The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 99 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: There is a concern that continued emissions of man-made per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause environmental and human health effects. Now widespread in human populations and in the environment, several PFASs are also present in remote regions of the world, but the environmental transport and fate of PFASs are not well understood. Phasing out the manufacture of some types of PFASs started in 2000 and further regulatory and voluntary actions have followed. The objective of this review is to understand the effects of these actions on global scale PFAS concentrations. Methods: Searches for primary research studies reporting on temporal variations of PFAS concentrations were performed in bibliographic databases, on the internet, through stakeholder contacts and in review bibliographies. No time, document type, language or geographical constraints were applied in the searches. Relevant subjects included human and environmental samples. Two authors screened all retrieved articles. Dual screening of 10% of the articles was performed at title/abstract and full-text levels by all authors. Kappa tests were used to test consistency. Relevant articles were critically appraised by four reviewers, with double checking of 20% of the articles by a second reviewer. Meta-analysis of included temporal trends was considered but judged to not be appropriate. The trends were therefore discussed in a narrative synthesis. Results: Available evidence suggests that human concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) generally are declining, while previously increasing concentrations of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) have begun to level off. Rapid declines for PFOS-precursors (e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonamide, FOSA) have also been consistently observed in human studies. In contrast, limited data indicate that human concentrations of PFOS and PFOA are increasing in China where the production of these substances has increased. Human concentrations of longer-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 9–14 carbon atoms are generally increasing or show insignificant trends with too low power to detect a trend. For abiotic and biological environmental samples there are no clear patterns of declining trends. Most substances show mixed results, and a majority of the trends are insignificant with low power to detect a trend. Conclusions: For electrochemically derived PFASs, including PFOS and PFOA, most human studies in North America and Europe show consistent statistically significant declines. This contrasts with findings in wildlife and in abiotic environmental samples, suggesting that declining PFOS, PFOS-precursor and PFOA concentrations in humans likely resulted from removal of certain PFASs from commercial products including paper and board used in food packaging. Increasing concentrations of long-chain PFCAs in most matrices, and in most regions, is likely due to increased use of alternative PFASs. Continued temporal trend monitoring in the environment with well-designed studies with high statistical power are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of past and continuing regulatory mitigation measures. For humans, more temporal trend studies are needed in regions where manufacturing is most intense, as the one human study available in China is much different than in North America or Europe.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review finds that human concentrations of PFOS, PFDS, and PFOA generally declined after phase-outs, while PFHxS increases have begun to level off and longer-chain PFCAs generally increase or show insignificant trends. Environmental abiotic and biological samples show no clear global declines, with most trends insignificant and underpowered.
Key findings
- Human PFOS, PFDS, and PFOA concentrations generally declined, and rapid declines were consistently observed for PFOS precursors such as FOSA; previously increasing PFHxS concentrations began to level off. In contrast, limited data from China indicated increasing human PFOS and PFOA, with >40% and >20% annual changes respectively in Shenyang serum.
- Human concentrations of longer-chain PFCAs with 9–14 carbons generally increased or showed insignificant trends with too little power to detect a trend; no evidence supported significantly declining trends globally.
- For abiotic and biological environmental samples, there were no clear patterns of declining trends; most substances showed mixed results, and a majority of trends were insignificant with low power. Some coastal surface waters showed significant PFOS and PFOA declines, while many sediment cores showed increasing trends.
- The review included 92 articles and 227 time trend datasets, extracting data for 42 different PFASs or precursors; PFOS was the most frequently analyzed substance, followed by PFOA.
Methods
- Systematic review with PICO elements: population/subject was abiotic and biological samples including general human populations; intervention was legislative or voluntary phase-out of long-chain PFASs starting in 2000; comparator was before intervention; outcome was change in concentrations of phased-out substances, precursors, and substitutes.
- Searches were run in seven bibliographic databases and Google Scholar, plus grey literature, specialist websites, and stakeholder contacts; searches had no time, document type, language, or geographical constraints, but articles in languages other than English, French, German, and Scandinavian languages were excluded during screening. Searches identified 10,170 unique records; 564 were screened at full text; after critical appraisal and removal of redundant articles, 92 articles remained, yielding 227 time trend datasets.
- Two reviewers screened all articles, with 10% double-screened at title/abstract and full-text levels and kappa tests for consistency; four reviewers critically appraised studies, with 20% double-checked. Meta-analysis was judged inappropriate due to heterogeneity, so results were narratively synthesized and independently reanalyzed using log-linear regression and change-point detection, with statistical power assessed for detecting a 10% annual trend.
Limitations
- The paper states that searches used a limited number of languages and specialist websites in a limited number of countries, so evidence may have been overlooked, especially from Asia and the southern hemisphere; all identified grey literature was excluded during critical appraisal due to lack of methodological detail. The evidence base itself is limited in Asia and the southern hemisphere, has little data on alternatives to phased-out long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs, and many studies have low power to detect trends due to short study periods and low sampling frequency.
- The paper also states that different authors used different statistical methods, making trends difficult to compare; there is no proper baseline throughout study periods, so only before-and-after comparisons are possible, not what would have happened without intervention. The review lacked quantitative synthesis because meta-analysis was not feasible.
- Evident from the text: many extracted datasets were not independent (e.g., same individuals or overlapping studies), and the review’s independent reanalyses sometimes diverged from original authors’ reported trends, illustrating sensitivity to statistical method choice.
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Claims the paper makes
106 Not checked yet · 51 No basis given · 50 Own interpretation · 49 Own result · 26 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For abiotic and biological environmental samples there are no clear patterns of declining trends.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rapid declines for PFOS-precursors (e.g.perfluorooctane sulfonamide, FOSA) have also been consistently observed in human studies.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, limited data indicate that human concentrations of PFOS and PFOA are increasing in China where the production of these substances has increased.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Zhang L, Liu JG, Hu JX, Liu C, Guo WG, Wang Q, Wang H. The inventory of sources, environmental releases and risk assessment for perfluorooctane sulfonate in China. Environ Pollut. 2012;165:193–8. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, limited data indicate that human concentrations of PFOS and PFOA are increasing in China where the production of these substances has increased.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Zhang L, Liu JG, Hu JX, Liu C, Guo WG, Wang Q, Wang H. The inventory of sources, environmental releases and risk assessment for perfluorooctane sulfonate in China. Environ Pollut. 2012;165:193–8. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available evidence suggests that human concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) generally are declining”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available evidence suggests that human concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) generally are declining”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most substances show mixed results, and a majority of the trends are insignificant with low power to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while previously increasing concentrations of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) have begun to level off”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Available evidence suggests that human concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) generally are declining”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The earliest change point for PFOS was in 1988 for pooled breast milk samples from primiparous women in Stockholm [137], where the trend went from significantly increasing (pre 1988) to significantly decreasing (post 1988).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOS Change point analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 96
- Probably not a substantial claim. 67
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Human concentrations of longer-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 9-14 carbon atoms are generally increasing or show insignificant trends with too low power to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most substances show mixed results, and a majority of the trends are insignificant with low power to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Human concentrations of longer-chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 9-14 carbon atoms are generally increasing or show insignificant trends with too low power to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine of these twelve datasets (75%), all in Europe, had a significant change point and most change points were detected between 1998 and 2003.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOS Change point analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For PFOS in human samples, twelve datasets containing at least 7 time points were evaluated by change point analysis (Fig. 6).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOS Change point analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among females in Munster, plasma concentrations of PFHpA significantly increased after the change point in 1998, whereas in plasma of males from Munster PFHpA concentrations decreased after the change point in 2002 [146].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFHpA (C7 PFCA)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One inconsistent result is that the PFOS isomer pattern (linear: branched) in eggs has become more linear over time, increasing from approximately 1:1 in year 2000 to approximately 3:1 in the year 2010 [99].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in our independent analysis no overall statistical temporal trend was detected (Additional file 7, Figure S15), and the overall dataset was underpowered to detect a significant trend in both males and females.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All other datasets for PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA in the US showed no significant changes over the time periods examined but were also all underpowered to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For PFHxS in human samples, the same twelve datasets as for PFOS were evaluated by change point analysis (Additional file 7, Figure S2).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFHxS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFDS was only detected in up to 50% of the samples, and in later years (i.e. after 2005) the frequency of detection decreased which prevented a quantitative temporal trend analysis across the whole dataset.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFDS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to the trends for PFHxS, PFOA concentrations did not continue to decline and may have risen in 2007-2008, particularly for males.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the Canadian sediment core studies (Kempenfeldt Bay, Lake Simcoe [33]) showed a significantly increasing temporal trend in a sediment core before the change point (in 2002) and an insignificant trend (power < 0.8) after the change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Armitage J, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Prevedouros K, Russell MH, MacLeod M, Korzeniowski SH. Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(22):6969–75. source
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant temporal trends for PFOS were observed in only 6 datasets of human samples [89, 102, 115, 121, 143], and two datasets of dietary items [99,142], but in each case the power to detect a trend was low.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFOS in abiotic samples, change points were detected in a snow core sampled in Tibet [38] and in three sediment cores sampled in Canada in two separate studies [93] (Fig. 8).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Wang X, Halsall C, Codling G, Xie Z, Xu B, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ebinghaus R, Jones KC. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in Tibetan Mountain snow: temporal patterns from 1980 to 2010. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(1):173–81. source
- Not checked yetcites [93] Helm PA, Milne J, Hiriart-Baer V, Crozier P, Kolic T, Lega R, Chen T, MacPherson K, Gewurtz S, Winter J, et al. Lake-wide distribution and depositional history of current- and past-use persistent organic pollutants in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. J Great Lakes Res. 2011;37:132–41. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on NHANES data, Calafat et al. [74] reported statistically significant decreases in PFHxS for 2003-2004 (post phase-out) compared to 1999-2000 (pre phase-out) while accounting for age, sex and race/ethnicity (Additional file 8, Figure S5); one exception was PFHxS in Mexican Americans which was not significantly different between years.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFOS showed statistically significant declining trends in several surface waters, namely; in Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006 [129], in marine and fresh waters on the west coast of South Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95] and in Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013 [140].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Sakurai T, Serizawa S, Kobayashi J, Kodama K, Lee J-H, Maki H, Zushi Y, Sevilla-Nastor Janice B, Imaizumi Y, Suzuki N, et al. Temporal trends for inflow of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) to Tokyo Bay, Japan, estimated by a receptor-oriented approach. Sci Total Environ. 2015;539:277–85. source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Hong S, Khim Jong S, Wang T, Naile Jonathan E, Park J, Kwon B-O, Song Sung J, Ryu J, Codling G, Jones Paul D, et al. Bioaccumulation characteristics of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in coastal organisms from the west coast of South Korea. Chemosphere. 2015;129:157–63. source
- Not checked yetcites [140] Wang S, Wang H, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wan Y. Investigation on the distribution and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in a sewage-impacted bay. Environ Pollut. 2015;205:186–98. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For Norwegian men (40-50 year) [92], a significant increase of FOSA between 1977 and 1985 (change-point) was followed by a statistically significant decline to 2006, with later concentrations being non-detectable.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOS precursors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in our independent analysis of datasets from Kato et al. [103], no significant temporal trend was detected for males nor females (Additional file 7, Figure S2), consistent with our analysis of two other datasets for the US (female serum from 6 cities, and combined males and females from the same 6 cities [120]), all of which had low power to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among datasets with a significant change point, five had change points detected between 2000 and 2005, while the three others had change points between 1985 and 1993 [68,92,145].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFHxS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analysis of hen eggs and of the broader Swedish diet between 1999 and 2010 showed no significant temporal trends for PFNA, PFDA or PFUnDA in food during this critical time period [99], however statistical power was also low in most cases.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The exception was for PFDoDA where a statistically significant increase in the Swedish diet was seen [142], consistent with the rate of increase of serum PFDoDA in adult females from Uppsala, Sweden [85] over a similar time period.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increasing temporal trend of PFOA between 1983 and 1998 in adult male serum (but not females) from Kyoto, Japan, is similar in magnitude (~ 10% annual change) to what was observed before the change-points in Stockholm (milk of primiparous women) or Norway (serum of adults), but the lack of any samples after year 2000 in Kyoto prevents any extrapolation beyond this time.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While the authors reported some 'age-dependent' statistically significant temporal trends for PFOS, after ageadjustment no significant temporal trends were evident for PFOS, nor for any other PFAS.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 6 cities in the United States, PFHpA declined significantly in plasma of females, whereas no significant trend was detected for males [120].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFHpA (C7 PFCA)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, in Germany (Halle and Munster), declining concentrations of three PFOS-precursors (MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, FOSAA) in human plasma were observed after 1995, whereas concentrations of another PFOS precursor (Di-SAm-PAP) showed no temporal trend at either location [145].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOS precursors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For PFOA in human samples, eleven datasets were evaluated by change point analysis (Additional file 7, Figure S15).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOA (C8 PFCA)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two other more contemporary datasets from Asia, Hokkaido Japan (2003-2011) and Busan Korea (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), did not show a significant temporal trend but were both underpowered to detect a trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among sufficiently powered datasets with a change point, all (six) showed a significant increasing trend prior to the change point, two showed a significant decrease after the change point, and one study showed no change after the change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFHxS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The other significant downward trends for PFOS were observed in a digested sewage sludge sampled in Hinwil in Switzerland between 1998 and2008 [136], in a Snow core from the Devon ice cap [91] and in a sediment core in the Haihe River (core S6, dated 1952-2006) in China [149].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Sun HW, Gerecke AC, Giger W, Alder AC. Long-chain perfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludges in Switzerland. Environ Pollut. 2011;159(2):654–62. source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Hart K, Kannan K, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Yamada TK, Miyazaki N, Tanabe S. Time trends and transplacental transfer of perfluorinated compounds in melon-headed whales stranded along the Japanese coast in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(19):7132–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Zhao X, Xia X, Zhang S, Wu Q, Wang X. Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China. J Environ Sci China. 2014;26:1557–66. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of these were for adult German serum (Munster and Halle [145]) and showed no significant trends, but were underpowered.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFDS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kato et al. [103] continued the NHANES analysis into 2005-2006 and 2007-2008 and confirmed the initial decline, from 1999 to 2005, but by 2007-08 the concentrations had again increased.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The two other datasets were for Uppsala, Sweden [62,85], and significant declining trends (> 10% per year) were shown in both cases.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFDS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Tibetan snow core dataset had a change point in 1984, but showed no significant trend and low power over the whole period sampled.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analysis showed statistically significant downward trends (and in some cases large annual changes) for PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA in various products (see Additional file 7, Figures S14, S22, S27, S32, S36 for details), whereas other products showed no significant trends (the statistical power to detect trends was however low in those cases).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One study was available from Japan, otherwise no other studies from Asia nor from the southern hemisphere were available.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Biological samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFOA showed statistically significant declining trends in the same surface waters for which declining PFOS trends were also observed, namely; in Tokyo Bay between 2004 and 2006 [129], in marine and fresh waters on the west coast of Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95] and in Bohai Bay on the east coast of China between 2011 and 2013 [140].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOA (C8 PFCA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Sakurai T, Serizawa S, Kobayashi J, Kodama K, Lee J-H, Maki H, Zushi Y, Sevilla-Nastor Janice B, Imaizumi Y, Suzuki N, et al. Temporal trends for inflow of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) to Tokyo Bay, Japan, estimated by a receptor-oriented approach. Sci Total Environ. 2015;539:277–85. source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Hong S, Khim Jong S, Wang T, Naile Jonathan E, Park J, Kwon B-O, Song Sung J, Ryu J, Codling G, Jones Paul D, et al. Bioaccumulation characteristics of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in coastal organisms from the west coast of South Korea. Chemosphere. 2015;129:157–63. source
- Not checked yetcites [140] Wang S, Wang H, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wan Y. Investigation on the distribution and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in a sewage-impacted bay. Environ Pollut. 2015;205:186–98. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FOSA, a PFOS precursor, showed significantly increasing trends in two sediment cores from Canada in two separate studies [70,93], which is consistent with the increasing PFOS trends observed in the same sediment cores.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFSA and PFCA precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Benskin JP, Phillips V, St Louis VL, Martin JW. Source elucidation of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in remote alpine lake sediment cores. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(17):7188–94. source
- Not checked yetcites [93] Helm PA, Milne J, Hiriart-Baer V, Crozier P, Kolic T, Lega R, Chen T, MacPherson K, Gewurtz S, Winter J, et al. Lake-wide distribution and depositional history of current- and past-use persistent organic pollutants in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. J Great Lakes Res. 2011;37:132–41. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFNA and PFDA significant increasing trends were observed before the change point and significant decreasing trends after the change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some indication of declines of N-alkyl perfluorooctane sulfonamides and N-alkyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (precursors of both PFSAs and PFCAs) in the global atmosphere, but FTOHs (precursors of PFCAs) appeared to be stable or even to have increased between 2006 and 2012 [83] (see also AMAP, 2016 [153]).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFSA and PFCA precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Gawor A, Shunthirasingham C, Hayward SJ, Lei YD, Gouin T, Mmereki BT, Masamba W, Ruepert C, Castillo LE, Shoeib M, et al. Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the global atmosphere. Environ Sci-Process Impacts. 2014;16:404–13. source
- Not checked yetcites [153] AMAP. Assessment 2015: temporal trends in persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme; 2016.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to PFOS, sediment cores tended to show statistically significant increasing temporal trends for PFOA, although there were a few exceptions where no significant trend or a declining trend was observed (Haihe River).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOA (C8 PFCA)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFNA and PFUnA there was no significant temporal trend before the change point (Power < 0.8) and a statistically significant increasing trend afterwards.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistically significant increasing trends were observed for PFNA and PFUnDA until a change point (in 1993) in Lake Opabin cores, after which there was no significant temporal trend observed.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA statistically significant declining trends were also observed in marine waters on the west coast of South Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95], but most surface water sampled showed no significant trends for PFCAs other than PFOA.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Hong S, Khim Jong S, Wang T, Naile Jonathan E, Park J, Kwon B-O, Song Sung J, Ryu J, Codling G, Jones Paul D, et al. Bioaccumulation characteristics of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in coastal organisms from the west coast of South Korea. Chemosphere. 2015;129:157–63. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFHxS showed a statistically significant declining trend in marine water on the west coast of South Korea between 2008 and 2012 [95] and PFDS showed a significantly increasing trend in the same seawater.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abiotic samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Hong S, Khim Jong S, Wang T, Naile Jonathan E, Park J, Kwon B-O, Song Sung J, Ryu J, Codling G, Jones Paul D, et al. Bioaccumulation characteristics of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in coastal organisms from the west coast of South Korea. Chemosphere. 2015;129:157–63. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remote air has been sampled and there are indications that levels of N-alkyl perfluorooctane sulfonamides and N-alkyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols have declined in the remote atmosphere, but that FTOH levels have increased between 2006 and 2012.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General conclusions on a media by media basis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with four showing insignificant change both prior and post change point, but the concentrations after the change point were significantly higher than before the change point (stepwise increase rather than a continuous increase)”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For the Chinese study [64], there was no significant temporal trend in one sediment core (core 1) before the change point in 1967, after which a significant increasing trend was observed.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOA (C8 PFCA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Sturludottir E, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Nielsen OK, Stefansson G. Detection of a change-point, a mean-shift accompanied with a trend change, in short time-series with autocorrelation. In: Statistical analysis of trends in data from ecological monitoring (PhD thesis). School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Reykjavik; 2015.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFHpA no significant change was observed before the change point and a significant decrease was observed after the change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of these studies included seven datasets for herring gulls from seven colonies in the Canadian Great Lakes, with two datasets showing increasing PFNA concentrations and five showing insignificant changes [84].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Gebbink WA, Letcher RJ, Hebert CE, Weseloh DVC. Twenty years of temporal change in perfluoroalkyl sulfonate and carboxylate contaminants in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J Environ Monit. 2011;13(12):3365–72. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFOA showed statistically significant downward trends in several different consumer products, whereas it showed significant increasing trends in food contact paper (Category H in Additional file 7, Figure S17) [108].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFOA (C8 PFCA)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Liu X, Guo Z, Krebs Kenneth A, Pope Robert H, Roache Nancy F. Concentrations and trends of perfluorinated chemicals in potential indoor sources from 2007 through 2011 in the US. Chemosphere. 2014;98:51–7. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFUnDA a significant increasing trend was observed before the change point and no observable trend was observed after the change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large majority of included time trends show increasing concentrations or non-significant changes with low power to detect changes.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For 8 of these, we were not able to perform change point or regression analyses.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 18 of the 38 PFNA datasets showed increasing trends, two showed decreasing trends and 18 showed insignificant trends over time”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For PFUnA (in Lake Oesa [7] and Kempenfeldt Bay [33]) and PFTrDA (in all cores) statistically significant increasing trends were observed for the entire time period sampled.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Other PFCAs (C7, C9-C14 PFCAs)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Smart BE, Dixon DA. Bond-energies and stabilities of poly(perfluoroethers). In: Abstracts of papers of the American chemical society, vol. 207. 1994. p 31–FLUO.
- Not checked yetcites [33] Armitage J, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Prevedouros K, Russell MH, MacLeod M, Korzeniowski SH. Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(22):6969–75. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general trend in mammals and birds indicates significantly increasing or insignificant trends, and only insignificant trends in other species.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The systematic review included numerous studies using archived samples and directly highlights the value of such material.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Differences between males and females have also recently been observed in Australia and the USA [154] but were not fully understood.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Gomis MI, Vestergren R, MacLeod M, Mueller JF, Cousins IT. Historical human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids in the United States and Australia reconstructed from biomonitoring data using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Environ Int. 2017;108(Supplement C):92–102. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Shenyang, China, there was a significant increase in PFOS concentrations in females from 1999 to 2002, whereas it was statistically insignificant in males.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this review only two studies from the southern hemisphere were included, one on PFAAs in human populations in Australia and one on PFCA precursors in air in South America.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is only one study from China available, this study shows increasing trends for PFOS and PFOA whereas studies in Europe and North America show declining trends.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in Munster, Germany, the trend for PFHpA after a change-point was increasing in females whereas it was decreasing in males [145].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [145] Yeung Leo WY, Robinson Shona J, Koschorreck J, Mabury Scott A. Part II. A temporal study of PFOS and its precursors in human plasma from two german cities in 1982–2009. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:3875–82. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taking NHANES data from the USA, there are significant decreasing trends for PFOS in all age groups, but for both females and males the magnitude of the decreasing trend increased with decreasing age [144].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Wong F, MacLeod M, Mueller Jochen F, Cousins Ian T. Enhanced elimination of perfluorooctane sulfonic Acid by menstruating women: evidence from population-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:8807–14. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are indications that concentrations are increasing in these regions.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Production of PFASs has been picked up in regions with weaker voluntary phase-outs and regulations.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of longer-chained PFCAs (PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA) in humans are generally increasing, with no evidence of significantly declining trends in any global region.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of studies on coastal surface waters close to urbanized areas have shown decreasing concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, but it is unknown whether trends are similar in more remote areas.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is not always clear what the substitutes are and what to look for.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other potential reasons for heterogeneity could not be evaluated based on the available evidence.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most substances show mixed results, and a majority of the trends are insignificant with low power.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a study on polar bears [73], it was shown that concentrations of PFHpA and PFOA in adult females (mothers) decreased from 1998 to 2008, whereas no significant change was observed in cubs.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Bytingsvik J, van Leeuwen SPJ, Hamers T, Swart K, Aars J, Lie E, Nilsen EME, Wiig O, Derocher AE, Jenssen BM. Perfluoroalkyl substances in polar bear mother-cub pairs: a comparative study based on plasma levels from 1998 and 2008. Environ Int. 2012;49:92–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFCAs are also detected at low concentrations in the ambient atmosphere, where they may be directly emitted [20], and/or formed indirectly by atmospheric oxidation of semivolatile PFCA-precursors such as the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) [21].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Barton CA, Zarzecki CJ, Russell MH. A site-specific screening comparison of modeled and monitored air dispersion and deposition for perfluorooctanoate. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2010;60(4):402–11. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Ellis DA, Martin JW, De Silva AO, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Sulbaek Andersen MP, Wallington TJ. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38(12):3316–21. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFCAs can thus be transported long distances by rivers and ocean currents and now occur in the open marine environment, even in the remote Northern Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans [18,19].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Benskin JP, Ahrens L, Muir DCG, Scott BF, Spencer C, Rosenberg B, Tomy G, Kylin H, Lohmann R, Martin JW. Manufacturing origin of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Atlantic and Canadian Arctic Seawater. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(2):677–85. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Petrick G, Wei S, Gamo T, Lam PKS, Kannan K. Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters. Chemosphere. 2008;70(7):1247–55. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The perfluoroalkyl moiety (C n F 2n+1 -) of PFAS molecules is both hydrophobic and lipophobic [1].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kissa E. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents, vol. 97. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2001.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“After the 3M phase-out of PFOA in 2002, other companies continued to manufacture PFOA mainly through the telomerization process which produces a pure isomer product, typically the linear isomer [17].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Benskin JP, Yeung LWY, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Lam PKS, Martin JW. Perfluorinated acid isomer profiling in water and quantitative assessment of manufacturing source. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44(23):9049–54. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ECF manufacturing process produces a mixture of linear (approx.70%) and branched (approx.30%) isomers [17].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Benskin JP, Yeung LWY, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Lam PKS, Martin JW. Perfluorinated acid isomer profiling in water and quantitative assessment of manufacturing source. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44(23):9049–54. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The extreme strength and stability of the C-F bond [7] renders perfluorinated carbon chains resistant to environmental degradation processes.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Smart BE, Dixon DA. Bond-energies and stabilities of poly(perfluoroethers). In: Abstracts of papers of the American chemical society, vol. 207. 1994. p 31–FLUO.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification have been shown to occur in mammals and birds, and increase with perfluoroalkyl chain length [22].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Conder JM, Hoke RA, De Wolf W, Russell MH, Buck RC. Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory lipophilic compounds. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(4):995–1003. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kappa tests were used to test consistency.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both reviewers started by extracting data from 10 articles each (in total 20 articles were extracted).The reviewers then checked each other's data extraction and reconciled any disagreements.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Data extraction strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies where the risk of bias was judged to be unclear (inadequate information) or high (see criteria in Table 1) for one or more of the quality aspects were excluded from the review.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“There is a high level of concern in Sweden that continued emissions of PFASs may cause environmental as well as human health effects [61].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Stakeholder engagement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Borg D, Håkansson H. Environmental and Health Risk assessment of perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in Sweden. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: report 6513. ISBN 978-91-620-6513-3; 2012.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No time, document type, language or geographical constraints were applied in the searches.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relevant articles were critically appraised by four reviewers, with double checking of 20% of the articles by a second reviewer.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In later discussions KEMI raised concerns about increasing concentrations of short-chain substances such as PFBS [62].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Stakeholder engagement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Glynn A, Berger U, Bignert A, Ullah S, Aune M, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in Sweden: serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing, and temporal trends 1996–2010. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(16):9071–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFSAs are fully dissociated anions in environmental media [53] and tend to accumulate in surface waters [31]”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Vierke L, Berger U, Cousins IT. Estimation of the acid dissociation constant of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids through an experimental investigation of their water-to-air transport. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(19):11032–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Armitage JM, Schenker U, Scheringer M, Martin JW, MacLeod M, Cousins IT. Modeling the global fate and transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and precursor compounds in relation to temporal trends in wildlife exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(24):9274–80. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, we evaluated the statistical power according to a method suggested by Nicholson & Fryer [63] to detect a fixed average trend of 10% a year, which the above-mentioned parameters affect, and indicated this for each time trend dataset in the results.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Nicholson MD, Fryer RJ. The statistical power of monitoring programs. Mar Pollut Bull. 1992;24(3):146–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although long-chain PFCAs are being incrementally phased out by the major manufacturers and to some extent are regulated in Japan, Western Europe and the United States (US) [24,25,27], new manufacturers (largely in continental Asia) have begun to produce long-chain PFCAs and their precursors [28,29].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] 3M. Letter to US EPA Re phase-out plan for POSF-based products (226-0600). US EPA Admin Record. 2000;226:1–11.
- Not checked yetcites [25] 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Programme. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/stewardship/index.html.
- Not checked yetcites [27] Ritter S. Fluorochemicals go short. Chem Eng News. 2010;88:12–7.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“they are persistent, bind weakly to organic phases [54] compared to other persistent organic substances, bioaccumulate in laboratory studies [55,56] and biomagnify in food webs [57,58].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Higgins CP, Luthy RG. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(23):7251–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Fernandez-Sanjuan M, Faria M, Lacorte S, Barata C. Bioaccumulation and effects of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2013;20(4):2661–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lasier PJ, Washington JW, Hassan SM, Jenkins TM. Perfluorinated chemicals in surface waters and sediments from northwest georgia, usa, and their bioaccumulation in lumbriculus variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011;30(10):2194–201. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Fang S, Chen X, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Yang L, Zhu L. Trophic magnification and isomer fractionation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the food web of Taihu Lake, China. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(4):2173–82. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Pastva SD, Jude DJ, Giesy JP. Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005;48(4):559–66. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To check that the screening was consistent and complied with the agreed inclusion/exclusion criteria, 10% of the retrieved articles were double screened by the other reviewers, and Kappa tests were used to evaluate the consistency of the screening.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Article screening and study inclusion criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2000, 3M announced a global phase-out by 2002 of its production of products based on perfluoroalkyl chains containing 6, 8 and 10 carbon atoms, including PFOA [24].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] 3M. Letter to US EPA Re phase-out plan for POSF-based products (226-0600). US EPA Admin Record. 2000;226:1–11.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PFSAs and their precursors have been manufactured almost exclusively by ECF which produced a mixture of linear (70%) and many branched (total 30%) isomers [32].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Martin JW, Asher BJ, Beesoon S, Benskin JP, Ross MS. PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure? J Environ Monit. 2010;12(11):1979–2004. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2006 the EU adopted a Marketing and Use Directive (2006/122/EC) that banned the use of PFOS in semifinished products (maximum content of PFOS: 0.005% by weight) as of summer 2008.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comprehensiveness of the searches was tested by cross-checking the obtained records with (1) a list of papers that the review team a priori thought should be found by the searches, and (2) bibliographies in relevant review articles (see Additional file 2).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Searches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the title and abstract level all retrieved articles were screened by two reviewers.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Article screening and study inclusion criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast to what was set out in the protocol [9], we chose not to perform meta-analyses.This is because there were too many sources of heterogeneity to allow for any meaningful meta-analysis.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Data synthesis and presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Land M, de Wit CA, Cousins IT, Herzke D, Johansson J, Martin JW. What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the enironment? A systematic review protocol. Environ Evid. 2015;4(3):1–13.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a time lag between phase-out interventions and measurable effects on PFAS concentrations in the environment.
- Rests on an assumption: The relative importance of direct and indirect sources of PFCAs to the environment is temporally variable, specific to each substance, and not well quantified.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, PFOS, and related substances derived from POSF, were listed under Annex B (restriction of production and use) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PFOA, its ammonium salt ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), and C9-C14 PFCAs were included in the Candidate list of substances of very high concern and under the European chemicals regulation, REACH [26].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] ECHA. Candidate list of substances of very high concern for authorisation. 2014. http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/candidate-list-table.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2000 the major manufacturer of PFOS in the US (3M) announced they would cease the production of C6, C8 and C10 perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride (PASF)based products and completed the phase out in 2002 [59].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Olsen GW, Mair DC, Church TR, Ellefson ME, Reagen WK, Boyd TM, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobilett JB, Rios JA, et al. Decline in perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000–2006. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(13):4989–95. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“according to Zhang et al. [60] the production volume of PFOS increased from 30 tonnes in 2002 to 247 tonnes in 2006.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Zhang L, Liu JG, Hu JX, Liu C, Guo WG, Wang Q, Wang H. The inventory of sources, environmental releases and risk assessment for perfluorooctane sulfonate in China. Environ Pollut. 2012;165:193–8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dual screening of 10% of the articles was performed at title/abstract and full-text levels by all authors.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The checklist highlights five aspects of quality directly affecting the internal validity of a temporal PFAS trend study, including (1) selection bias (2) accuracy of dating of samples (3) sample integrity, (4) analytical quality, and (5) study design.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is especially important to note that an insignificant trend does not necessarily mean that there is no 'true' trend.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Data synthesis and presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles with conflicting judgements and those for which a reviewer was uncertain during single critical appraisal were discussed by the entire review team before any decision was made.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critical appraisal of relevant studies was carried out by four reviewers.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeatability was tested qualitatively.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Data extraction strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be able to evaluate the effects of including doubtful cases (where the risk of bias potentially is high) we divided the included studies into two groups.Studies where a majority of the quality aspects were doubtful were categorized as Medium risk of bias, and studies where a majority of the aspects had low risk of bias were categorized as Low risk of bias.These two groups were then compared and”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the dominance of POSF-based products historically, PFOS is usually the most abundant PFSA found.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure high consistency between the reviewers, 20% of the included articles after full text screening were double-checked and Kappa tests were used to test the consistency.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Study quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to PFCAs, sources of PFSAs include release during manufacture and use, as well as from the degradation of various precursor substances [5,31].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Paul AG, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(2):386–92. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Armitage JM, Schenker U, Scheringer M, Martin JW, MacLeod M, Cousins IT. Modeling the global fate and transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and precursor compounds in relation to temporal trends in wildlife exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(24):9274–80. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Screening at the full-text level was conducted in the same manner as at the title and abstract level, including double screening and kappa tests.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Article screening and study inclusion criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PFOS and various salts were manufactured for direct use in a variety of products {e.g.aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) for firefighting and mist suppressants in acid baths used for metal plating (see Paul et al. [5])}.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Paul AG, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(2):386–92. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Commercial use of PFOS and its salts started around 1970 [5] and estimated uses and emissions of PFSAs and their precursors steadily rose to the end of the tweentienth century [5].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Paul AG, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(2):386–92. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PFOS and other PFSAs are widely distributed in the global environment [34][35][36][37][38], biota [39][40][41][42][43][44] and humans [15,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Benskin JP, Muir DCG, Scott BF, Spencer C, De Silva AO, Kylin H, Martin JW, Morris A, Lohmann R, Tomy G, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Atlantic and Canadian Arctic Oceans. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(11):5815–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Filipovic M, Berger U, McLachlan MS. Mass balance of perfluoroalkyl acids in the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(9):4088–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Hu JY, Yu J, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water Environment of Singapore. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011;216(1–4):179–91.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2006, eight major PFCA, fluoropolymer and fluorotelomer manufacturers joined the US EPA 2010/15 Stewardship Program to work towards the elimination of long-chain PFCAs and their precursors from emissions and products by 2015 [25].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Programme. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/stewardship/index.html.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis of included temporal trends was considered but judged to not be appropriate.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some short-chain alternatives (e.g.perfluorobutyl-or hexyl-based) are also persistent, but do not bioaccumulate to the same extent, as they are excreted rapidly from the organisms studied [23].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their precursors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Russell MH, Nilsson H, Buck RC. Elimination kinetics of perfluorohexanoic acid in humans and comparison with mouse, rat and monkey. Chemosphere. 2013;93(10):2419–25. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two authors screened all retrieved articles.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were extracted and recorded by two of the reviewers.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Data extraction strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggested that the 3M Co. phase out had resulted in lower human exposure to PFOA in the US, however Kato et al. [103] continued the NHANES analysis for PFOA into 2005-2006 and 2007-2008.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3M Co. phase-out of PFOS and related chemicals occurred by 2002.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although not statistically significant, the onset of this apparent decline corresponds with the phase-out of perfluorooctanesulfonyl chemistries, suggesting that the low levels of PFBS (pre 2001) may be due to the presence of residual PFBS in PFOS-containing products.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > PFBS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 3M Co. phase-out of PFOS and related chemicals occurred by 2002.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall weight of evidence for datasets from Europe (Germany, Sweden, Norway) was that longerchained PFCAs continue to increase, or have increased and have stabilized after a significant change point.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The corresponding decrease for PFOS over the same period was 22%, and the overall temporal trends looked very similar for PFOA and PFOS, suggesting that PFOA exposure in this Norwegian population was largely of electrochemical origin.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are generally in line with the results from the change point and regression analyses.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Longer-chained PFCAs (C9-C14 PFCAs)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These reductions in levels in consumer products have not apparently led to a reduction in the levels of PFCAs in digested sewage sludge where no temporal trends have been observed (the only decline was for PFOS).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General conclusions on a media by media basis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies showed that there may have been recent reductions in releases of PFOS and PFOA that have led to statistically significant declines in surface water concentrations.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General conclusions on a media by media basis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these observed declining temporal trends in PFOS and PFOA in surface waters may not have occurred in remote waters because water bodies remote from emission sources are expected to have a slower time response compared to water bodies nearer to sources.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General conclusions on a media by media basis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore possible that this review has overlooked some evidence, especially from Asia and the southern hemisphere.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In biological (non-human) and abiotic samples the study location may also be a reason for heterogeneity, but no clear patterns could be seen from the available evidence.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentration trends in regions where interventions have not been implemented (e.g.China) may be regarded as a post-intervention baseline, but here data are very sparse and they may be affected by the interventions implemented elsewhere.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The interventions are widely implemented and potentially have a global impact.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For humans, the exposure to some PFASs through commercial products and food contact paper has probably decreased, resulting in declining concentrations of these substances in humans.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Different PFASs have different production histories and properties.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the interventions are widely implemented and potentially have a global impact it is only possible to compare trends or concentrations before and after an intervention (BA study design), but there is no way to know what the concentrations or trends would have been in the absence of any intervention (CI or BACI study design).”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The interventions are widely implemented and potentially have a global impact.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering a particular substance, one reason for heterogeneity in study results may be related to differences in the route of exposure to PFASs.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Different PFASs have different production histories and properties.
In the paper
“companies bound to the terms of the Stewardship program represent only 69% of the global capacity for fluoropolymer production, with the other 31% occurring mainly in China, India and Russia by non-signatory companies [155].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] European Chemical Agency. Annex XV restriction report. Proposal for a restriction. Substance name: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOA salts and PFOA-related substances. 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If these substances are replaced by other equally harmful substances very little is gained.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was often also considerable between year variations, which is always a problem with wildlife studies, as there are many confounders that can affect contaminant levels.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have used a consistent and objective method.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For humans, exposure to these PFASs through commercial products and food contact paper has probably decreased, resulting in declining concentrations in human blood serum.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Reasons for heterogeneity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Different PFASs have different production histories and properties.
In the paper
“in January 2016 the United States Food and Drug Administration banned C8-C18 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) in food contact applications [156].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] US Food and Drug Administration. Federal register, 21 CFR Part 176. [Docket No. FDA–2015–F–0714] indirect food additives: paper and paperboard components. 2016.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation of this review is the lack of quantitative synthesis, but for reasons explained in the Methods section we judged it was not feasible to conduct meta-analyses.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We believe that the vast majority of reliable high quality data can be found in the academic literature and that grey literature is less important for the question reviewed here.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due to the very limited degradation of PFAS in the environment, ecosystems will be exposed to already released PFASs for a long time and no clear impact on the environmental concentrations can yet be observed.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Due to very limited degradation of PFAS in the environment, ecosystems continue to be exposed to PFASs already released.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued monitoring of PFOA and longer-chained PFCAs well beyond 2015 will allow the impact of the EPA 2010/2015 Stewardship Program to be properly evaluated.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are indications that the implemented phase-outs and regulations have had a positive effect, but not yet universally and not for all PFASs.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for policy/management
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“analysis of multiple PFASs (i.e.multiple PFAS classes, homologues within a class and their structural isomers) in the same temporal sample sets can provide useful information on sources.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as the temporal and spatial trends for most long-chain PFCAs were similar and showed increasing trends, even in the few terrestrial species studied, a widespread atmospheric transport of these or precursors that are degraded to these cannot be ruled out but needs to be confirmed.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All identified grey literature was excluded during critical appraisal due to lack of detail in descriptions of methods, which also could result in overlooking parts of the evidence base.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The effect of phase-outs on PFAS concentrations will be smaller in regions close to present sources than in regions close to past sources where interventions have been implemented.
“Since the interventions are not yet implemented globally, it is reasonable to assume that the effect will be smaller in regions close to present sources compared to regions close to past sources where the interventions have been implemented.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is a time lag between phase-out interventions and measurable effects on PFAS concentrations in the environment.
“It is reasonable to assume that there is a time lag between the interventions and any measurable effects in the environment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relative importance of direct and indirect sources of PFCAs to the environment is temporally variable, specific to each substance, and not well quantified.
“Overall, the direct and indirect sources (i.e.precursor degradation) of PFCAs to the environment are various, and the relative importance of each source is temporally variable, specific to each substance and not well quantified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Plasma and serum are equivalent matrices for monitoring time trends of PFASs.
“Plasma and serum are considered equivalent matrices for monitoring time trends of PFASs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 3M Co. phase-out of PFOS and related chemicals occurred by 2002.
“Overall, the declining trends for PFOS generally coincide with the timing of the 3M Co. phase out by 2002.”
“Overall, most temporal data for PFOS precursors in human samples show declining concentrations consistent with the time of the 3M Co. phase-out of these chemicals by 2002.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Temporal trends in PFAS concentrations can be used to assess the effect of phasing out long-chain PFASs.
“Thus, PFOS concentrations do not yet appear to be declining on a global scale after the phase outs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The change point analysis method used in this review is valid for detecting changes in temporal trends.
“For PFOS in abiotic samples, change points were detected in a snow core sampled in Tibet [38] and in three sediment cores sampled in Canada in two separate studies [93] (Fig. 8).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies' temporal trend data are comparable across studies and can be synthesized.
“This illustrates the difficulties in choosing proper statistical methods in temporal trend studies that make it possible to compare the results of different studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The phase-out of long-chain PFASs is the main driver of observed temporal trends in PFAS concentrations.
“Thus, PFOS concentrations do not yet appear to be declining on a global scale after the phase outs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Different PFASs have different production histories and properties.
“different PFASs have different production histories and properties.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The phase-outs and regulations have not been implemented in China, but the production of these substances has rather increased during recent years.
“The phase-outs and regulations have not been implemented in China, but the production of these substances has rather increased during recent years”
The paper relies on this without support.
Production of PFASs has been picked up in regions with weaker voluntary phase-outs and regulations.
“production of PFASs has been picked up in regions with weaker voluntary phase-outs and regulations”
The paper relies on this without support.
Due to very limited degradation of PFAS in the environment, ecosystems continue to be exposed to PFASs already released.
“due to the very limited degradation of PFAS in the environment, ecosystems continue to be exposed to PFASs already released”
The paper relies on this without support.
The stewardship program consisted of gradual phase-outs until 2015.
“the stewardship program consisted of gradual phase-outs until 2015”
The paper relies on this without support.
The interventions are widely implemented and potentially have a global impact.
“the interventions are widely implemented and potentially have a global impact”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A systematic review evaluated temporal trends and suggested increasing trends for PFOS and some PFCAs in sediment core samples in the period 1850e2013 [11].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“A systematic review of temporal trends reported a decrease in blood PFOS and PFOA levels in human samples from the Northern hemisphere, despite the fact that environmental media have shown no such clear decreasing trend [11].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In China, there has been an increasing trend in PFAS levels in both human blood and wildlife samples, close to sites where PFAS are currently manufactured [11,78].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Overall, 4 of the 25 PFOA datasets showed increasing trends while the large majority of 21 datasets showed insignificant trends over time”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Biological samples
Reported 25 · recomputed 24
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Table 2 Number of environmental datasets from different environments Category Inland Coastal/marine Abiotic samples 19 7 Biota 18 68 Total 40 75”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > General observations
Reported 40 · recomputed 37
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Biological samples
“with only three datasets showing declines.”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Biological samples
“Seven of the 33 datasets showed increasing trends, four showed decreasing trends and the large majority of 22 showed insignificant changes over time”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Review descriptive statistics
“From the southern hemisphere only one study, investigating PFASs in human blood serum in an Australian population, was included [138].”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Implication for research
“In this review only two studies from the southern hemisphere were included, one on PFAAs in human populations in Australia and one on PFCA precursors in air in South America.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“For the 10 datasets (after removing three replicate studies) that underwent regression analysis, one showed an increasing trend, three showed decreasing trends and six were insignificant with low power.Evaluating all 22 datasets”
§ What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review > Biological samples
Reported 22 · recomputed 24
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BackgroundScientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class
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Why is high persistence alone a major cause of concern?
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Self-citationZürich Statement on Future Actions on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)
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“…2015; Shi et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017a, 2015, 2016), in addition to lessons learned from long-chain PFASs (Cousins et al. 2016; Land et al. 2018; Scheringer et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2017b), shows that at least some of the overlooked PFASs may also be contaminants of emerging…”
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“The low detection frequencies of PFOA and PFOS in this study are possibly related to the phase-out of these two compounds (Land et al., 2018; Sunderland et al., 2019).”
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“Nonetheless, as PFAS are highly resistant to degradation, high environmental concentrations of some PFAS persist [52].”
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Zürich II Statement on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Scientific and Regulatory Needs
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“Information on temporal trends of PFAS in birds' tissues in recent years are scarce and do not exhibit any overall trend (Jouanneau et al., 2020; Land et al., 2018; Muir et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2019).”
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“Such phase-outs have generally decreased the concentrations of these long-chain PFAS in human biomatrices, most often measured in blood and serum (Land et al., 2018).”
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“…of PFAAs in the atmosphere at various remote monitoring stations vary depending on the origin of air masses, but despite their drastically reduced emissions ( 3 , 4 ), the levels of long-chain PFAAs in the atmosphere and precipitation have been relatively stable since measurements began ( 5 ).”
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“2017), but due to increasing concerns of the bioaccumulation and toxicity associated with PFHxS, serum levels of this compound have plateaued (Land et al. 2018).”
BackgroundCurrent progress in the environmental analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
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“Since the start of the twenty-first century, many manufacturers in North America and Europe were forced by regulators to decrease the production of several long-chain PFAS (Wang et al. 2014; Land et al. 2018).”
BackgroundTotal oxidizable precursors assay for PFAS in human serum
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“For other long-chain PFASs including perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) phase-out has not been adequately implemented and serum concentrations are increasing in some countries [19].”
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Home-produced eggs: An important human exposure pathway of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS)
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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Hormone Levels During the Menopausal Transition
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Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Canadian Freshwater Environment
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The Effects of Environmental Contaminant Exposure on Reproductive Aging and the Menopause Transition
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“For example, between 2000 and 2002, the 3 M Company in the United States voluntarily stopped producing PFOA, PFOS, and other legacy long-chain PFAS (Land et al., 2018).”
Jouanneau, W., Bårdsen, B., Herzke, D., Johnsen, T. V., Eulaers, I., & Bustnes, J. O. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06818 · Cited by 28
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“Biomonitoring data provides a critical tool for evaluating the effectiveness of the voluntary and regulatory initiatives, and most studies report decreasing PFAS concentrations in human serum after the year 2000, with significant declines of PFOS and PFOA (Reviewed in Land et al. 2018).”
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“argued that PFAS bioaccumulation can be species and compound specific (Johnson et al., 2021; Land et al., 2018), there is a”
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“Hence, in recent years, the use of long‐chained PFAS has been challenged or in some cases restricted (Tureková and Balog 2010), with both the United States and the European Union phasing out the use of long‐chain PFAS (C‐8s; Land et al. 2018).”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Land, M., de Wit, C. A., Bignert, A., Cousins, I. T., Herzke, D., Johansson, J. H., & Martin, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SE)
- Swedish Museum of Natural History (SE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- The FRAM Centre (NO)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Land, Magnus
- Venue
- Environmental Evidence
- Published
- 2018-01-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2047-2382 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4210977565
- Semantic Scholar
- 1b3f868ec914b5c7979a1d5b9dc147cd926aa627
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Evidence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning
- University of Alberta
- Stockholms Universitet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS regulation, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, temporal trends, human exposure, environmental concentrations, PFAS emissions
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