,67 In this study, lipid levels in mice fed a high-fat diet and treated with GR-Syncon were found to approach those observed in regular diet mice.”
The triglyceride-glucose index positively associates with the prevalence and severity of coronary heart disease in patients among hypertension
Wu, L., Bao, X., Xu, J., Ma, L., Kang, L., & Zhang, R.-L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03948-y · Cited by 11
Global, regional, and national trends in tobacco-induced cardiovascular disease burden for 1990–2021 with projections to 2045: A comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Zhu, X., Chen, L., Yang, X., Du, Y., Zhao, Y., Hu, T., Sun, N., Sun, Q., Liang, W., Wei, X., et al. (2025) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/204008 · Cited by 11
“The elderly population, particularly those aged ≥ 80 years, faces a significantly higher CVD mortality burden due to aging-related vulnerabilities and physiological factors 15,16 .”
Mitochondria‑derived peptides: Promising microproteins in cardiovascular diseases (Review)
Ran, Y., Guo, Z.-L., Zhang, L., Li, H., Zhang, X.-Y., Guan, X.-M., Cui, X.-D., Chen, H., & Cheng, M. (2025) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2025.13492 · Cited by 11
3D-Printing of Artificial Aortic Heart Valve Using UV-Cured Silicone: Design and Performance Analysis
Ertas, A., Farley-Talamantes, E., Çuvalcı, O., & Gecgel, O. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12010094 · Cited by 11
“Ventricular heart disease, a significant contemporary health issue, impacts 3.1% of the adult population [11].”
Influential
The association between circulating short-chain fatty acids and blood pressure in Chinese elderly population
Zhou, J., Zhang, H., Huo, P., Shen, H., Huang, Q. E., Yang, L., Liu, A., Chen, G., Tao, F., Liu, K., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78463-7 · Cited by 11
Diltiazem Hydrochloride Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a BNIP3L/NIX-Mediated Mitophagy Manner
Zhou, X., Lu, Q., Wang, Q., Chu, W., Huang, J., Yu, J.-M., Nong, Y., & Lu, W. (2024) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s493037 · Cited by 11
Physiological characteristics of blood pressure responses after combined exercise in elderly hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, Z.-H., Lv, M., Li, Z., Gao, W., & Li, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1404127 · Cited by 11
Getting in the zone: Metabolite transport across liver zones
van de Graaf, S. F. J., Paulusma, C. C., & Panhuis, W. I. H. (2024) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.14239 · Cited by 11
“4 7 Intriguingly, some individuals do not develop cardiometabolic disease while sharing the same risk profile as individuals that do develop it.”
Lipid Accumulation Product Is Predictive of Cardiovascular Hospitalizations among Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Long-Term Follow-Up of the LAERTES Study
Papathanasiou, K. A., Roussos, C. E., Armylagos, S., Rallidis, S. L., & Rallidis, L. S. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd11100316 · Cited by 13
“Stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) is among the most prevalent diseases worldwide and its burden will increase in the coming years, driven by population aging and the global obesity epidemic [1].”
Background
Qili Qiangxin capsule attenuates myocardial fibrosis by modulating collagen homeostasis post-infarction in rats
Sun, M., Liu, C.-H., Gao, K., Xu, X., Chen, K., Qiu, L., & Wang, X. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310897 · Cited by 11
Integrated renal and sympathetic mechanisms underlying the development of sex- and age-dependent hypertension and the salt sensitivity of blood pressure
Frame, A. A., Nist, K. M., Kim, K., Puleo, F. J., Moreira, J. D., Swaldi, H., McKenna, J., & Wainford, R. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01266-1 · Cited by 11
“The prevalence of hypertension increases with age, from 46% of US adults aged 20–44 years to > 78% of US adults aged over 65 years [1], and the associated risk of hyper-tension-related morbidity and mortality increases with age [2].”
Background
Preventive Service Usage and New Chronic Disease Diagnoses: Using PCORnet Data to Identify Emerging Trends, United States, 2018–2022
Jackson, S. L., Lekiachvili, A., Block, J. P., Richards, T. B., Nagavedu, K., Draper, C., Koyama, A. K., Womack, L. S., Carton, T. W., Mayer, K., et al. (2024) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd21.230415 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness of home-based cardiac telerehabilitation based on wearable ECG or heart rate monitoring devices in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Gong, X.-Y., Cheng, J., Wu, Y.-T., He, F., Wang, S.-H., Liu, C., Zhu, Y., & Xu, K.-H. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.05.036 · Cited by 11
Gender differences in risk factors for ischemic stroke: a longitudinal cohort study in East China
Bai, X., Li, Z., Cai, Z., Yao, M., Chen, L., & Wang, Y. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03678-0 · Cited by 13
“For the first time in the Greater Cincinnati Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS) in 2015, stroke case fatality rates for women exceeded those for men, even after adjusting for age [16, 17].”
Background
National trends in nine key minerals intake (quantity and source) among U.S. adults, 1999 to march 2020
Yan, X., Wang, X.-Y., Zhang, J., Zhu, M., Zhang, C., Ma, P., Liu, Q.-M., Xu, Y., Cheng, L., Pang, X., et al. (2024) · Nutrix Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00950-4 · Cited by 11
“Recent data indicated that the chronic diseases morbidity and mortality rate have stalled or deteriorated among U.S. adults [5–7], although macronutrient composition and overall dietary quality improved in the past decade [8–10].”
Background
Sleep Patterns and Traditional Cardiovascular Health Metrics: Joint Impact on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in a Prospective Cohort Study
You, S., Zhang, H.-F., Zhang, S.-L., Gao, Q.-Y., Cai, Y.-W., Huang, Z.-G., Wu, Y.-B., Chen, Y.-X., Wang, J.-F., Gao, J.-W., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.033043 · Cited by 11
Risk Factors for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Related Myocarditis: An Integrative Review
Otto, S. M., Ashley Martinez, D., & Joyce E. Dains, D. (2024) · Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology · doi:10.6004/jadpro.2024.15.2.4 · Cited by 8
“For persons aged 60 to 79 years old, 22% of males and 13.4% of females had coronary heart disease, and in those aged 80 years or older, 33.9% of males and 21.6% of females had CV disease with hypertension (Virani et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
Lifestyle behaviors, social and economic disadvantages, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: results from the US National Health Interview Survey
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Multi-parametric MRI Assessment of Melatonin Regulating the Polarization of Microglia in Rats after Cerebral Ischemia/reperfusion Injury.
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Background

Authors: Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., Elkind, M. S. V., Evenson, K. R., Ferguson, J. F., Gupta, D. K., Khan, S. S., Kissela, B. M., Knutson, K. L., Lee, C. D., Lewis, T. T., Liu, J., Loop, M. S., Lutsey, P. L., Ma, J., Mackey, J., Martin, S. S., Matchar, D. B., Mussolino, M. E., Navaneethan, S. D., Perak, A. M., Roth, G. A., Samad, Z., Satou, G. M., Schroeder, E. B., Shah, S. H., Shay, C. M., Stokes, A., VanWagner, L. B., Wang, N.-Y., Tsao, C. W., & On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
ORCID: Virani, Salim S.
Aparicio, Hugo J.
Benjamin, Emelia J.
Callaway, Clifton W.
Carson, April P.
Chamberlain, Alanna M.
Cheng, Susan
Delling, Francesca N.
Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
Evenson, Kelly R.
Ferguson, Jane F.
Gupta, Deepak K.
Khan, Sadiya S.
Knutson, Kristen L.
Lee, Chong D.
Lewis, Tené T.
Liu, Junxiu
Loop, Matthew Shane
Lutsey, Pamela L.
Ma, Jun
Mackey, Jason
Martin, Seth S.
Matchar, David B.
Navaneethan, Sankar D.
Perak, Amanda Marma
Roth, Gregory A.
Samad, Zainab
Satou, Gary M.
Schroeder, Emily B.
Shah, Svati H.
Shay, Christina M.
Stokes, Andrew
VanWagner, Lisa B.
Wang, Nae-Yuh
Tsao, Connie W.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2021-02-23
Volume: 143
Issue: 8
Pages: e254-e743
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000950
PMC: PMC13036842
OpenAlex: W3122226502
Cited by: 5,784
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 503 · 2025: 658 · 2024: 915 · 2023: 1282 · 2022: 1694 · 2021: 646
FWCI: 764.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R03HL145195, R01HL155717)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (L30 NS093634, R01NS017950)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease statistics, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health behaviors, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, venous disease, peripheral arterial disease, quality of care, health care costs, social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular disease prevention
MeSH terms: Global Burden of Disease, Diet, Healthy, American Heart Association, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Diseases, Hospitalization, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Prevalence, Stroke

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