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Cited by 504Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionBullying, Victimization, and AggressionSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 198 of the 198 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Rejection Elicits Emotional Reactions but Neither Causes Immediate Distress nor Lowers Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytic Review of 192 Studies on Social Exclusion

Blackhart, Ginette C., Nelson, Brian C., Knowles, Megan L., Baumeister, Roy F.·2009·Personality and Social Psychology Review
DOI 10.1177/1088868309346065
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Abstract

Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Self-esteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociometer theory, affective numbing, and self-esteem defenses.

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Crossref · 10.1177/1088868309346065

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198 of 198 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 43

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Metadata

Authors
Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F.
Affiliations
  • East Tennessee State University (US)
  • Franklin & Marshall College (US)
  • Florida State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2009-09-21
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
269-309
ISSN
  • 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7957
DOI
10.1177/1088868309346065
OpenAlex
W2141373402
Semantic Scholar
a6d420a191ff58603ad6c5d1da6d0a6ac43952d5
Cited by
504
References
193
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 22
FWCI
2.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords
social exclusion, interpersonal rejection, ostracism, emotional responses, self-esteem, positive affect, negative affect, sociometer theory, acceptance
MeSH terms
Affect, Emotions, Humans, Psychological Theory, Rejection, Psychology, Self Concept

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