Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee

In the paper

“In those same years, average cholesterol intakes for men and women ages 20 to 74 years were 341 mg and 242 mg, respectively.46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 46. Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:552-556. source

In the paper

“For all age groups of the US population, in 1999 to 2000, the daily mean percentage of calories from saturated fats was 11.2.46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] 46. Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:552-556. source

In the paper

“The intake of added sugars (sucrose, corn syrup, and high-fructose corn syrup) increased from 13.1% of energy during the period 1977 to 1978 to 16.6% of energy during 1999 to 2002.52,53”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [52] 52. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005.
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  cites [53] 53. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Admin- istration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Nutrition Sub- committee Meeting: Total fat and trans fat; April 27, 2004; Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/transcripts/ 4035t1.htm. Accessed May 18, 2006.

In the paper

“Between 1977 to 1978 and 1994 to 1996, consumption of away food increased from 18% to 32% of calories.65”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [65] 65. Provisional Table on the Nutrient Content of Beverages. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture; 1982. Available at: http://www.nal. usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data. Accessed Feb 1, 2006.

In the paper

“trans fatty acid intake has been estimated to be Ϸ2.7% of energy.47”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] 47. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Admin- istration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Methylmercury in fish-summary of key findings from focus groups about the methyl- mercury advisory. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/dms/ admehg3g.html. Accessed May 18, 2006.

In the paper

“No meaningful benefit of soy consumption is evident with regard to HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or lipoprotein(a).”

In the paper

“Maximum effects are observed at plant stanol/sterol intakes of Ϸ2 g per day.”

In the paper

“Trials of homocysteine-reducing vitamin therapy have been disappointing, however.78 -82”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] 78. Weggemans RM, Trautwein EA. Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:940 -946. source
• Not checked yetcites [79] 79. Malinow MR, Bostom AG, Krauss RM. Homocyst(e)ine, diet, and car- diovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;99: 178 -182. source
• Not checked yetcites [80] 80. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, Sides EG, Wang CH, Stampfer M. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:565-575. source
• Not checked yetcites [81] 81. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, Borner C, Dille J, Kallmayer K, Pasalary MN, Scherer E, Dambrink JH. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2673-2681. source
• Not checked yetcites [82] 82. Potena L, Grigioni F, Magnani G, Ortolani P, Coccolo F, Sassi S, Koessels K, Marrozzini C, Marzocchi A, Carigi S, Musuraca AC, Russo A, Magelli C, Branzi A. Homocysteine-lowering therapy and early pro- gression of transplant vasculopathy: a prospective, randomized, IVUS-based study. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:2258 -2264. source

In the paper

“No one factor appears responsible for the epidemic.”

In the paper

“Plant stanols/sterols lower LDL cholesterol levels by up to 15% 85 and therefore are seen as a therapeutic option, in addition to diet and lifestyle modification, for individuals with elevated LDL cholesterol levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] 85. Howard BV, Kritchevsky D. Phytochemicals and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Asso- ciation. Circulation. 1997;95:2591-2593.

In the paper

“As levels of LDL cholesterol increase, so does the risk of developing CVD.15”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. Hill JO, Thompson H, Wyatt H. Weight maintenance: what's missing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(suppl 1):S63-S66.

In the paper

“The strongest dietary determinants of elevated LDL cholesterol concentrations are dietary saturated fatty acid and trans fatty acid intakes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] 16. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutri. 2005;82:222S-225S. source

In the paper

“Obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD.11”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [11] 11. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2005 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2005. Available at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml!identifierϭ1928. Accessed May 31, 2006.

In the paper

“Increased emphasis should be put on prevention of weight gain, because achievement and maintenance of weight loss, although certainly possible, require more difficult behavioral changes (ie, greater calorie reduction and more physical activity) than prevention of weight gain in the first place.13,14”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Rashid MN, Fuentes F, Touchon RC, Wehner PS. Obesity and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol. 2003;6:42-47. source
• ?Not matched

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  cites [14] 14. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines on Over- weight and Obesity: Electronic Textbook. Available at: http:// www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/e_txtbk/ratnl/23.htm. Accessed May 18, 2006.

In the paper

“Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with reduced cardiovascular events in many populations.2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] 2. Ten-Year Risk Assessment Tool: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/atpiii/ riskcalc.htm BMI Calculator: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/bmi_palm.htm Obesity Education Initiative Guidelines Implementation Tool: http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/obgdpalm.htm Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 (In addition to the guide- lines, link contains several other links to tools and other resources on diet and physical activity.): http://www.healthierus.gov/ dietaryguidelines USDA National Nutrient Database (nutrient content of individual foods): http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data What You Need to Know About Mercury in

In the paper

“A few clinical outcome trials have documented that replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fats reduces the risk of developing CHD, whereas prospective observational studies have documented that diets rich in monounsaturated fats are associated with a reduced risk of CHD.”

In the paper

“However, in view of the available high-sodium food supply and the currently high levels of sodium consumption, a reduction in sodium intake to 1.5 g/d (65 mmol/d) is not easily achievable at present.”

In the paper

“On the basis of the overwhelming evidence for the adverse effects of tobacco products and secondary exposure to tobacco smoke on CVD, as well as cancer and other serious illness, the AHA strongly and unequivocally endorses efforts to eliminate the use of tobacco products and minimize exposure to second-hand smoke.26 -28”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] 26. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K. Does physical activity prevent weight gain-a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2000;1:95-111. source
• Not checked yetcites [27] 27. Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, Bayes de Luna A, Corrado D, Crosson JE, Deal BJ, Driscoll DJ, Estes NA 3rd, Araujo CG, Liang DH, Mitten MJ, Myerburg RJ, Pelliccia A, Thompson PD, Towbin JA, Van Camp SP; Working Groups of the American Heart Association Com- mittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Recom- mendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. 2004; 109:2807-2816. source
• Not checked yetcites [28] 28. Ockene IS, Miller NH. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association, American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation. 1997;96:3243-3247. source

In the paper

“The macronutrient composition of a diet (ie, the amount of fat, carbohydrate, and protein) has little effect on energy balance unless macronutrient manipulation influences total energy intake or expenditure.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] 30. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation. 2005;111:2684 -2698.

In the paper

“On average, as salt (sodium chloride) intake increases, so does BP.59,60”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] 59. Ariza AJ, Chen EH, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK. Risk factors for over- weight in five-to six-year-old Hispanic-American children: a pilot study. J Urban Health. 2004;81:150 -161. source
• Not checked yetcites [60] 60. Bell EA, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food. Physiol Behav. 2003; 78(4 -5):593-600. source

In the paper

“Some evidence suggests that calories consumed as liquid are not as satiating as calories consumed as solid food.58”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [58] 58. Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obes Res. 2004; 12:778 -788. source

In the paper

“By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular”

In the paper

“Major sources of dietary cholesterol are foods of animal origin (eggs, dairy, and meat).”

In the paper

“Hence, CVD benefit is likely to accrue by adherence to a healthy diet and lifestyle even if these risk factors are not markedly altered.”

In the paper

“Increased dietary cholesterol intake also raises LDL cholesterol concentrations.”

In the paper

“Many types of away foods, particularly traditional quick-serve, are also high in saturated fat, trans fatty acids, cholesterol, added sugars, and sodium and low in fiber and micronutrients.”

In the paper

“Because cessation of smoking in habitual smokers can be associated with weight gain, particular attention should be given to preventing this outcome.29”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [29] 29. Passive smoke nearly as bad for heart as smoking [press release]. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association Public and Media Relations; 2005.

In the paper

“Current estimates indicate that 61% of US adults do not engage in any regular physical activity.9”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [9] 9. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:201-209.

In the paper

“A substantial body of evidence strongly supports the concept that multiple dietary factors affect BP.21”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] 21. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies [published correction appears in Lancet. 2002;361:1060]. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-1913.

In the paper

“If a specific food or category of foods is added to, rather than used to displace, other food from the diet (eg, as a result of an FDA claim or new research finding), then the additional calories can lead to weight gain.”

In the paper

“Regular daily physical activity has been shown to be particularly effective in maintaining weight loss once achieved.14”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines on Over- weight and Obesity: Electronic Textbook. Available at: http:// www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/e_txtbk/ratnl/23.htm. Accessed May 18, 2006.

In the paper

“This factor may negatively affect attempts to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.”

In the paper

“The concentration of HDL cholesterol is inversely associated with the risk of developing CVD.15”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Hill JO, Thompson H, Wyatt H. Weight maintenance: what's missing? J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(suppl 1):S63-S66. source

In the paper

“The consumption of 2 servings (Ϸ8 ounces) per week of fish high in EPA and DHA is associated with a reduced risk of both sudden death and death from coronary artery disease in adults.42,43”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] 42. Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. Dietary fiber and body-weight regulation. Observations and mechanisms. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48: 969 -980. source
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  cites [43] 43. Schneeman BO. Gastrointestinal physiology and functions. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(suppl 2):S159 -S163.

In the paper

“Replacement of some carbohydrates with either protein from plant sources or with monounsaturated fat can further lower BP.6”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] 6. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE proj- ect. JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439. source

In the paper

“In view of the positive linear relationship among dietary saturated fat, LDL cholesterol, and CVD risk, and current US intakes, the AHA now recommends a population-wide goal of Ͻ7% of energy.”

In the paper

“A few clinical outcome trials have documented that replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fats reduces the risk of developing CHD, whereas prospective observational studies have documented that diets rich in monounsaturated fats are associated with a reduced risk of CHD.”

In the paper

“Saturated and trans fatty acid intakes are directly related to LDL cholesterol levels.48 -50”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] 48. Briefel RR, Johnson CL. Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Ann Rev Nutr. 2004:24;401-431.
• Not checked yetcites [49] 49. Allison DB, Egan SK, Barraj LM, Caughman C, Infante M, Heimbach JT. Estimated intakes of trans fatty and other fatty acids in the US population. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:166 -176. source
• Not checked yetcites [50] 50. Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Wash- ington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005.

In the paper

“Contamination of certain fish with methyl mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other organic compounds is a potential concern.44”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] 44. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-2757. source

In the paper

“Dietary fiber may promote satiety by slowing gastric emptying, leading to an overall decrease in calorie intake.40,41”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] 40. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: a prospective study. JAMA. 2000;284:1534 -1540. source
• Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Erkkilä AT, Herrington DM, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH. Cereal fiber and whole-grain intake are associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2005;150:94 -101. source

In the paper

“Diets low in saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol reduce the risk of CVD, in large part through their effects on LDL cholesterol levels.”

In the paper

“In longitudinal observation studies, persons who regularly consume such diets are at a lower risk of developing CVD, particularly stroke.32,33”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] 32. Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, Allison DB, Pi-Sunyer X, Hong Y, Eckel RH; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabo- lism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Cir- culation. 2004;110:2652-2967. source
• Not checked yetcites [33] 33. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER 3rd, Lin PH, Karanja NM, Most-Windhauser MM, Moore TJ, Swain JF, Bales CW, Proschan MA; DASH Research Group. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:80 -89. source

In the paper

“In general, the effects of sodium reduction on BP tend to be greater in blacks; middle-aged and older-aged persons; and individuals with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease (CKD).”

In the paper

“The major nongenetic determinants of low HDL cholesterol levels are hyperglycemia, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, very low-fat diets (Ͻ15% energy as fat), and excess body weight.17”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] 17. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486 -2497. source

In the paper

“However, even if partially hydrogenated fats were removed from the food supply, it is estimated that trans fats still would represent Ϸ1% of the calories because some trans fatty acids are produced from deodorization of vegetable oils and because meat and dairy products contain naturally occurring trans fatty acids.50”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [50] 50. Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Wash- ington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005.

In the paper

“Therefore, diets high in vegetables and fruits meet micronutrient, macronutrient, and fiber requirements without adding substantially to overall energy consumption.”

In the paper

“HDL directly protects against the development of atherosclerosis.”

In the paper

“Because of the high incidence of CVD events in older-aged individuals, even relatively small improvements in risk factors (eg, small reductions in BP and LDL cholesterol through diet and lifestyle changes) should be of substantial benefit.88,89”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] 88. Applegate WB, Miller ST, Elam JT, Cushman WC, el Derwi D, Brewer A, Graney MJ. Nonpharmacologic intervention to reduce blood pressure in older patients with mild hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152: 1162-1166. source
• Not checked yetcites [89] 89. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, Kumanyika S, Lacy CR, Johnson KC, Folmar S, Cutler J. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic inter- ventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group [published correction in JAMA. 1998;279:1954]. JAMA. 1998;279: 839 -846. source

In the paper

“Replacing meat with dairy and vegetable alternatives may also slow loss of kidney function.94”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] 94. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L. Very low fat diets [published correction in Circulation. 1998;98:1828]. Circulation. 1998;98:935-939. source

In the paper

“Fish intake has been associated with decreased risk of CVD.83,84”

What the sources say

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  cites [83] 83. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen MJ, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Held C, Genest J Jr; Heart Outcomes Pre- vention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354: 1567-1577.
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  cites [84] 84. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, Schirmer H, Tverdal A, Steigen T, Wang H, Nordrehaug JE, Arnesen E, Rasmussen K; NORVIT Trial Investigators. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1578 -1588.

In the paper

“Folate intake and to a lesser extent intake of vitamins B6 and B12 are inversely associated with blood homocysteine levels.”

In the paper

“In observational studies, increased blood levels of homocysteine are associated with an increased risk of CVD.77”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] 77. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL. A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2070 -2076.

In the paper

“It is well recognized that individuals of lower socioeconomic status have a higher incidence of CVD than do individuals of higher socioeconomic status.”

In the paper

“There is a growing agreement among experts that changes in the environment are a major driving force behind the obesity epidemic.97”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [97] 97. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289:76 -79.

In the paper

“Reducing caloric intake while maintaining a moderatefat diet and increasing physical activity to achieve even a modest weight loss can improve insulin resistance and the concomitant metabolic abnormalities.”

In the paper

“Population subgroups of racial/ ethnic minorities (eg, Mexican Americans, American Indians, and blacks), who are overrepresented in lower socioeconomic status groups, have a strikingly high prevalence of overweight and obesity-a condition that precedes the development of many other CVD risk factors.95,96”

What the sources say

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  cites [95] 95. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, McCullough PA, Kasiske BL, Kelepouris E, Klag MJ, Parfrey P, Pfeffer M, Spinosa DJ, Wilson PW; American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Car- diology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension. 2003;42
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  cites [96] 96. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(suppl 1):S1-S290.

In the paper

“The evidence favors soy protein rather than soy isoflavones as the responsible nutrient.76”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [76] 76. Lichtenstein AH. Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr. 1998;128:1589 -1592.

In the paper

“The obesity epidemic, which has unfolded over the past 2 decades in genetically stable populations, illustrates the adverse impact of environment on diet and lifestyle behaviors.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, consumption of soy protein-rich foods may indirectly reduce CVD risk if they replace animal and dairy products that contain saturated fat and cholesterol.”

In the paper

“The risk of developing CVD increases dramatically with advancing age.”

In the paper

“Diet and lifestyle behaviors can decrease CVD risk.86”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [86] 86. Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:237-246.

In the paper

“For example, blacks are especially sensitive to the BP-lowering effects of a reduced salt intake, increased potassium intake, and the DASH diet.6”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] 6. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE proj- ect. JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439. source