Cited by 352Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychology of Social Influence

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sequential Priming Measures of Implicit Social Cognition: A Meta-Analysis of Associations With Behavior and Explicit Attitudes

Cameron, C. Daryl, Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin L., Payne, B. Keith·2012·Personality and Social Psychology Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 167 studies, the authors found that sequential priming tasks were significantly associated with behavioral measures (r = .28) and with explicit attitude measures (r = .20). Priming tasks continued to predict behavior after controlling for the effects of explicit attitudes. These results generalized across a variety of study domains and methodological variations. Within-study moderator analyses revealed that priming tasks have good specificity, only predicting behavior and explicit measures under theoretically expected conditions. Together, these results indicate that sequential priming-one of the earliest methods of investigating implicit social cognition--continues to be a valid tool for the psychological scientist.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1088868312440047

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621 · cited 1×
“In addition, 28 samples reported all three relationships—priming behavior, priming attitudes, and attitudes behavior—allowing us to examine whether implicit attitudes predicted behavior significantly better than explicit attitudes (Steiger, 1980).”
Background
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013 · Cited by 1,793 · cited 1×
“Sequential priming measures have been used to explore socially undesirable or inappropriate attitudes that might not ordinarily be expressed in self-reports (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567
Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328 · Cited by 968

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 120

10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.18 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00466.x · DOI
10.1177/1368430209353635 · DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.016 · DOI
10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.002 · DOI
10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.006 · DOI
Bargh J. A., 1992, Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives, 236
10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.768 · DOI
10.1521/soco.2000.18.4.329 · DOI
10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.27 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631 · DOI
10.1177/1368430210396520 · DOI
10.1177/0146167206296299 · DOI
10.1348/014466609X468042 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.893 · DOI
Chaiken E., 1999, Dual-process theories in social psychology
10.1006/jesp.1997.1329 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1006 · DOI · Paper page
10.1016/j.jesp.2005.02.006 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.005 · DOI
10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.022 · DOI
*Dannlowski U., 2007, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 32, 423
10.1521/soco.2009.27.2.202 · DOI
10.1080/01973530701503150 · DOI
10.1037/h0087478 · DOI
10.1006/jesp.2000.1437 · DOI
10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01486.x · DOI
10.1006/jesp.2000.1427 · DOI
10.1016/0022-1031(86)90039-9 · DOI
10.1006/jesp.1997.1331 · DOI
10.1037/0096-3445.127.3.286 · DOI
DuBois C. N., 1963, Proceedings of the 9th Conference, Advertising Research Foundation
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x · DOI · Paper page
10.1348/135910706X153775 · DOI
10.1080/09602011003683976 · DOI
10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4 · DOI · Paper page
10.1177/0146167201275003 · DOI
10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.596 · DOI
10.1037/a0013263 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.557 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.296 · DOI
10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.004 · DOI
10.1080/10463280802556958 · DOI
10.1002/ejsp.167 · DOI
10.2307/3033657 · DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · DOI
10.1080/02699930903112712 · DOI
10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.007 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.005 · DOI
10.1177/0146167207313729 · DOI
10.1177/0146167208318952 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/a0015575 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01195.x · DOI
10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00054-X · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.012 · DOI
10.1080/02699930902847193 · DOI
10.1177/0146167205275613 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02457.x · DOI
10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01308.x · DOI
10.1080/02699931.2010.508260 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.774 · DOI
10.1177/0146167201272007 · DOI
Kinsey A. C., 1953, Sexual behavior in the human female
10.1037/a0012822 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.006 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.012 · DOI
10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00095-7 · DOI
10.1006/jesp.2000.1426 · DOI
*Marsh K. L., 2001, Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 161, 10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.161 · DOI
10.1016/j.jrp.2005.01.007 · DOI
10.1037/h0031564 · DOI
Moors A., 2010, Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications, 19
10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723 · DOI
10.1080/02699930126132 · DOI
10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 · DOI
10.5926/jjep.57.192 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.653 · DOI
10.1207/s15324834basp2601_1 · DOI
10.1177/0146167207303023 · DOI
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199912)29:8<1049::AID-EJSP985>3.0.CO;2-Q · DOI
10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.001 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.009 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.181 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 · DOI · Paper page
10.1080/02699930701357394 · DOI
10.1177/0146167210383440 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.001 · DOI
10.1037/1064-1297.15.4.400 · DOI
Perugini M., 2010, Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications, 255
10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.657 · DOI
Petty R. E., 1995, Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences
10.3758/BF03207490 · DOI · Paper page
10.1016/j.appet.2004.08.001 · DOI
10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.139 · DOI
10.1007/s10508-006-9138-z · DOI
10.1111/1467-9280.00202 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2006.06.009 · DOI
10.1002/ejsp.703 · DOI
10.1177/0146167201272003 · DOI
10.1177/0146167202239042 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2005.11.003 · DOI
10.1080/15298860903512149 · DOI
Webb E. J., 1966, Unobtrusive measures: Non-reactive research in the social sciences
10.1348/014466607X267010 · DOI · Paper page
Wentura D., 2010, Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications, 95
10.1521/soco.22.1.30.30981 · DOI
10.1080/13576500444000263 · DOI
10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.005 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.815 · DOI
10.1006/jesp.2000.1456 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.389 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.559 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 312

Sexual Attraction to Both Genders in Ambiphilic Men: Evidence from Implicit Cognitions
Snowden, R., Fitton, E., McKinnon, A. I., & Gray, N. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01552-6 · Cited by 6
The asynchronous influence of facial expressions on bodily expressions.
Zhang, M.-M., Liu, T.-T., Jin, Y.-L., He, W.-Q., Huang, Y.-X., & Luo, W. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102941 · Cited by 6
An investigation of Facebook users' implicit associations between Facebook, sexual and prosocial behavior
Villacampa, J., Ingram, G. P. D., Martí-Vilar, M., & Rosa, A. O.-L. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00811 · Cited by 6
Changes in negative implicit evaluations in patients of hypochondriasis after treatment with cognitive therapy or exposure therapy
Schreiber, F., Witthöft, M., Neng, J. M. B., & Weck, F. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.07.005 · Cited by 7
Implicit measures of environmental attitudes: a comparative study
Sánchez, M. P., González, A. D. L. G., & Hedlefs, M. I. (2016) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.2099 · Cited by 6
“Other researchers have reported that this phenomenon may be due to the low value of reliability of other implicit measures (IAT and AP) (Cameron et al., 2012). Nevertheless, our study demonstrated that the IAT exhibited high levels of reliability and was not correlated with the explicit scale, which questions previous…”
BackgroundInfluential
An Improved Scoring Algorithm for Indirect Evaluation Measurement With the Evaluative Priming Task
Segal-Gordon, N., Kuperwasser, I., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2024) · Social Psychology and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241273121 · Cited by 5
“Although there is no consensus on the psychological processes that influence performance in the EPT and the construct(s) that it captures, many have used that task as an indirect measure of evaluation (for a meta-analysis, see Cameron et al., 2012).”
Testing the moderative role of automatic-reflective affect divergence in predicting physical activity.
Browning, N., Phipps, D. J., Rhodes, R. E., & Hamilton, K. (2023) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102538 · Cited by 5
The Role of Women’s and Men’s Body Shapes in Explicit and Implicit Fat Stigma
Krems, J. A., & Bock, J. E. (2023) · Obesities · doi:10.3390/obesities3020009 · Cited by 5
Exercise or not? An empirical illustration of the role of behavioral alternatives in exercise motivation and resulting theoretical considerations
Timme, S., Brand, R., & Schinkoeth, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1049356 · Cited by 9
“According to a meta-analysis (Cameron et al., 2012), the AMP can be used to predict behavior with an average FIGURE 1”
Method
Risky Business: Effects of Risk-Related Reviews and Priming Cues in Uncertain Times
Cain, L., Kim, E. J., & Tanford, S. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875221147143 · Cited by 5
“However, situational information that sequentially connects, but is not relevant to, the primary task can affect consumer judgment (Cameron et al., 2012).”
Psychological and socio-demographic factors in the pre-decision stage for the purchase of e-cars
Schroter, F. A., Siebertz, M., Hofmann, P., & Jansen, P. (2022) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100072 · Cited by 7
Registered report: Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of evaluation and identification
Schmidt, K., Buchanan, E. M., & Hall, B. F. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104280 · Cited by 10
Medics as a Positive Deviant in Influenza Vaccination: The Role of Vaccine Beliefs, Self-Efficacy and Contextual Variables
Włodarczyk, D., & Ziętalewicz, U. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050723 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, general pro-vaccine beliefs, which may act as implicit attitudes, should be created in advance to allow priming processes after delivering information on flu vaccine availability [61].”
Background
What Drives Racial Attitudes in Elementary School Children: Skin Tone, Facial Physiognomy, or Both?
Stepanova, E., Dunham, Y. C., Rex, M., & Hagiwara, N. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120916867 · Cited by 5
“A recent meta-analysis indicated that the AMP, as other sequential priming tasks, predicts behavior well (Cameron et al., 2012).”
Background
Comment: Measuring Guilty and Grateful Behaviors in Children and Adults
Tsang, J.-A. (2020) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919897314 · Cited by 5
Measuring supernatural belief implicitly using the Affect Misattribution Procedure
Ross, R. M., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Gervais, W. M., Jong, J., Lanman, J. A., McKay, R., & Pennycook, G. (2019) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2019.1619620 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Predicting incidental and focal food consumption behaviors
Moore-Berg, S. L., Briggs, J. C., & Karpinski, A. (2019) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-09-2018-0588 · Cited by 5
Implicit and Explicit Sexual Motives as Related, But Distinct Characteristics
Hill, C. A. (2016) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1129610 · Cited by 6
Implicit Morality
Strohminger, N., Caldwell, B. M., Cameron, D., Borg, J. S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137409805_10 · Cited by 7
Evaluations of Rape: Investigations Using Implicit and Explicit Measures, Online Research Methodology, and Samples of Community Men
Hermann, C. A. (2015) · doi:10.22215/etd/2015-11097 · Cited by 1
“Past research generally suggests that implicit attitudes can predict subsequent behaviour (Cameron et al., 2012; Greenwald et al., 2009), and some research has found implicit evaluations of rape to be associated with indicators of sexually aggressive behaviour (Nunes et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Train Wreck by Any Other Name
Harris, C., Rohrer, D., & Pashler, H. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889317 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Group Affiliation Versus Individuating Information on Direct and Indirect Measures of the Evaluation of Novel Individual Group Members
Navon, M., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2025) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976251315689 · Cited by 4
“The EPT (Fazio et al., 1986, 1995) is a sequential priming task that has been widely used as a measure of automatic judgment (Cameron et al., 2012).”
Vegetarian and sustainable food consumption behavior: Exploring the relation to explicit and implicit attitudes toward vegetarian foods and dispositional mindfulness
Winkelmair, A., Schroter, F. A., & Jansen, P. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107847 · Cited by 4
Initial evidence of reliability and validity of an implicit association test assessing attitudes toward individuals who use substances
Benau, E. M., Zavodnick, J. H., & Jaffe, R. C. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2300398 · Cited by 3
The Relation Between Updated Implicit Evaluations and the Trust Game
Shen, X., Maiolatesi, A. J., Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221141661 · Cited by 4
Prosocial priming and bystander effect in an online context
Abbate, C. S., Misuraca, R., Vaccaro, C., Roccella, M., Vetri, L., & Miceli, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945630 · Cited by 4
“Questions have often revolved around the extent to which activation of social constructs through priming influences subsequent behavior and the degree to which this effect can also occur outside of laboratory research in realworld social contexts (Bargh et al., 2012; Cameron et al., 2012; Doyen et al., 2012; Harris et…”
Background
Social-Eyes: Rich Perceptual Contents and Systemic Oppression
Ludwig, D. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00488-4 · Cited by 4
Embodied Situationism
Varga, S. (2017) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2017.1341538 · Cited by 11
“Given the complex nature of social and motivational behaviours, it is natural to expect priming effects to exhibit significant variations due to individual differences and minor variables in the experimental context [Cesario 2014]. In addition, Cameron, Brown-Iannuzzi, and Payne [2012] have provided a meta-analysis of…”
Background
At the Boundaries of Misattribution
Weil, R., Palma, T. A., & Gawronski, B. (2017) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000379 · Cited by 4
Give and You Shall Receive: The Emergence of Welfare-Reducing Reciprocity
Murray, C. K., Frijters, P., & Vorster, M. (2015) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2601696 · Cited by 4
“Previous experimental evidence showed that priming relationships does increase cooperation within those relationships, and hence, we are likely to observe greater cooperating in alliance pairs than between the experimental group as a whole (Cameron et al. , 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Liberals and Conservatives See Different Victims: Moral Disagreement Is Explained by Different Assumptions of Vulnerability
Womick, J., Kubin, E., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Ochoa, N. R., Rebollar, C., Kapsaskis, K., Pratt, S., Devine, H., Payne, B. K., Vaisey, S., et al. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672261422957 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
A systematic review of modern measures for capturing children’s ethnic and racial attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination
Fukuda, E., Scott, K. E., Swerbenski, K. L., Huth, N., Barnett, K. C., Sarmiento, N., Henkel, M. A., & Shutts, K. (2025) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2025.101189 · Cited by 6
“…examinations have provided useful and complex insights regarding whether those two groups of measures capture distinct constructs (for studies with adults, see Cameron et al., 2012; Greenwald et al., 2009; Hofmann et al., 2005; Kurdi et al., 2019; for a study with children, see Rae & Olson, 2018).”
Is Deliberate Control of Behavior Rare? A Test of the Automaticity Dominance Perspective
Miles, A., Khan, S., & Samim, Y. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251325087 · Cited by 6
Judging Guilt: Implicit Evaluations of Defendants Predict Verdicts
Korkmaz, A., Mann, T. C., Eibelman, J., Sommers, R., & Ferguson, M. J. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231177328 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, several meta-analyses and large-sample studies show that implicit evaluations can predict behaviors over and above explicit evaluations (Buttrick et al., 2020; Cameron et al., 2012; Greenwald et al., 2009; Kurdi et al., 2019; cf. Oswald et al., 2013).”
Background
Psychiatric Labels: Exploring Indirect and Direct Assessments of Task Performance
Kroska, A., Harkness, S. K., Mattingly, K. N., & Lovera, M. A. (2023) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2023.2200474 · Cited by 3
Avoiding Bias in the Search for Implicit Bias
Cyrus-Lai, W., Tierney, W., du Plessis, C., Nguyen, M., Schaerer, M., Clemente, E. G., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106762 · Cited by 3
Women's trust in gay men: An experimental study
Semenyna, S. W., & Vasey, P. L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110727 · Cited by 3
Running Fast and Standing Slow: a Study on the Effect of Gesture Posing on Time Perception
Lo, L.-Y., Tam, H.-M., & Li, W.-O. (2021) · Timing & Time Perception · doi:10.1163/22134468-bja10037 · Cited by 3
Beliefs and biases
Spaulding, S. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03129-0 · Cited by 5
Enhancing the Conceptualization and Measurement of Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations: A Case Study in Disordered Eating
Woodward, H. E., Cameron, C. D., & Treat, T. A. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12245 · Cited by 4
“Third, the AMP is a modern, highly versatile indirect measure with convergent and predictive validity comparable to other measures such as the IAT (Cameron et al., 2012).”
MethodSelf-citation
Obama as Exemplar: Debate Exposure and Implicit and Explicit Racial Affect
Meirick, P. C., & Dunn, S. G. S. (2015) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2014.986312 · Cited by 3
Is mindfulness a non-judgmental stance?
Adair, K. C., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e578192014-899 · Cited by 3
A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures
Bar‐Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6 · Cited by 387
“, 2005) and good validity (Cameron et al., 2012), and it seems to have straightforward procedural validity: Attitudes affect performance, despite participants’ intention to prevent this.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
I’ve just seen a face: further search for face pareidolia in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Tomonaga, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1508867 · Cited by 2
Development and initial validation of the implicit internalized sexual orientation stigma affect misattribution procedure
Hall, W. J., Dawes, H., Hannay, J. W., Williams, D., Frey, J. J., Srivastava, A., Chapman, M. V., Chen, D.-G., Wilson, A., Ramon, M. E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385410 · Cited by 2
“These findings are consistent with extant evidence on the relationship between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes, which generally shows small positive correlations between the constructs (e.g., Cameron et al., 2012; Hofmann et al., 2005; Nosek and Smyth, 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
“What’s Her Job?” Agentic Women, Sexism, and the Consequences for Political Candidate Emergence
Chen, P., Thomas, M., Gosselin, T., & Harell, A. (2024) · Journal of Women, Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2024.2359140 · Cited by 2
“This is perhaps unsurprising, given that the relationship between implicit associations and conscious attitudes and behavior tends to be relatively weak (Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz 1998, Cameron et al. 2012).”
What Bias Management Can Learn From Change Management? Utilizing Change Framework to Review and Explore Bias Strategies
Nguyen-Phuong-Mai, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145 · Cited by 2
“explicit measures, and especially caution in using the IAT as a behavioral predictor (e.g. Amodio, 2008; Greenwald et al., 2009; Cameron et al., 2012; Carlsson and Agerström, 2016; Forscher et al., 2019).”
Implicit attitudes matter for social judgments of others' preference, but do not make those judgments more or less accurate
Lees, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104202 · Cited by 4
Development of a Measure of Fearful Implicit Associations with Dental Stimuli in Youth
Seligman, L. D., Talavera-Garza, L., Geers, A. L., Murray, A. B., Ibarra, M., & Hovey, J. D. (2021) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01269-5 · Cited by 2
Motivational Relevance Modulates the Predictive Validity of the Implicit Association Test
Zogmaister, C., Richetin, J., Perugini, M., Vezzoli, M., & Songa, G. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.3.234 · Cited by 2
Under the Influence and Unaware
Balcetis, E., & Granot, Y. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch11
Misattribution of Claims: Comment on Payne et al., 2013
Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2014) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r75xb · Cited by 2
Gendered Feelings of Power and Helpfulness
Holleman, E. A., Cheairs, C., & Cook, K. E. (2013) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn18.3.116 · Cited by 7
When Sex Is on the Air: Impression Formation After Exposure to Sexual Music
Carpentier, F. D. D. (2014) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-014-9223-8 · Cited by 1
Implicit Bias: Evolution of a Powerful Idea
Payne, B. K. (2026) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030525-043416 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Do not touch: understanding travelers’ implicit attitudes toward close wildlife interactions and the power of animal-welfare warning messages
Schweiggart, N., Simonn, F. C., & Köck, F. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2025.2595282 · Cited by 2
“The warning message, administered to half of the participants, served as a priming mechanism, activating specific ideas, categories, or emotions before assessing their impact on subsequent tasks (Cameron et al., 2012).”
Assessing the Predictive Validity of the Function Acquisition Speed Test in the Context of Voting Behavior
Lalor, I. J., & Roche, B. (2025) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-025-00232-6 · Cited by 1
“Interestingly, this outcome does not correspond with some previous empirical findings in the context of predicting voter behavior (Roccato & Zogmaister, 2010; but see Cameron et al., 2012, for corresponding findings).”
Explicit and implicit beliefs about discrimination on the basis of sex
Guida, C., Canetto, S. S., & Marini, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2025.1593847 · Cited by 1
The accurate perception of anti-Black attitudes: a lens model approach
Weaver, A. E., & Ruben, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2025.1604467 · Cited by 1
Stimulus confounds in implicit and explicit measures of racial bias
Frost, A. D. S., Ledgerwood, A., Eastwick, P. W., & Gawronski, B. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104762 · Cited by 1
Explicit and implicit affective attitudes of female athletes towards different body sizes
Jansen, P., Haugg, J., & Schroter, F. A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02567-6 · Cited by 1
Embedding Implicit Bias Education into Curricular Interventions: Insights for Criminology Programs
Smith, A. N., & Porter, C. N. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2025.2472424 · Cited by 1
Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of
Navon, M., Reggev, N., & Moran, T. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104690 · Cited by 2
The Affect Misattribution Procedure Revisited: An Informational Account
Pillaud, N., & Ric, F. (2024) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976241287735 · Cited by 1
“This procedure has been used in many studies, producing large effects (e.g., Payne et al., 2005) with good reliability (Payne & Lundberg, 2014) and relatively good predictive values for behavior ( r = .35; Cameron et al., 2012; Znanewitz et al., 2018).”
Stronger color evasive racial ideologies predict lower likelihood of open adoption placement with same-sex couples
Reece, B. J., Jenkins, D. L., Folger, A. C., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., & Leve, L. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1270527 · Cited by 1
A Systematic Review of the Studies Focusing on Attitudes toward Individuals with Disabilities in Türkiye
Karakaya, M., Arabacı, S., & Emir-Öksüz, E. (2024) · Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.35379/cusosbil.1421593 · Cited by 1
“Since the debate around the reliability and validity of implicit association tests continues (Cameron et al., 2012; Gawronski et al., 2006; Greenwald et al., 2015), it could be valuable to study attitudes with multidimensional measures or with different methods.”
Development of an Implicit Well-Being Measure for Youths Using the Implicit Association Test
García-Márquez, R., Stavraki, M., Díaz, D., & Bajo, M. (2024) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-024-10121-w · Cited by 1
“Moreover, following previous research (Cameron et al., 2012 ; Hofmann et al., 2005; Walker & Schimmack, 2008 ; for a review see Greenwald & Lai, 2020 ), we expected that the new IAT measure will be weakly correlated with both WHO-5 and PWB-SF-Y, because, among other rea - sons, people can process…”
Influential
Making peace with disliked others: the effects of a short loving-kindness meditation on implicit and explicit emotional evaluations
Schroter, F. A., & Jansen, P. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00817-5 · Cited by 4
Emotional evaluations of pictures of female and male soccer players
Schroter, F. A., Hofmann, P., & Jansen, P. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.1979077 · Cited by 1
“In the past, a small to moderate correlation between explicit and implicit measurements (Cameron et al., 2012) has been detected in priming paradigms (r = .21).”
Background
How a crisis mindset activates implicit knowledge and brings it into awareness: The role of attentional switch cost
Shi, Y. T., & Li, H. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102934 · Cited by 1
An intra-individual approach for detecting evaluation with event-related potentials.
Herring, D. R., Allen, J. J. B., Guereca, Y., & Crites, S. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.004 · Cited by 1
Trait‐Related Concepts Activate Stereotypically Consistent Concepts on the Same Stereotype Dimension, But May not Spread to the Other Stereotype Dimension
Goto, T., Ichimura, K., Oka, R., Kawamura, Y., & Kusumi, T. (2019) · Japanese psychological research (Print) · doi:10.1111/jpr.12247 · Cited by 1
Can Implicit Measures Contribute to a True Understanding of People's Attitudes and Stereotypes?
O'Shea, B. (2018) · Exchanges The Interdisciplinary Research Journal · doi:10.31273/eirj.v5i2.233 · Cited by 1
“…the value of implicit measures was provided by a meta-analysis of studies using the IAT, which showed it to predict stereotyping or racially prejudicial behaviour better (average r = .236) than did explicit self-report measures (average r = .118) (Greenwald et al., 2009; Cameron et al., 2012).”
Method
To IMPRES or to EXPRES? Exploiting comparative judgments to measure and visualize implicit and explicit preferences
Everaert, T., Spruyt, A., & de Houwer, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191302 · Cited by 1
The Application of Moral Foundations Questionnaire for Korean Adults
Chung, E., Park, S., Lee, S.-R., & Sohn, Y. (2016) · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.3.003 · Cited by 1
When reciprocity becomes back-scratching: an economic inquiry
Murray, C. K. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.88 · Cited by 1
“Experiments of this type require priming of subjects with group identities, a process that has been repeatedly found to effectively invoke pro-sociality within groups or pairs (see Cameron et al. (2012) for a review).”
Background
Inexplicable Sex Differences in Homonegativity: A Proposed New Paradigm of Implicit Cognitive Systems
Stanfield, C. T., & Harvey, J. (2015) · JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH · doi:10.24297/jssr.v9i1.3766 · Cited by 1
Architectures of Virtual Decision-Making: The Emergence of Gender Discrimination on a Crowdfunding Website
Radford, J. (2014) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.7550 · Cited by 1
Logical Operations Shape the Formation of Implicit Attitudes: Evidence From the Negation of Bipolar and Unipolar Adjectives
Kurdi, B., Weinreich, Z., Dunham, Y. C., & Mandelbaum, E. (2025) · Open Mind · doi:10.1162/opmi.a.25 · Cited by 1
Implicit and explicit beliefs about God and scrupulosity symptoms: A prospective study
Myers, S. G., Pirutinsky, S., & Rosmarin, D. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100621 · Cited by 1
Neurophysiological Reactions to Social Media Logos
Matthews, M., Meservy, T. O., Fadel, K., & Kirwan, B. (2020) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60073-0_39 · Cited by 1
VALIDITY AND AUTOMATIC EVALUATION 1 The Effect of the Validity of Co-occurrence on Automatic and Deliberate EvaluationPreprint
Moran, T., Bar-Anan, Y., Lab, B.-A., & Nosek, B. A. (2016) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w6grd · Cited by 1
The Nature of Intuitive Thought
Järvilehto, L. (2015) · SpringerBriefs in well-being and quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18176-9_2 · Cited by 1
Marketing’s forthcoming Age of imagination
Zaltman, G. (2016) · AMS Review · doi:10.1007/s13162-016-0082-3 · Cited by 35
Priming autonomous and controlling motivation and effects on persistence
Murphy, S. L., & Taylor, I. M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00921-y · Cited by 16
Automatic Associations and Conscious Attitudes Predict Different Aspects of Men’s Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Harassment Proclivities
Zapata-Calvente, A. L., Moya, M., Bohner, G., & Megías, J. L. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-1006-0
Intersectionality of Ethnicity/Race and Gender in the Phenomenology of African American College Students’ Presenting Problems: a Profile Analysis Using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling
Whaley, A. L., & Dubose, J. (2018) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-018-9326-2 · Cited by 10
You are just being emotional! Testimonial injustice and folk-psychological attributions
Díaz, R., & Almagro, M. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02429-w · Cited by 19
Situational determinants of enhanced public view monitor (ePVM) noticeability in retail environments: a randomized controlled trial
Strome, S., Hayes, R., & Grottini, K. (2018) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-018-0128-3
Self-related information interfere with task performances: a cross-cultural investigation
Liu, M.-H., Liu, C.-H., Zhu, Y., Wang, R., Rotshtein, P., & Sui, J. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-015-0030-3
“stimuli was more spontaneous in the short stimulus duration because there are less resources for this activity (Cameron et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Women Are Warm, but She Isn’t: The Effect of Counter-Stereotypical Examples on the Application of Gender Stereotypes
Martín, S. P., Cumsille, P., & Burns, M. (2026) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2026.44.5.586
Exploring an implicit test to measure affective outcomes in routine psychotherapy evaluations
Tamayo, R. M., Arroyo, C. E. N., & Espinosa-Duque, D. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2701029
The Person, the Situation, and Their Interaction in Justice Behavior
Schmitt, M. (2026) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-026-00477-5
“Rather, indirect methods such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998 ), priming procedures (Cameron et al., 2012 ), or pro - jective methods such as the picture story exercise (Schönbrodt et al., 2021 ) have to be used.”
Reduced services for environmental reasons: how availability of choice and environmental priming shape consumer attitudes
Gao, R. C.-R. (2026) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-03-2023-0217
Racial Bias and False Beliefs Among Doctor of Physical Therapy Students and Their Impact on Pain Management Decisions.
Wong, M. L., Kirk-Sanchez, N., Losin, E., & Hartley, G. W. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02907-1
The role of diagnosticity in judging robot competence
Surdel, N., & Ferguson, M. J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-35375-y
“It is an open question whether explicit or implicit impressions better predict user behavior, but previous work suggests they both might in some circumstances, though more research is needed on this question 55–60 .”
When Does Sharing Cost Too Much? Peer Presence and Resource Acquisition in Young Children
Liu, X., & Gao, J. (2025) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2571903
Artistic Experience of the Visually Impaired: A Qualitative Study on the Process of Creating Clay Media Artworks for Low Vision in Indonesia
Fajrie, N., Purbasari, I., Khoeron, S., Purnama, I. Y., & Pratama, H. (2025) · Disabilities · doi:10.3390/disabilities5040098
“Studies indicate that engaging in artistic practices enhances fine motor skills by promoting precision, coordination, and tactile sensitivity through repetitive hand movements [45].”
Entity Realism about Implicit Attitudes
Khalili, M., & Kazemi, A. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10213-4
“Regarding reproducibility or the test-retest reliability of these methods, on the one hand, studies such as Bar-Anan and Nosek (2014) have assigned acceptable reliability to implicit measures – in particular, IAT, EPT, AMP, and GNAT.”
Influential
'Interesting' or 'boring': Modifying the implicit association task to measure implicit fire interest in an adolescent community sample.
Sambol, S., Dadswell, K., Cook, S., & Ball, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104294

Authors: Cameron, C. D., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. K.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID: Cameron, C. Daryl
Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin L.
Payne, B. Keith
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-04-05
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 330-350
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868312440047
OpenAlex: W2118525092
Cited by: 352
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 63.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Keywords: sequential priming, implicit social cognition, implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, behavior prediction, moderator analysis
MeSH terms: Attitude, Cognition, Humans, Models, Psychological, Social Behavior, Repetition Priming

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sequential Priming Measures of Implicit Social Cognition: A Meta-Analysis of Associations With Behavior and Explicit Attitudes

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks