ABI3 and PLCG2 missense variants as risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases in Caucasians and African Americans
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Rare coding variants ABI3_rs616338-T and PLCG2_rs72824905-G were identified as risk or protective factors, respectively, for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: We tested the association of these variants with five neurodegenerative diseases in Caucasian case-control cohorts: 2742 AD, 231 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 838 Parkinson's disease (PD), 306 dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and 150 multiple system atrophy (MSA) vs. 3351 controls; and in an African-American AD case-control cohort (181 AD, 331 controls). 1479 AD and 1491 controls were non-overlapping with a prior report. RESULTS: Using Fisher's exact test, there was significant association of both ABI3_rs616338-T (OR = 1.41, p = 0.044) and PLCG2_rs72824905-G (OR = 0.56, p = 0.008) with AD. These OR estimates were maintained in the non-overlapping replication AD-control analysis, albeit at reduced significance (ABI3_rs616338-T OR = 1.44, p = 0.12; PLCG2_rs72824905-G OR = 0.66, p = 0.19). None of the other cohorts showed significant associations that were concordant with those for AD, although the DLB cohort had suggestive findings (Fisher's test: ABI3_rs616338-T OR = 1.79, p = 0.097; PLCG2_rs72824905-G OR = 0.32, p = 0.124). PLCG2_rs72824905-G showed suggestive association with pathologically-confirmed MSA (OR = 2.39, p = 0.050) and PSP (OR = 1.97, p = 0.061), although in the opposite direction of that for AD. We assessed RNA sequencing data from 238 temporal cortex (TCX) and 224 cerebellum (CER) samples from AD, PSP and control patients and identified co-expression networks, enriched in microglial genes and immune response GO terms, and which harbor PLCG2 and/or ABI3. These networks had higher expression in AD, but not in PSP TCX, compared to controls. This expression association did not survive adjustment for brain cell type population changes. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the associations previously reported with ABI3_rs616338-T and PLCG2_rs72824905-G in a Caucasian AD case-control cohort, and observed a similar direction of effect in DLB. Conversely, PLCG2_rs72824905-G showed suggestive associations with PSP and MSA in the opposite direction. We identified microglial gene-enriched co-expression networks with significantly higher levels in AD TCX, but not in PSP, a primary tauopathy. This co-expression network association appears to be driven by microglial cell population changes in a brain region affected by AD pathology. Although these findings require replication in larger cohorts, they suggest distinct effects of the microglial genes, ABI3 and PLCG2 in neurodegenerative diseases that harbor significant vs. low/no amyloid ß pathology.
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ABI3 is highly expressed in microglia.
“Similar to newly identified other AD risk variants (e.g., TREM2, SPI1, and MS4A6A), ABI3 is highly expressed in microglia (8, 9, 11).”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Background identifies ABI3-expressing microglial clusters in AD brains, and the Discussion describes ABI3 as part of a co-expressed microglial gene network. The Results report higher expression of that network in AD temporal cortex, but do not establish that ABI3 itself is highly expressed in microglia generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe association of the ABI3 variant with LOAD was replicated by independent groups.
“Subsequently, this association was replicated by independent groups (9, 10).”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (‘Association of rs616338 and rs72824905 with AD’) say the authors validated the previously reported ABI3 association and found the same direction of effect in a non-overlapping AD replication cohort. That cohort’s result was not statistically significant (OR = 1.44, p = 0.116), and this paper alone does not establish replication by multiple independent groups. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredABI3 has a microglia-specific gene expression pattern.
“Consistent with its microglia specific gene expression pattern (8, 9, 11), we found that deletion of Abi3 locus altered the expression of genes regulating microglial phagocytosis and immune response.”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Brain expression of ABI3 and PLCG2; page unavailable) place ABI3 in co-expression networks highly enriched for microglial genes. The Discussion likewise describes ABI3 as part of a network of co-expressed microglial genes. These passages support an association with microglial expression, but do not establish that ABI3 expression is specific to microglia. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe P522R variant in PLCG2 is protective not only in Alzheimer's disease but also in other neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.
“The missense variant P522R in PLCG2 (rs72824905-G, P = 5.38 × 10−10, OR = 0.68) was shown to be protective, not only in the context of AD4,5, but also in other neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies6.”
From PLCγ2 regulates TREM2 signalling and integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of human iPSC-derived macrophages (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results report a protective association of PLCG2 P522R with Alzheimer’s disease (OR = 0.56, p = 0.008). For dementia with Lewy bodies, the association was only suggestive, not significant (OR = 0.32, p = 0.124). The paper’s listed disease cohorts do not include frontotemporal dementia, so it does not support that part of the claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe P522R variant in PLCG2 confers protection for Alzheimer's disease and results in a subtle increase in enzymatic activity.
“The P522R variant in PLCG2 has been shown to confer protection for AD and to result in a subtle increase in enzymatic activity.”
From PLCγ2 regulates TREM2 signalling and integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of human iPSC-derived macrophages (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
The Conclusions identify PLCG2_rs72824905-G (p.Pro522Arg) as a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease. The Discussion says this variant is expected to increase PLCγ2 signaling activity, but does not report a measured, subtle increase in its enzymatic activity. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The PLCG2-P522R variant decreases the risk of Alzheimer's disease and increases longevity.
“Genetic studies have identified a protective P522R variant in the PLCG2 gene (PLCG2-P522R; rs72824905 C > G), which decreases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and increases longevity [1–4].”
From Protective PLCG2 variants associate with a delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease among heterozygous APOE ε4 carriers (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results (Association of rs616338 and rs72824905 with AD; page unavailable) report an association between PLCG2-P522R and lower AD risk in the complete Caucasian cohort, though the non-overlapping replication cohort's result was not statistically significant. The paper does not report that the variant increases longevity (searched: longevity, lifespan, survival). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman studies confirmed the relevance of the R522 variant with other dementias.
“Human studies confirmed the relevance of the R522 variant with other dementias and associated it with increased longevity in centenarian cohorts (Bellenguez et al. 2022; Conway et al. 2018; van der Lee et al. 2019).”
From Alzheimer's Protection by <scp>PLCγ2</scp> Compacts Plaques, Redistributes Microglia, and Protects Synapses in <scp> <i>App</i> <sup> <i>NL</i> </sup> </scp> <sup> <i>‐G‐F</i> </sup> Mice (2026) · cites this paper as Conway et al. 2018
The Results section reports a suggestive association between the PLCG2 R522 variant and dementia with Lewy bodies (p = 0.124), but says no other disease cohort showed a significant association concordant with Alzheimer’s disease. The Discussion likewise describes a shared genetic component as a possibility, not a confirmed finding. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe initial genetic results for P522R and decreased AD risk were replicated by various independent cohorts.
“The initial genetic results were replicated by various independent cohorts (160, 161, 162).”
From The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration (2021) · cites this paper as [160]
The Results section reports that PLCG2 rs72824905-G (P522R) was associated with decreased AD risk in the full Caucasian cohort. Its non-overlapping replication cohort showed the same direction of effect, but that result was not statistically significant (Fisher’s OR = 0.66, p = 0.192). This paper therefore supports a directionally consistent result in one independent cohort, not a statistically significant replication across various cohorts. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe S209F variant of ABI3 (rs616338:p.Ser209Phe) increases risk of Alzheimer's disease (OR = 1.43, p = 4.5 × 10−10, MAF = 0.008).
“The S209F variant of Abelson Interactor Protein 3 (ABI3) increases risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)”
From Deletion of Abi3/Gngt2 influences age-progressive amyloid β and tau pathologies in distinctive ways (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results section ('Association of rs616338 and rs72824905 with AD'; page not provided) supports the stated direction of AD risk for ABI3 p.Ser209Phe. It reports OR = 1.41 and p = 0.044 for the complete Caucasian cohort, however, not the claim’s OR = 1.43, p = 4.5 × 10−10, or MAF = 0.008. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredABI3 is an AD risk gene.
“Recent reports have confirmed ABI3 as an AD risk gene [6–8].”
From Deletion of Abi3/Gngt2 influences age-progressive amyloid β and tau pathologies in distinctive ways (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results (Association of rs616338 and rs72824905 with AD) report an association between an ABI3 variant and AD in the combined Caucasian cohort. But the independent replication cohort and adjusted analysis did not reach statistical significance. The Conclusions say the findings strengthen the evidence for ABI3 as an AD risk factor, rather than definitively confirm it. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRNA sequencing of human postmortem brain tissue reinforces the importance of microglial and inflammatory mechanisms in AD pathogenesis, among other pathways.
“Results from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of human postmortem brain tissue further reinforce the importance of microglial and inflammatory mechanisms in AD pathogenesis, among other pathways (Allen et al., 2018; Conway et al., 2018; McKenzie et al., 2017; Patrick et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2016, 2019; Zhang et al., 2013).”
From Meta-Analysis of the Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Transcriptome and Functional Dissection in Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as Conway et al., 2018
Many human brain gene expression changes associated with AD, including neuronal- and microglial-enriched modules, may represent common transcriptional programs activated by the aging process itself.
“This result suggests that many human brain gene expression changes associated with AD, including neuronal- and microglial-enriched modules reported in other studies (Conway et al., 2018; Mostafavi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2013), may represent common transcriptional programs activated by the aging process itself.”
From Meta-Analysis of the Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Transcriptome and Functional Dissection in Mouse Models (2020) · cites this paper as Conway et al., 2018
Human genetics studies of Alzheimer's disease have identified the ABI3 gene or locus as a risk gene or risk variant for late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
“Human genetics studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have identified the ABI3 gene as a candidate risk gene for AD.”
From The effect of Abi3 locus deletion on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
A rare coding missense variant in the ABI3 gene is associated with an increased risk of AD.
“For example, a rare coding missense variant in the ABI3 gene is associated with an increased risk of AD (8, 9).”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
ABI3 and its downstream pathways may be promising therapeutic targets.
“Given our functional data shown in this study and its significant genetic association with AD (8–10), ABI3 and its downstream pathways may be promising therapeutic targets.”
From Deletion of <i>Abi3</i> gene locus exacerbates neuropathological features of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model of Aβ amyloidosis (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The ABI3 S209F variant is a recognized genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
“Although the ABI3 S209F variant is a recognized genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), its pathogenic mechanism remains elusive.”
From Aberrant phase separation from a rare <i>ABI3</i> mutation drives microglial dysfunction and Alzheimer's risk (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
Human genetics studies of AD identified a coding variant of ABI3, p.Ser209Phe (rs616338), associated with late-onset AD.
“Human genetics studies of AD identified a coding variant of ABI3, p.Ser209Phe (rs616338), associated with late-onset AD158–161 (Table 2y).”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [159]
The PLCG2 M28L variant confers a modest increased risk of AD (OR ≈ 1.16).
“other rare PLCG2 variants, such as M28L (rs61749044) that confers a modest increased risk of AD (OR ≈ 1.16) [1, 4, 7–13]”
From PLCγ2 deficiency compromises systemic immune tolerance and erodes myelin homeostasis while enhancing oxidative metabolism in the mouse brain (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results section (page not available) reports AD associations for PLCG2 rs72824905-G, not M28L (rs61749044). Searches for M28L, rs61749044, and an AD odds ratio of approximately 1.16 found no passage addressing the claimed variant, so this copy cannot verify its reported risk. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman studies associated the R522 variant with increased longevity in centenarian cohorts.
“Human studies confirmed the relevance of the R522 variant with other dementias and associated it with increased longevity in centenarian cohorts (Bellenguez et al. 2022; Conway et al. 2018; van der Lee et al. 2019).”
From Alzheimer's Protection by <scp>PLCγ2</scp> Compacts Plaques, Redistributes Microglia, and Protects Synapses in <scp> <i>App</i> <sup> <i>NL</i> </sup> </scp> <sup> <i>‐G‐F</i> </sup> Mice (2026) · cites this paper as Conway et al. 2018
The Methods > Subjects section describes Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative-disease cohorts, not centenarian cohorts. The Discussion identifies PLCG2 p.Pro522Arg, but the passages retrieved for longevity and centenarians do not report an association with increased longevity. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cytokine expression and microglial activation in progressive supranuclear palsy
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Self-citationCommon Inflammatory Mechanisms in Lewy Body Disease and Alzheimer Disease
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PLAID: a Syndrome of Complex Patterns of Disease and Unique Phenotypes
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DLB and PDD: a role for mutations in dementia and Parkinson disease genes?
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Late-onset Alzheimer disease risk variants mark brain regulatory loci
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Self-citationNext-generation sequencing reveals substantial genetic contribution to dementia with Lewy bodies
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Characterization of Phospholipase Cγ Enzymes with Gain-of-Function Mutations
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“TREM2, also associates with a protective effect in AD [46].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMicroglia express ABI3 in the brains of Alzheimer's disease and Nasu-Hakola disease
Satoh, J.-I., Kino, Y., Yanaizu, M., Tosaki, Y., Sakai, K., Ishida, T., & Saito, Y. (2017) · Intractable & Rare Diseases Research · doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The NESH/Abi-3-based WAVE2 complex is functionally distinct from the Abi-1-based WAVE2 complex
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When less is more: primary immunodeficiency with an autoinflammatory kick
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Phospholipase Cγ in Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammation and innate immunity
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Membrane Environment Exerts an Important Influence on Rac-Mediated Activation of Phospholipase Cγ2
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TREM2 p.R47H substitution is not associated with dementia with Lewy bodies
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Deconstructing a Syndrome: Genomic Insights Into PCOS Causal Mechanisms and Classification
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“This result suggests that many human brain gene expression changes associated with AD, including neuronal- and microglial-enriched modules reported in other studies (Conway et al., 2018; Mostafavi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2013), may represent common transcriptional programs activated by the aging process itself.”
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Self-citationThe role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration
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Genomics of Alzheimer’s disease implicates the innate and adaptive immune systems
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Self-citationPhospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology
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Microglia and Wnt Pathways: Prospects for Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Deciphering cellular transcriptional alterations in Alzheimer’s disease brains
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Microglia: Friend and foe in tauopathy
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Molecular estimation of neurodegeneration pseudotime in older brains
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WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease
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Single-cell peripheral immunoprofiling of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
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Effect of APOE alleles on the glial transcriptome in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationChallenge accepted: uncovering the role of rare genetic variants in Alzheimer’s disease
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MAPT haplotype–stratified GWAS reveals differential association for AD risk variants
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Rh‐CSF1 attenuates neuroinflammation via the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKCε pathway in a rat model of neonatal HIE
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Variant TREM2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease
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Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease
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Self-citationMicroglia show differential transcriptomic response to Aβ peptide aggregates ex vivo and in vivo
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Self-citationFunctional variants identify sex-specific genes and pathways in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Orchestration of synaptic functions by WAVE regulatory complex‐mediated actin reorganization
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Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome: An Overview
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The effect of Abi3 locus deletion on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies
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Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease
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Investigation of Inflammation in Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Scoping Review
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Predictive network analysis identifies JMJD6 and other potential key drivers in Alzheimer’s disease
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Deletion of Abi3/Gngt2 influences age-progressive amyloid β and tau pathologies in distinctive ways
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Self-citationDefective Lysosomal Lipid Catabolism as a Common Pathogenic Mechanism for Dementia
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Self-citationTranscriptomic signatures of oxytosis/ferroptosis are enriched in Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationSystems biology of Alzheimer’s Disease: a scoping review of key pathways and mechanisms
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PLCG2 rs72824905 Variant Reduces the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis
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Single-cell peripheral immunoprofiling of Lewy body and Parkinson’s disease in a multi-site cohort
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The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders
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ABI3 Is a Novel Early Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease
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PLCG2 as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease.
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Developing theragnostics for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from cancer treatment
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- Authors
- Conway, O. J., Carrasquillo, M. M., Wang, X., Bredenberg, J. M., Reddy, J. S., Strickland, S. L., Younkin, C. S., Burgess, J. D., Allen, M., Lincoln, S. J., Nguyen, T., Malphrus, K. G., Soto, A. I., Walton, R. L., Boeve, B. F., Petersen, R. C., Lucas, J. A., Ferman, T. J., Cheshire, W. P., van Gerpen, J. A., Uitti, R. J., Wszolek, Z. K., Ross, O. A., Dickson, D. W., Graff-Radford, N. R., & Ertekin-Taner, N.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic in Florida (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Neurodegeneration
- Published
- 2018-10-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-53
- ISSN
- 1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6190665
- OpenAlex
- W2896393831
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (RF AG051504, U01 AG046139)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS080820, R01 NS078086)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- PLCγ2, missense mutations, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, genetic risk factors, African Americans, temporal cortex, cerebellum, co-expression network, gene regulatory networks, transcription factor binding sites, protein-protein interaction network
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Mutation, Missense, White People, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Phospholipase C gamma
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