Cited by 373Dermatology and Skin DiseasesContact Dermatitis and AllergiesAdvancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery

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Coal tar induces AHR-dependent skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis

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van den Bogaard, Ellen H., Bergboer, Judith G.M., Vonk-Bergers, Mieke, van Vlijmen-Willems, Ivonne M.J.J., Hato, Stanleyson V., van der Valk, Pieter G.M., Schröder, Jens Michael, Joosten, Irma, Zeeuwen, Patrick L.J.M., Schalkwijk, Joost·2013·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci65642PMC PMC3561798

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Abstract

Topical application of coal tar is one of the oldest therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD), a T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte-mediated skin disease associated with loss-of-function mutations in the skin barrier gene, filaggrin (FLG). Despite its longstanding clinical use and efficacy, the molecular mechanism of coal tar therapy is unknown. Using organotypic skin models with primary keratinocytes from AD patients and controls, we found that coal tar activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), resulting in induction of epidermal differentiation. AHR knockdown by siRNA completely abrogated this effect. Coal tar restored filaggrin expression in FLG-haploinsufficient keratinocytes to wild-type levels, and counteracted Th2 cytokine-mediated downregulation of skin barrier proteins. In AD patients, coal tar completely restored expression of major skin barrier proteins, including filaggrin. Using organotypic skin models stimulated with Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, we found coal tar to diminish spongiosis, apoptosis, and CCL26 expression, all AD hallmarks. Coal tar interfered with Th2 cytokine signaling via dephosphorylation of STAT6, most likely due to AHR-regulated activation of the NRF2 antioxidative stress pathway. The therapeutic effect of AHR activation herein described opens a new avenue to reconsider AHR as a pharmacological target and could lead to the development of mechanism-based drugs for AD.

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Authors: van den Bogaard, E. H., Bergboer, J. G. M., Vonk-Bergers, M., van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M. J. J., Hato, S. V., van der Valk, P. G. M., Schröder, J. M., Joosten, I., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M., & Schalkwijk, J.
Affiliations: Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
ORCID: Schröder, Jens Michael
Joosten, Irma
Zeeuwen, Patrick L.J.M.
Schalkwijk, Joost
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2013-01-25
Volume: 123
Issue: 2
Pages: 917-27
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1172/jci65642
PMC: PMC3561798
OpenAlex: W2047893094
Cited by: 373
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 12
FWCI: 30.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Keywords: coal tar, atopic dermatitis, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, skin barrier repair, filaggrin, Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-13, Nrf2 signaling, epidermal differentiation, keratinocytes, spongiosis, CCL26, organotypic skin model
MeSH terms: Filaggrin Proteins, Administration, Topical, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Coal Tar, Dermatitis, Atopic, Humans, Intermediate Filament Proteins, Models, Biological, Signal Transduction, Keratinocytes, Up-Regulation, Cytokines, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Oxidative Stress, Th2 Cells, RNA, Small Interfering, NF-E2-Related Factor 2

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Coal tar induces AHR-dependent skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis

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