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Cited by 113Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stressSkin Protection and AgingPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Antioxidants for Healthy Skin: The Emerging Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2

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Furue, Masutaka, Uchi, Hiroshi, Mitoma, Chikage, Hashimoto-Hachiya, Akiko, Chiba, Takahito, Ito, Takamichi, Nakahara, Takeshi, Tsuji, Gaku·2017·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu9030223PMC PMC5372886
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Abstract

Skin is the outermost part of the body and is, thus, inevitably exposed to UV rays and environmental pollutants. Oxidative stress by these hazardous factors accelerates skin aging and induces skin inflammation and carcinogenesis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs) are chemical sensors that are abundantly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and mediate the production of reactive oxygen species. To neutralize or minimize oxidative stress, the keratinocytes also express nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2), which is a master switch for antioxidant signaling. Notably, there is fine-tuned crosstalk between AHR and NRF2, which mutually increase or decrease their activation states. Many NRF2-mediated antioxidant phytochemicals are capable of up- and downmodulating AHR signaling. The precise mechanisms by which these phytochemicals differentially affect the AHR and NRF2 system remain largely unknown and warrant future investigation.

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  • GFF operates as a potent antioxidative AHR agonist.

    “it has been demonstrated to operate as a potent antioxidative AHR agonist [10,55,56].”

    From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [10]

    Section 4.2.2 describes Galactomyces fermentation filtrate (GFF) as an AHR stimulant. It reports antioxidant activity when GFF is combined with epigallocatechin gallate, but does not describe GFF alone as potently antioxidative or quantify its AHR-agonist potency. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • GFF significantly ameliorates TNF-α-induced production of ROS in human keratinocytes.

    “GFF significantly ameliorates both TNF-α-induced [10] and UVB-induced [76] production of ROS in human keratinocytes.”

    From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [10]

    Section 4.2.2 (page unavailable) reports that Galactomyces fermentation filtrate (GFF) and epigallocatechin gallate have synergistic antioxidant activity against TNF-α-induced ROS production. It does not establish that GFF alone significantly reduces that production in human keratinocytes. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • AHR-targeting antioxidant phytochemicals or antioxidant medicinal chemicals do not generate appreciable amounts of reactive oxygen species, probably due to efficient induction of antioxidant enzymes mediated by NRF2 activation.

    “Notably, the AHR-targeting antioxidant phytochemicals or antioxidant medicinal chemicals do not generate appreciable amounts of reactive oxygen species probably due to efficient induction of antioxidant enzymes mediated by NRF2 activation [19,20,21,27].”

    From Antioxidant Artemisia princeps Extract Enhances the Expression of Filaggrin and Loricrin via the AHR/OVOL1 Pathway (2017) · cites this paper as [19]

    Section 2 (page not available) says that ketoconazole activates AHR without producing ROS and that antioxidant phytochemicals can activate AHR–NRF2 signaling without appreciable ROS production. The Introduction and Conclusions say NRF2 induces antioxidant enzymes, but the paper does not establish that this induction explains the lack of ROS production; it says the mechanisms remain largely unknown. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • GFF activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR).

    “Recent studies have demonstrated that GFF activates an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)”

    From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Other antioxidant phytochemicals such as cinnamaldehyde activate NRF2 without activating AHR.

    “Other antioxidant phytochemicals such as cinnamaldehyde activate NRF2 without activating AHR [19,22].”

    From Antioxidant Artemisia princeps Extract Enhances the Expression of Filaggrin and Loricrin via the AHR/OVOL1 Pathway (2017) · cites this paper as [19]

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Research works printed but not linked: 55

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Authors
Furue, M., Uchi, H., Mitoma, C., Hashimoto-Hachiya, A., Chiba, T., Ito, T., Nakahara, T., & Tsuji, G.
Affiliations
  • Kyushu University (JP)
  • Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Corresponding author
Furue, Masutaka
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2017-03-03
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
223
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu9030223
PMC
PMC5372886
OpenAlex
W2593245674
Cited by
113
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 2
FWCI
1.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (H27-017)
  • P&G Inovation Godo Kaisha (27-0001)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Nrf2, skin aging, oxidative stress, keratinocytes, reactive oxygen species, phytochemicals, antioxidant signaling, UV exposure, skin inflammation, skin carcinogenesis
MeSH terms
Diet, Healthy, Animals, Antioxidants, Dermatitis, Humans, Skin, Skin Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Oxidative Stress, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins

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