Infant gut microbiome associated with cognitive development
Open accessAbstract
Background Studies in rodents provide compelling evidence that microorganisms inhabiting the gut influence neurodevelopment. In particular, experimental manipulations that alter intestinal microbiota impact exploratory and communicative behaviors and cognitive performance. In humans, the first years of life are a dynamic time in gut colonization and brain development, but little is known about the relationship between these two processes.Methods We tested whether microbial composition at 1 year of age is associated with cognitive outcomes using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and with global and regional brain volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 2 years of age. Fecal samples were collected from 89 typically developing 1-year-olds. 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing was used for identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa.Results Cluster analysis identified 3 groups of infants defined by their bacterial composition. Mullen scores at 2 years of age differed significantly between clusters. In addition, higher alpha diversity was associated with lower scores on the overall composite score, visual reception scale, and expressive language scale at 2 years of age. Exploratory analyses of neuroimaging data suggest the gut microbiome has minimal effects on regional brain volumes at 1 and 2 years of age.Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate associations between the gut microbiota and cognition in human infants. As such, it represents an essential first step in translating animal data into the clinic.
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In one-year-olds, the group with the greatest abundance of Bacteroides outperformed the other two groups using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning assessment.
“The group with the greatest abundance of Bacteroides outperformed the other two groups using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning assessment.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [399]
The group with the greatest abundance of Bacteroides was less likely to have been delivered by Caesarean-section.
“They were also less likely to have been delivered by Caesarean-section.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [399]
The composition of the infant gut microbiota at a young age has been associated with subsequent cognitive development and behavioral outcomes later in infancy.
“While the composition of the infant gut microbiota at a young age has been associated with subsequent cognitive development and behavioral outcomes later in infancy (266, 267), whether these relations are mediated by breast-feeding and early dietary intake is still being investigated.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [266]
Higher α diversity was associated with lower scores on the overall composite score, the visual reception scale, and the expressive language scale by two years of age.
“A higher α diversity was associated with lower scores on the overall composite score, and the visual reception scale, as well as the expressive language scale by two years of age”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Carlson et al., 2018
Microbiota composition in one-year-old babies is associated with cognitive development tested with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and with differences in brain volume.
“In a more recent study, the microbiota composition in one-year-old babies was associated with cognitive development tested with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning showing differences in brain volume (Carlson et al., 2018).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Carlson et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Carlson, A. L., Xia, K., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Goldman, B. D., Ahn, M., Styner, M. A., Thompson, A. L., Geng, X., Gilmore, J. H., & Knickmeyer, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Knickmeyer, Rebecca C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 148-159
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5724966
- OpenAlex
- W2733509553
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 15.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH104330, R33MH104330, U01MH070890, R01MH070890)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK034987)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (T32NS007431)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053000, P2CHD050924)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, infant cognitive development, early childhood, brain development, fecal microbiota, alpha diversity, Mullen Scales of Early Learning, brain volume, gut-brain axis, language development, exploratory behavior
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain, Child Development, Cognition, Feces, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size
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