Spatiotemporal Interactions in Retinal Prosthesis Subjects
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa affects an estimated 15 million people worldwide. Through collaboration between Second Sight Medical Products, Inc., and the Doheny Eye Institute, six blind human subjects underwent implantation with epiretinal 4 x 4 electrode arrays designed to directly stimulate the remaining cells of the retina, with the goal of restoring functional vision by applying spatiotemporal patterns of stimulation. To better understand spatiotemporal interactions between electrodes during synchronous and asynchronous stimulation, the authors investigated how percepts changed as a function of pulse timing across the electrodes. METHODS: Pulse trains (20, 40, 80, and 160 Hz) were presented on groups of electrodes with 800, 1600, or 2400 microm center-to-center separation. Stimulation was either synchronous (pulses were presented simultaneously across electrodes) or asynchronous (pulses were phase shifted). Using a same-different discrimination task, the authors were able to evaluate how the perceptual quality of the stimuli changed as a function of phase shifts across multiple electrodes. RESULTS: Even after controlling for electric field interactions, subjects could discriminate between spatiotemporal pulse train patterns based on differences of phase across electrodes as small as 3 ms. These findings suggest that the quality of the percept is affected not only by electric field interactions but also by spatiotemporal interactions at the neural level. CONCLUSIONS: During multielectrode stimulation, interactions between electrodes have a significant influence on the quality of the percept. Understanding how these spatiotemporal interactions at the neural level influence percepts during multielectrode stimulation is fundamental to the successful design of a retinal prosthesis.
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Previous work with retinal implants has demonstrated that both electric field interactions and rapid neural integration (on the order of 3-9 ms) influence patient percepts.
“Previous work, with retinal implants, has demonstrated that both electric field interactions and rapid neural integration (on the order of 3–9 ms) influence patient percepts90.”
From A virtual patient simulation modeling the neural and perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation, from pulse trains to percepts (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Horsager, A., Greenberg, R. J., & Fine, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Second Sight Medical Products (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Horsager, Alan
- Greenberg, Robert J.
- Fine, Ione
- ORCID
- Fine, Ione
- Venue
- Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
- Published
- 2010-02-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1223
- ISSN
- 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5783
- PMC
- PMC2868442
- OpenAlex
- W2016945782
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY014645, R24EY012893, EY012893, R01EY012893)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- retinal prosthesis, retinitis pigmentosa, spatiotemporal interaction, phase shift, pulse timing, electric field interaction, visual perception, percepts, electrode spacing, same-different discrimination
- MeSH terms
- Blindness, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Male, Microelectrodes, Middle Aged, Retina, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Sensory Thresholds, Visual Perception, Prostheses and Implants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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