The organizational effects of oxytocin on the central expression of estrogen receptor α and oxytocin in adulthood
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that neonatal manipulation of oxytocin (OT) has effects on the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and the central production of oxytocin observed in juveniles (at weaning, 21 days of age). The goal of this study was to determine whether the effects of neonatal manipulation of OT last into adulthood, and if the effects differ from those observed during the early postnatal period. On the first day of life, prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) received one of three doses of OT (High, 3 microg; Med, 0.3 microg; Low, 0.03 microg), an OT antagonist, or isotonic saline. Another group was handled, but not injected. Then as adults, brains were collected, sectioned, and stained for ER alpha or OT using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: In females, treatment with OT increased the expression of ER alpha immunoreactivity in the ventral lateral septum (0.03 microg) and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and central amygdala (0.3 microg). In males, OT antagonist increased ER alpha expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. There was no apparent effect of OT on the number of cells producing OT in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that neonatal manipulation of OT has long-term organizational effects on the expression of ER alpha in both males and females. The lack of effect on OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus suggests that some developmental effects of OT previously observed in weanlings do not persist into adulthood. Developmental effects of OT on ER alpha patterns were sexually dimorphic, dose-dependent, and site-specific.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Oxytocin can produce opposing effects at different dosages.
“OT (like other peptides) can produce opposing effects at different dosages (19–22).”
From Chronic intranasal oxytocin causes long-term impairments in partner preference formation in male prairie voles (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
Neonatal oxytocin manipulation increases the expression of estrogen receptor alpha in the hippocampus, ventral lateral septum, and central nucleus of the amygdala.
“and neonatal Oxt manipulation increases the expression of ERα in the hippocampus (79), ventral lateral septum (LS), and central nucleus of the amygdala (24).”
From Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
Work from Bruce Cushing's laboratory suggests that the BNST and medial amygdala are particularly important for the developmental effects of oxytocin and estrogen receptor alpha on social behavior.
“Work from Bruce Cushing’s laboratory suggests that the BNST and MeA are particularly important for the developmental effects of Oxt and ERα on social behavior (24, 26, 94)”
From Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates
Palkovits, M. (1983) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(83)90049-5 · Cited by 28,959 · see citing works
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research
Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1969) · Cited by 20,963 · see citing works
The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G. (2001) · Cited by 12,859 · see citing works
Biometry. The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research
Fienberg, S. E., Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J., Rohlf, F. J., & Sokal, R. R. (1970) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529087 · Cited by 9,363 · see citing works
Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research (2nd ed.).
Bailey, K., Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1982) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287349 · Cited by 3,721 · see citing works
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 · Cited by 3,089 · see citing works
Use of cryoprotectant to maintain long-term peptide immunoreactivity and tissue morphology
Watson, R. E., Wiegand, S. J., Clough, R. W., & Hoffman, G. E. (1986) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(86)90076-8 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model
Sue Carter, C., Courtney Devries, A., & Getz, L. L. (1995) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)00070-h · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Francis, D. D., Young, L. J., Meaney, M. J., & Insel, T. R. (2002) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.0007-1331.2002.00776.x · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the central nervous system
Tribollet, E., & Barberis, C. (1996) · Critical Reviews™ in Neurobiology · doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v10.i1.60 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Champagne, F. A., Weaver, I. C. G., Diorio, J. C., Sharma, S., & Meaney, M. J. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0564 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
CUSHING, B., & KRAMER, K. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.001 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationBales, K. L., & Carter, C. S. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(03)00154-5 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain: Cerebellum vs cerebral cortex
Johanson, C. E. (1980) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91155-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Yamamoto, Y., Cushing, B. S., Kramer, K. M., Epperson, P. D., Hoffman, G. E., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.028 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCarthy, M. M., Kleopoulos, S. P., Mobbs, C. V., & Pfaff, D. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126689 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Ontogeny of oxytocin receptors in rat forebrain: A quantitative study
Shapiro, L. E., & Insel, T. R. (1989) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890040312 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
CARTER, C. (1987) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0018-506x(87)90032-8 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to neuropeptides: The case for penetration
Banks, W. A., & Kastin, A. J. (1985) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(85)90079-4 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bales, K. L., Pfeifer, L. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.10165 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Estrogen receptor‐α distribution in male rodents is associated with social organization
Cushing, B. S., & Wynne‐Edwards, K. E. (2006) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20826 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of peptides on partner preference formation are predicted by habitat in prairie voles
Cushing, B. S., Martin, J. O., Young, L. J., & Carter, C. S. (2001) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1633 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay
Kramer, K. M., Cushing, B. S., Carter, C. S., Wu, J., & Ottinger, M. A. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z04-098 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationUvnäs-Moberg, K., Alster, P., Petersson, M., Sohlström, A., & Björkstrand, E. (1998) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199803000-00006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Development of Estrogen Receptors in the Rat Brain
Kühnemann, S., Brown, T. J., Hochberg, R. B., & MacLusky, N. J. (1994) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1994.1046 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Developmental effects of oxytocin on stress response: Single versus repeated exposure
KRAMER, K., CUSHING, B., & CARTER, C. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00175-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAndrogen and Estrogen (α) Receptor Distribution in the Periaqueductal Gray of the Male Rat
Murphy, A. Z., Shupnik, M. A., & Hoffman, G. E. (1999) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1528 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Coirini, H., Johnson, A. E., & McEwen, B. S. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125221 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neonatal manipulation of oxytocin affects expression of estrogen receptor alpha
Yamamoto, Y., Carter, C. S., & Cushing, B. S. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.065 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationCushing, B. S., Yamamoto, Y., Hoffman, G. E., & Carter, C. S. (2003) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00105-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMijnster, M. J., Raimundo, A. G. V., Koskuba, K., Klop, H., Docter, G. J., Groenewegen, H. J., & Voorn, P. (1997) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971208)389:1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kramer, K. M., Choe, C., Carter, C. S., & Cushing, B. S. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHnatczuk, O. C., Lisciotto, C. A., DonCarlos, L. L., Carter, C. S., & Morrell, J. I. (1994) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00558.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cushing, & Carter (1999) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00382.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Regulatory Mechanisms of Oxytocin‐Mediated Sociosexual Behavior
Witt, D. M. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51927.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Johnson, A. E. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34367.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates estrogen receptor α expression and function in MCF7 human breast cancer cells
Cassoni, P., Catalano, M. G., Sapino, A., Marrocco, T., Fazzari, A., Bussolati, G., & Fortunati, N. (2002) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.21.2.375 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Steroid hormone masculinization of neural structure in rats: a tale of two nuclei
Johansen, J. A., Jordan, C. L., & Breedlove, S. M. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neonatal manipulation of oxytocin influences female reproductive behavior and success
Cushing, B. S., Levine, K., & Cushing, N. L. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.08.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly exposure to oxytocin affects the age of vaginal opening and first estrus in female rats
Withuhn, T. F., Kramer, K. M., & Cushing, B. S. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00222-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSohlström, A., Olausson, H., Brismar, K., & Uvnäs‐Moberg, K. (2002) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000047198 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neonatal Manipulation of Oxytocin Alters Oxytocin Levels in the Pituitary of Adult Rats
Young, E., Carter, C. S., Cushing, B. S., & Caldwell, J. D. (2005) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2005-870227 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxytocin: The Great Facilitator of Life
Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J., & Young, W. S. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Bales, K. L., Perkeybile, A. M., Conley, O. G., Lee, M. H., Guoynes, C. D., Downing, G. M., Yun, C. R., Solomon, M., Jacob, S., & Mendoza, S. P. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.025 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Yamasue, H., Okada, T., Munesue, T., Kuroda, M., Fujioka, T., Uno, Y., Matsumoto, K., Kuwabara, H., Mori, D., Okamoto, Y., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0097-2 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Consequences of Early Experiences and Exposure to Oxytocin and Vasopressin Are Sexually Dimorphic
Carter, C. S., Boone, E. M., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., & Bales, K. L. (2009) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000216544 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Keebaugh, A. C., & Young, L. J. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.07.018 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Developmental experiences and the oxytocin receptor system
Bales, K. L., & Perkeybile, A. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.013 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Arambula, S. E., Belcher, S. M., Planchart, A., Turner, S. D., & Patisaul, H. B. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1339 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adewale, H. B., Todd, K. L., Mickens, J. A., & Patisaul, H. B. (2011) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.07.008 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Oxytocin during Development: Possible Organizational Effects on Behavior
Miller, T. V., & Caldwell, H. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00076 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pfaus, J. G., Jones, S. L., Flanagan‐Cato, L. M., & Blaustein, J. D. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00050-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Is oxytocin a maternal-foetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development
Kenkel, W. M., Yee, J. R., & Carter, C. S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12186 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Organizational effects of oxytocin on serotonin innervation
Eaton, J. L., Roache, L., Nguyen, K. N., Cushing, B. S., Troyer, E., Papademetriou, E., & Raghanti, M. A. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20566 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe oxytocin system and early‐life experience‐dependent plastic changes
Onaka, T., & Takayanagi, Y. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13049 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Embryonic Development of the Central Oxytocin System in Mice
Tamborski, S., Mintz, E. M., & Caldwell, H. K. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12364 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dhakar, M. B., Rich, M. E., Reno, E. L., Lee, H.-J., & Caldwell, H. K. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gillera, S. E. A., Marinello, W. P., Horman, B. M., Phillips, A. L., Ruis, M. T., Stapleton, H. M., Reif, D. M., & Patisaul, H. B. (2019) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106840 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neuropeptide Regulation of Social Attachment: The Prairie Vole Model
Tabbaa, M., Paedae, B., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150055 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Birth signalling hormones and the developmental consequences of caesarean delivery
Kenkel, W. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12912 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Estrogen dependent activation function of ERβ is essential for the sexual behavior of mouse females
Antal, M., Petit-Demoulière, B., Meziane, H., Chambon, P., & Krust, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217668109 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Postweaning, forebrain-specific perturbation of the oxytocin system impairs fear conditioning
Pagani, J. H., Lee, H.-J., & Young, W. S. (2011) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00709.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Perry, A. N., Paramadilok, A., & Cushing, B. S. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.021 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of postnatal estrogen manipulations on juvenile alloparental behavior
Perry, A. N., Sue Carter, C., & Cushing, B. S. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationTrachtman, J. N. (2010) · Optometry · doi:10.1016/j.optm.2009.07.016 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Early experience and the developmental programming of oxytocin and vasopressin
Sue carter, C., Boone, E. M., & Bales, K. L. (2008) · Neurobiology of the Parental Brain · doi:10.1016/b978-012374285-8.00027-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The organizational effects of oxytocin and vasopressin: Behavioral implications
Cushing, B. S. (2013) · Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Related Peptides in the Regulation of Behavior · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropeptide Regulation of Social Attachment: The Prairie Vole Model
Tabbaa, M., Paedae, B., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00738.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of estrogen receptor α gene and oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms on female sexuality
Armeni, A. K., Assimakopoulos, K., Marioli, D. J., Koika, V., Michaelidou, E., Mourtzi, N., Iconomou, G., & Georgopoulos, N. A. (2017) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-16-0090 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lasting consequences on physiology and social behavior following cesarean delivery in prairie voles
Kenkel, W. M., Kingsbury, M. A., Reinhart, J. M., Çetinbaş, M., Sadreyev, R. I., Carter, C. S., & Perkeybile, A. M. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105314 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Moderation of Breastfeeding Effects on Adult Depression by Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphism
Merjonen, P., Jokela, M. M., Salo, J., Lehtimäki, T. J., Viikari, J. S. A., Raitakari, O. T., Hintsanen, M., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2012) · Child Development Research · doi:10.1155/2012/290862 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oxytocin in the Developing Brain
Chini, B., Leonzino, M., & Gigliucci, V. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800109-7.00016-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
[Oxytocin, the hormone that everyone uses and that few know].
López-Ramírez, C. E., Arámbula-Almanza, J., & Pulido, E. E. C. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Influence of Neonatal Oxytocin on Neuronal Apoptosis in Female Prairie Voles
Nguyen, K. N. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thomas, N. R. (2014) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)
Chronic Intranasal Oxytocin Causes Long-Term Impairments in Partner Preference Formation in
Bales, K. L., Perkeybile, A. M., Conley, O. G., Lee, M. H., Guoynes, C. D., Downing, G., Yun, C. R., Solomon, M., Jacob, S., & Mendoza, S. P. (2012)
JAIN, N., & K, V. S. (2016) · International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences · doi:10.22376/ijpbs.2016.7.4.b93-98
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Development of Social Behavior in Primates
Bales, K. L. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00094-4
- Authors
- Kramer, K. M., Yoshida, S., Papademetriou, E., & Cushing, B. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Akron (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cushing, Bruce S
- Venue
- BMC Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-09-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-71
- ISSN
- 1471-2202 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2048512
- OpenAlex
- W2047400449
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- China Scholarship Council
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01992, K01MH001992)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 41293, P01HD038490, HD38490, F32HD041293)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- oxytocin, estrogen receptor alpha, organizational effects, Microtus ochrogaster, ventromedial hypothalamus, central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, oxytocin neurons, sexual dimorphism, dose-dependent effects
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Brain, Arvicolinae, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Oxytocin, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Estrogen Receptor alpha
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
