Protein "requirements" beyond the RDA: implications for optimizing health
Open accessAbstract
Substantial evidence supports the increased consumption of high-quality protein to achieve optimal health outcomes. A growing body of research indicates that protein intakes well above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance help to promote healthy aging, appetite regulation, weight management, and goals aligned with athletic performance. Higher protein intakes may help prevent age-related sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, and strength that predisposes older adults to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy. Higher protein diets also improve satiety and lead to greater reductions in body weight and fat mass compared with standard protein diets, and may therefore serve as a successful strategy to help prevent and/or treat obesity. Athletes can also benefit from higher protein intakes to maximize athletic performance given the critical role protein plays in stimulating muscle protein remodelling after exercise. Protein quality, per meal dose, and timing of ingestion are also important considerations. Despite persistent beliefs to the contrary, we can find no evidence-based link between higher protein diets and renal disease or adverse bone health. This brief synopsis highlights recent learnings based on presentations at the 2015 Canadian Nutrition Society conference, Advances in Protein Nutrition across the Lifespan. Current evidence indicates intakes in the range of at least 1.2 to 1.6 g/(kg·day) of high-quality protein is a more ideal target for achieving optimal health outcomes in adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Current evidence indicates optimal protein intakes in the range of 1.2-2.0 g/kg/day should be considered for people involved in a general fitness program or interested in optimizing health.
“Phillips and colleagues [76], Witard et al. [82], Jager et al. [11] and Tipton et al. [79] report that current evidence indicates optimal protein intakes in the range of 1.2–2.0 g/kg/day should be considered.”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
The Conclusion (page not specified) recommends 1.2–1.6 g/kg/day of high-quality protein as a more ideal target for optimal health outcomes in adults. The paper supports the lower part of the cited range, but not its 2.0 g/kg/day upper limit. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResearch spanning the past 30 years indicates that athletes engaged in intense training may benefit from ingesting about two times the RDA of protein in their diet (1.4-1.8 g/kg/d) to maintain protein balance.
“However, research spanning the past 30 years has indicated that athletes engaged in intense training may benefit from ingesting about two times the RDA of protein in their diet (1.4–1.8 g/kg/d) to maintain protein balance [11, 70, 71, 73, 75–80].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
The summary on Draft p. 20 says athletes appear to benefit from intakes as high as twice the RDA, and Table 2 gives an example of 1.6–1.8 g/kg/day. But the ‘Optimizing adaptations to exercise’ section distinguishes that goal from merely maintaining nitrogen balance. The cited passages do not establish the claim’s 30-year span or its lower figure of 1.4 g/kg/day. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOver time, negative nitrogen balance may lead to muscle wasting, injuries, illness, and training intolerance.
“Over time, this may lead to muscle wasting, injuries, illness, and training intolerance [76, 77, 81].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
In “Optimal protein intakes for athletes” (page unavailable), the paper says athletes can be in negative protein balance overnight, but it does not say that this leads to the listed outcomes over time. Its discussion of protein nutrition in older adults links low protein intake to muscle loss, offering limited support for the muscle-wasting part. The copy does not link negative nitrogen balance to injuries, illness, or training intolerance. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNarrative reviews and meta-analyses yield conflicting results as to the effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.
“Despite a large volume of work in this area, narrative reviews1–5 and even meta-analyses6–12 yield conflicting results as to the actual effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.”
From A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
The “Optimizing adaptations to exercise” section reviews protein intake and muscle responses to resistance exercise, so this paper fits the citing sentence’s group of narrative reviews. But the passages found do not say that reviews or meta-analyses conflict about whether supplementation improves training-related muscle mass and strength gains. The conflicting meta-analysis findings described in “Protein quantity and weight loss” concern weight-loss diets, not resistance training; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPeri-menopausal and post-menopausal athletes experience a decline of estradiol and ensuing insulin and anabolic resistance coupled with the demands of physical activity.
“due to the decline of estradiol and the ensuing insulin and anabolic resistance coupled with the demands of physical activity [242–244]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [243]
The “Protein requirements for older adults” section describes age-related anabolic resistance and identifies insulin resistance as a possible contributing factor. The “Optimizing adaptations to exercise” section discusses athletes’ training demands. Neither passage establishes that declining estradiol causes insulin or anabolic resistance in peri- or post-menopausal athletes; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Many have contended that higher protein intakes are warranted during weight management, with preservation of fat-free mass and skeletal muscle being a commonly cited reason for this recommendation.
“While the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 g·kg−1·day−1, expressed relative to BM, many have contended that higher protein intakes are warranted during weight management, with preservation of FFM and skeletal muscle being a commonly cited reason for this recommendation.24–27”
From Preservation of lean soft tissue during weight loss induced by GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: A case series (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
Increased dietary protein intake has demonstrated potential to help maintain skeletal muscle mass during weight loss.
“One strategy in particular that has demonstrated potential is increased dietary protein intake.”
From Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Loss With GLP-1 RA Treatments (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Only four studies in older individuals had participants that consumed close to optimal total protein intake (~1.2 to 1.6 g/kg/day) in non-exercising adults.
“only four studies27 29 33 45 in older individuals had participants that consumed what we consider to be close to optimal total protein intake (~1.2 g/kg/day to 1.6 g/kg/day) in non-exercising adults5.”
Protein intake of 1.2-1.6 g/kg/day is associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia.
“moreover, several previous studies have shown that protein intake of 1.2–1.6 g/kg/day is associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia [106, 108].”
From GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review on the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity (2026) · cites this paper as [106]
Adequate protein intake, both in quantity and quality, represents a critical component of preventive dietary strategies targeting sarcopenia.
“Adequate protein intake, both in quantity and quality, represents a critical component of preventive dietary strategies targeting sarcopenia [105, 106].”
From GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review on the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity (2026) · cites this paper as [106]
The loss of lean body mass during weight loss may be an issue in people already affected by sarcopenic obesity or older patients at risk of age-related sarcopenia, potentially leading to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy.
“The loss of LBM (including muscle mass) during weight loss may be an issue in people already affected by sarcopenic obesity or older patients who are at risk of agerelated sarcopenia, potentially leading to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy [119]”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [119]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601 · see citing works
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9 · Cited by 5,993 · see citing works
Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., Phillips, S., Sieber, C., Stehle, P., Teta, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 · Cited by 2,553 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, the emerging consensus goal is not only definition of minimal needs but also of levels to ensure optimal long-term health, including the prevention of sarcopenia (Bauer et al. 2013; Layman et al. 2015; PaddonJones et al 2015; Volpi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDeutz, N. E. P., Bauer, J. M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Krznariç, Z., Nair, K. S., et al. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007 · Cited by 1,738 · see citing works
Houston, D. K., Nicklas, B. J., Ding, J., Harris, T. B., Tylavsky, F. A., Newman, A. B., Lee, J. S., Sahyoun, N. R., Visser, M., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.150 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Self-citationVolpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.2.250 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia
Paddon-Jones, D., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831cef8b · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Bueno, N. B., de Melo, I. S. V., de Oliveira, S. L., & da Rocha Ataide, T. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513000548 · Cited by 778 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…6 meta-analyses performed to assess whether highprotein diets differentially impact weight loss and changes in body composition over the shortand longer-term [Wycherley et al. 2013; Dong et al. 2013; Santesso et al. 2012; Bueno et al. 2013; Schwingshackl and Hoffmann 2013; Clifton et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMoore, D. R., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Witard, O., Breen, L., Burd, N. A., Tipton, K. D., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu103 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation
Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Self-citationWitard, O. C., Jackman, S. R., Breen, L., Smith, K., Selby, A., & Tipton, K. D. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.055517 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults
Rand, W. M., Pellett, P. L., & Young, V. R. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.109 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Deshmukh-Taskar, P. R., Nicklas, T. A., O'Neil, C. E., Keast, D. R., Radcliffe, J. D., & Cho, S. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.023 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield‐Moore, M., Aarsland, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1065 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Breen, L., Burd, N. A., Hector, A. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Josse, A. R., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511007422 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of protein in weight loss and maintenance
Leidy, H. J., Clifton, P. M., Astrup, A., Wycherley, T. P., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Woods, S. C., & Mattes, R. D. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084038 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationAmino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X.-J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Dietary protein distribution positively influences 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults
Mamerow, M. M., Mettler, J. A., English, K. L., Casperson, S. L., Arentson-Lantz, E., Sheffield-Moore, M., Layman, D. K., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2014) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.185280 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Fulgoni, V. L. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1554s · Cited by 369 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although the majority of North Americans are meeting the RDA of 0.8 g protein/kg/d to prevent protein-related deficiencies, emerging evidence illustrates beneficial effects on health-related outcomes when consuming protein at higher quantities (Fulgoni 2008; Leidy et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialVolpi, E., Campbell, W., Dwyer, J., Johnson, M., Jensen, G., Morley, J., & Wolfe, R. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls229 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Protein Intake and Incident Frailty in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Beasley, J. M., LaCroix, A. Z., Neuhouser, M. L., Huang, Y., Tinker, L., Woods, N., Michael, Y., Curb, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02866.x · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., Mitchell, C. J., West, D. W. D., Philp, A., Marcotte, G. R., Baker, S. K., Baar, K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationBos, C., Gaudichon, C., Pueyo, M. E., Morens, C., Tomé, D., Metges, C. C., Petzke, K. J., Everwand, J., & Benamouzig, R. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.5.1308 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Santesso, N., Akl, E. A., Bianchi, M., Mente, A., Mustafa, R., Heels-Ansdell, D., & Schünemann, H. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.37 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
A Brief Review of Critical Processes in Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy
Phillips, S. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationDose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy
Veldhorst, M. A. B., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., van Vught, A. J. A. H., Westerterp, K. R., Engelen, M. P. K. J., Brummer, R.-J. M., Deutz, N. E. P., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Paddon-Jones, D., Campbell, W., Jacques, P., Kritchevsky, S., Moore, L., Rodriguez, N., & van Loon, L. V. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084061 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery
RES, P. T., GROEN, B., PENNINGS, B., BEELEN, M., WALLIS, G. A., GIJSEN, A. P., SENDEN, J. M. G., & VAN LOON, L. J. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824cc363 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Dietary protein and muscle in older persons
Paddon‐Jones, D., & Leidy, H. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000011 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes
Phillips, S. M. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002516 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationReitelseder, S., Agergaard, J., Doessing, S., Helmark, I. C., Lund, P., Kristensen, N. B., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., Schjerling, P., van Hall, G., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Leidy, H. J., Ortinau, L. C., Douglas, S. M., & Hoertel, H. A. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.053116 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationChurchward-Venne, T. A., Burd, N. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-40 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-48 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass
Volek, J. S., Volk, B. M., Gómez, A. L., Kunces, L. J., Kupchak, B. R., Freidenreich, D. J., Aristizabal, J. C., Saenz, C., Dunn-Lewis, C., Ballard, K. D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.793580 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Protein blend ingestion following resistance exercise promotes human muscle protein synthesis
Reidy, P. T., Walker, D. K., Dickinson, J. M., Gundermann, D. M., Drummond, M. J., Timmerman, K. L., Fry, C. S., Borack, M. S., Cope, M. B., Mukherjea, R., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.168021 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Snijders, T., Res, P. T., Smeets, J. S., van Vliet, S., van Kranenburg, J., Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.208371 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Kim, I.-Y., Schutzler, S., Schrader, A., Spencer, H., Kortebein, P., Deutz, N. E. P., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00382.2014 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Fujita, S., Glynn, E. L., Timmerman, K. L., Rasmussen, B. B., & Volpi, E. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1430-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Dong, J.-Y., Zhang, Z.-L., Wang, P.-Y., & Qin, L.-Q. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513002055 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Clifton, P. M., Condo, D., & Keogh, J. B. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.11.006 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Brown, A. W., Bohan Brown, M. M., & Allison, D. B. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064410 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Bouillanne, O., Curis, E., Hamon-Vilcot, B., Nicolis, I., Chrétien, P., Schauer, N., Vincent, J.-P., Cynober, L., & Aussel, C. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.015 · Cited by 152 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One longer-term study of 42 days was performed in malnourished hospitalized elderly persons consuming on average 1.3 g protein/kg/d either as a pulse feeding pattern, with >70% of protein provided at lunch, or spread into four meals (Bouillanne et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialGaudreau, P., Morais, J. A., Shatenstein, B., Gray‐Donald, K., Khalil, A., Dionne, I. J., Ferland, G., Fülöp, T., Jacques, D., Kergoat, M., et al. (2007) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2007.0596 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Is there a maximal anabolic response to protein intake with a meal?
Deutz, N. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.018 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sex-based comparisons of myofibrillar protein synthesis after resistance exercise in the fed state
West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Camera, D. M., Mitchell, C. J., Baker, S. K., Hawley, J. A., Coffey, V. G., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining meal requirements for protein to optimize metabolic roles of amino acids
Layman, D., Anthony, T., Rasmussen, B., Adams, S., Lynch, C., Brinkworth, G., & Davis, T. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084053 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097656 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Rafii, M., Chapman, K., Owens, J., Elango, R., Campbell, W. W., Ball, R. O., Pencharz, P. B., & Courtney-Martin, G. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.197517 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of the Acid-Ash Hypothesis of Osteoporosis on Calcium Balance
Fenton, T. R., Lyon, A. W., Eliasziw, M., Tough, S., & Hanley, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.090515 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hector, A. J., Marcotte, G. R., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Murphy, C. H., Breen, L., von Allmen, M., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.200832 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationIntragastric protein administration stimulates overnight muscle protein synthesis in elderly men
Groen, B. B. L., Res, P. T., Pennings, B., Hertle, E., Senden, J. M. G., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00321.2011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Fenton, T. R., Tough, S., Lyon, A. W., Eliasziw, M., & Hanley, D. A. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-41 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Leidy, H. J., & Racki, E. M. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationLeidy, H. J., Lepping, R. J., Savage, C. R., & Harris, C. T. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.108 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, M., McCabe, G. P., Elango, R., Pencharz, P. B., Ball, R. O., & Campbell, W. W. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.042325 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Winter, J. A., Cameron‐Smith, D., Enslen, M., Farnfield, M. M., & Décombaz, J. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.452 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Assessment of net postprandial protein utilization of 15N-labelled milk nitrogen in human subjects
Bos, C., Mahé, S., Gaudichon, C., Benamouzig, R., Gausserès, N., Luengo, C., Ferrière, F., Rautureau, J., & Tomé, D. (1999) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114599000410 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Smith, G. I., Atherton, P. J., Reeds, D. N., Mohammed, B. S., Jaffery, H., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00348.2009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Leidy, H. J., Hoertel, H. A., Douglas, S. M., Higgins, K., & Shafer, R. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21185 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle
Vugt, D. A. V. (2009) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp051 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Leidy, H. J., Bossingham, M. J., Mattes, R. D., & Campbell, W. W. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508051532 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary protein is beneficial to bone health under conditions of adequate calcium intake
Mangano, K. M., Sahni, S., & Kerstetter, J. E. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Protein Anabolic Responses to a Fed Steady State in Healthy Aging
Chevalier, S., Goulet, E. D. B., Burgos, S. A., Wykes, L., & Morais, J. A. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr036 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of Adiposity in the Blunted Whole-Body Protein Anabolic Response to Insulin With Aging
Chevalier, S., Gougeon, R., Choong, N., Lamarche, M., & Morais, J. A. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.2.156 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationWycherley, T. P., Buckley, J. D., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0338-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fighting Sarcopenia in Older Frail Subjects: Protein Fuel for Strength, Exercise for Mass
Boirie, Y. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.017 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Energy and nutrient intake of Swiss women aged 75–87 years
Dumartheray, E. W., Krieg, M. A., Cornuz, J., Whittamore, D. R., Lanham-New, S. A., & Burckhardt, P. (2006) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.2006.00729.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hoertel, H. A., Will, M. J., & Leidy, H. J. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-80 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationLeidy, H. J., Bales-Voelker, L. I., & Harris, C. T. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511000122 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGlory, C., & Phillips, S. M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000083 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationRains, T. M., Maki, K. C., Fulgoni, V. L., et al. (2013) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.349.7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
(2015) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0118 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [16]16. Farsijani, S., Morais, J.S., Payette, H., Gaudreau, P., Shatenstein, B., and Chevalier, S. 2015. Are there health benefits associated with distributing protein intake equally across meals in older adults? Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 40(5): 510 (abstract).
- [48]48. Res, P.T., Groen, B., Pennings, B., Beelen, M., Wallis, G.A., Gijsen, A.P., Senden, J.M., and van Loon, L.J. 2012. Protein ingestion prior to sleep improves post-exercise overnight recovery. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(8): 1560-1569.
- [52]52. J. Appl. Physiol. 107(4): 1308-1315.
- [63]63. WHO. 2011. Technical Report Series 935. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. pp. 93-103.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
“In addition, only four studies 27 29 33 45 in older individuals had participants that consumed what we consider to be close to optimal total protein intake (~1.2 g/kg/day to 1.6 g/kg/ day) in non-exercising adults 5 .”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement
Riddell, M. C., Gallen, I. W., Smart, C. E., Taplin, C. E., Adolfsson, P., Lumb, A. N., Kowalski, A., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., McCrimmon, R. J., Hume, C., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30014-1 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia
Dhillon, R. J. S., & Hasni, S. (2017) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2016.08.002 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Gillis, C., Buhler, K., Bresee, L., Carli, F., Gramlich, L., Culos-Reed, N., Sajobi, T. T., & Fenton, T. R. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.012 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes
Murray, B., & Rosenbloom, C. (2018) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy001 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Budhathoki, S., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Yamaji, T., Goto, A., Kotemori, A., Ishihara, J., Takachi, R., Charvat, H., Mizoue, T., et al. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2806 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise
Rogeri, P. S., Zanella, R., Martins, G. L., Garcia, M. D. A., Leite, G., Lugaresi, R., Gasparini, S. O., Sperandio, G. A., Ferreira, L. H. B., Souza-Junior, T. P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010052 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Moreno-Pérez, D., Bressa, C., Bailén, M., Hamed-Bousdar, S., Naclerio, F., Carmona, M., Pérez, M., González-Soltero, R., Montalvo-Lominchar, M., Carabaña, C., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030337 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Current Concepts and Unresolved Questions in Dietary Protein Requirements and Supplements in Adults
Phillips, S. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00013 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationBurd, N. A., Beals, J. W., Martinez, I. G., Salvador, A. F., & Skinner, S. K. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1009-y · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Devries, M. C., Sithamparapillai, A., Brimble, K. S., Banfield, L., Morton, R. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy197 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials
Bikou, A., Dermiki-Gkana, F., Penteris, M., Constantinides, T. K., & Kontogiorgis, C. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2343092 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Obesity Alters the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Nutrition and Exercise
Beals, J. W., Burd, N. A., Moore, D. R., & van Vliet, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00087 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tinsley, G. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2024) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae164 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Multiple lines of research support the contention that consuming protein higher than the RDA offers an FFM or skeletal muscle preservation benefit [56].”
BackgroundCheng, H., Kong, J., Underwood, C., Petocz, P., Hirani, V., Dawson, B., & O’Leary, F. (2018) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517003816 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Nichele, S., Phillips, S. M., & Boaventura, B. C. B. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0806 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationNiccoli, S., Kolobov, A., Bon, T., Rafilovich, S., Munro, H., Tanner, K., Pearson, T., & Lees, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2017.1391732 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging
van der Heijden, I., Monteyne, A. J., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac049 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Inflammation and metabolism: the role of adiposity in sarcopenic obesity
Lynch, G. M., Murphy, C. H., Castro, E. D. M., & Roche, H. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120007119 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Janssen, T. A. H., Van Every, D. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2023) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000980 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: A Brief Review
Martínez-Gómez, M. G., & Roberts, B. M. (2022) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003991 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kuczmarski, M. F., Pohlig, R. T., Stave Shupe, E., Zonderman, A. B., & Evans, M. K. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1006-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Arciero, P., Edmonds, R., Bunsawat, K., Gentile, C., Ketcham, C., Darin, C., Renna, M., Zheng, Q., Zhang, J., & Ormsbee, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8050288 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ispoglou, T., Deighton, K., King, R. F., White, H., & Lees, M. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0298-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Giglio, B. M., Lobo, P. C. B., & Pimentel, G. D. (2023) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Şimşek, H., & Uçar, A. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2022.02.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Apweiler, E., Wallace, D., Stansfield, S., Allerton, D. M., Brown, M. A., Stevenson, E. J., & Clifford, T. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7010005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tinsley, G. M., & Nadolsky, S. (2025) · SAGE Open Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1177/2050313x251388724 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Of sound mind and body: Exploring the diet-strength interaction in healthy aging
Askow, A. T., McKenna, C. F., Box, A. G., Khan, N. A., Petruzzello, S. J., De Lisio, M., Phillips, S. M., & Burd, N. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00145 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kushner, R. F., Johansen, O. E., Araujo Torres, K., Phan, T.-M., & Marczewska, A. (2025) · Obesities · doi:10.3390/obesities5020029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Phillips, S. M., Chevalier, S., & Leidy, H. J.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 565-572
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2292846232
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2022-03-29)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- protein intake, high-quality protein, RDA, sarcopenia, healthy aging, frailty, obesity, satiety, weight management, athletic performance, muscle protein synthesis, protein timing, protein dose, kidney disease risk, bone health, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight Maintenance, Aging, Body Weight, Canada, Dietary Proteins, Health Promotion, Humans, Nutritive Value, Societies, Scientific, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Exercise, Muscle Weakness, Athletic Performance, Sarcopenia, Athletes, Meals, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Recommended Dietary Allowances
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
