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Frequency and Amplitude Modulation Have Different Effects on the Percepts Elicited by Retinal Stimulation
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: In an effort to restore functional form vision, epiretinal prostheses that elicit percepts by directly stimulating remaining retinal circuitry were implanted in human subjects with advanced retinitis pigmentosa RP). In this study, manipulating pulse train frequency and amplitude had different effects on the size and brightness of phosphene appearance. METHODS: Experiments were performed on a single subject with severe RP (implanted with a 16-channel epiretinal prosthesis in 2004) on nine individual electrodes. Psychophysical techniques were used to measure both the brightness and size of phosphenes when the biphasic pulse train was varied by either modulating the current amplitude (with constant frequency) or the stimulating frequency (with constant current amplitude). RESULTS: Increasing stimulation frequency always increased brightness, while having a smaller effect on the size of elicited phosphenes. In contrast, increasing stimulation amplitude generally increased both the size and brightness of phosphenes. These experimental findings can be explained by using a simple computational model based on previous psychophysical work and the expected spatial spread of current from a disc electrode. CONCLUSIONS: Given that amplitude and frequency have separable effects on percept size, these findings suggest that frequency modulation improves the encoding of a wide range of brightness levels without a loss of spatial resolution. Future retinal prosthesis designs could benefit from having the flexibility to manipulate pulse train amplitude and frequency independently (clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00279500).
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“Consistent with Nanduri et al (2012), we found that stimulus amplitude strongly affected phosphene area in two out of three participants (p < .001) and minor axis length (p < .001), suggesting that phosphenes tended to get larger with increasing amplitude.”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
In the citing paper
“In addition, phosphene appearance varies systematically with stimulus amplitude and frequency (Horsager et al 2009, Nanduri et al 2012, Sinclair et al 2016) to the extent that a simple computational model can predict phosphene shape across a wide range of stimulus parameters (Granley and Beyeler 2021).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
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“First reported by Nanduri et al (2012), pulse frequency seemed to affect phosphene shape differently than amplitude (figure 6).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
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“However, in contrast to Nanduri et al (2012), we found that stimulus frequency also affected phosphene size (table 4 and figure 6).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al (2012)
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“2) Phosphene brightness increased as a function of stimulation amplitude and frequency but phosphene size exhibitedmuch higher dependence on the amplitude than frequency (de Balthasar et al., 2008; Nanduri et al., 2012).”
Self-citationPhotovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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An update on retinal prostheses
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“Amplitude-modulation of brightness is more practical to implement, but it has been reported that the size of the percept increases with amplitude whereas the effect on size is smaller with increases in stimulation frequency (Nanduri et al., 2012; Sinclair et al., 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Nanduri, D., Fine, I., Horsager, A., Boynton, G. M., Humayun, M. S., Greenberg, R. J., & Weiland, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Doheny Eye Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Second Sight Medical Products (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nanduri, Devyani
- Fine, Ione
- Horsager, Alan
- Boynton, Geoffrey M.
- Humayun, Mark S.
- Greenberg, Robert J.
- Weiland, James D.
- Venue
- Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
- Published
- 2012-01-20
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205
- ISSN
- 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5783
- PMC
- PMC3292357
- OpenAlex
- W1976408315
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY014645, R01EY012893, P30EY001730)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- epiretinal prosthesis, retinitis pigmentosa, pulse amplitude, brightness perception, retinal stimulation, spatial resolution
- MeSH terms
- Blindness, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Microelectrodes, Middle Aged, Retina, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Sensory Thresholds, Visual Perception, Treatment Outcome
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