The Hartford Study of Supported Employment for Persons With Severe Mental Illness.
Abstract
The authors compared 3 approaches to vocational rehabilitation for severe mental illness (SMI): the individual placement and support (IPS) model of supported employment, a psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) program, and standard services. Two hundred four unemployed clients (46% African American, 30% Latino) with SMI were randomly assigned to IPS, PSR, or standard services and followed for 2 years. Clients in IPS had significantly better employment outcomes than clients in PSR and standard services, including more competitive work (73.9% vs. 18.2% vs. 27.5%, respectively) and any paid work (73.9% vs. 34.8% vs. 53.6%, respectively). There were few differences in nonvocational outcomes between programs. IPS is a more effective model than PSR or standard brokered vocational services for improving employment outcomes in clients with SMI.
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The demographic profile of this present study is similar to other IPS studies in that it does not represent the SMI population.
“The demographic profile of this present study is similar to other IPS studies [63, 72–76] in that it does not represent the SMI population.”
From An enhanced individual placement and support (iPS) intervention based on the model of human occupation (MOHO); a prospective cohort study (2020) · cites this paper as [74]
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Self-citationBond, G. R., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01244.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual placement and support: from research to practice
Rinaldi, M., Perkins, R. E., Glynn, E., Montibeller, T., Clenaghan, M., & Rutherford, J. (2007) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.003509 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Finding and sustaining employment: A qualitative meta-synthesis of mental health consumer views
Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.2182/cjot.2010.77.5.6 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Social Security And Mental Illness: Reducing Disability With Supported Employment
Drake, R. E., Skinner, J., Bond, G. R., & Goldman, H. H. (2009) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.761 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationCarpenter-Song, E., Chu, E., Drake, R. E., Ritsema, M., Smith, B., & Alverson, H. (2010) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461510368906 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationPriebe, S., Watzke, S., Hansson, L., & Burns, T. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01217.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effectiveness of individual placement and support supported employment for young adults
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Campbell, K. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12175 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment
Mueser, K. T., Aalto, S., Becker, D. R., Ogden, J. S., Wolfe, R. S., Schiavo, D., Wallace, C. J., & Xie, H. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1254 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGurk, S. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2006) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0070-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationA Theory of Social Integration as Quality of Life
Ware, N. C., Hopper, K. J., Tugenberg, T., Dickey, B., & Fisher, D. R. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.1.27 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Supported employment for persons with serious mental illness: Current status and future directions
Mueser, K. T., & McGurk, S. R. (2014) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2014.04.008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSupported Employment Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial of ACT and Clubhouse Models
Macias, C., Rodican, C. F., Hargreaves, W. A., Jones, D. R., Barreira, P. J., & Wang, Q. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1406 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Michon, H. W. C., van Busschbach, J. T., Stant, A. D., van Vugt, M. D., van Weeghel, J., & Kroon, H. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000061 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supported employment
Hoffmann, H., Jäckel, D., Glauser, S., & Kupper, Z. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01780.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Wong, K. K., Chiu, R. L. P., Tang, B., Mak, D. C. S., Liu, J., & Chiu, S. N. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.1.84 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Strategies for Maximizing Clinical Effectiveness in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Tandon, R., Targum, S. D., Nasrallah, H. A., & ROSS, R. W. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200611000-00003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Campbell, K., Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., & Xie, H. (2010) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181ea1e53 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationWho benefits from individual placement and support? A meta-analysis
de Winter, L., Couwenbergh, C., van Weeghel, J., Sanches, S. A., Michon, H. W. C., & Bond, G. R. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000300 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationMueser, K. T., Essock, S. M., Haines, M., Wolfe, R. S., & Xie, H. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009779 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationMichon, H. W. C., van Weeghel, J., Kroon, H., & Schene, A. H. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0910-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Metcalfe, J. D., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx132 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationSupported Employment for Middle-Aged and Older People with Schizophrenia
Twamley, E. W., Narvaez, J. M., Becker, D. R., Bartels, S. J., & Jeste, D. V. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760701853326 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Arena, A. F. A., Mobbs, S., Sanatkar, S., Williams, D. O., Collins, D., Harris, M., Harvey, S. B., & Deady, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.027 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Rosenheck, R. A., & Mares, A. S. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.3.325 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Rinaldi, M., Miller, L., & Perkins, R. (2010) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261003720456 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
Hiday, V. A., & Burns, P. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.029 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The place and promise of theory in rehabilitation psychology research.
Dunn, D. S., & Elliott, T. R. (2008) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012962 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia
Twamley, E. W., Vella, L., Burton, C. Z., Becker, D. R., Bell, M. D., & Jeste, D. V. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.036 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological Approaches to Mental Illness
Peterson, C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
HESLIN, M., HOWARD, L., LEESE, M., McCRONE, P., RICE, C., JARRETT, M., SPOKES, T., HUXLEY, P., & THORNICROFT, G. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00035.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mental Health Services for Individuals with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lake, J. K., Perry, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/502420 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Standardizing Measures in Four Domains of Employment Outcomes for Individual Placement and Support
Bond, G. R., Campbell, K., & Drake, R. E. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100270 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMarital Status and Mental Health
Williams, K., Frech, A., & Carlson, D. L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.020 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Carmona, V. R., Gómez‐Benito, J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., & Rojo, E. (2017) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01074 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Supported Employment in People With Dual Disorders
Mueser, K. T., Campbell, K., & Drake, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2011.568360 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationWell-Being across the Life Course
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
McDonagh, M. S., Dana, T., Kopelovich, S. L., Monroe‐DeVita, M., Blazina, I., Bougatsos, C., Grusing, S., & Selph, S. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000649 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kilian, R., Lauber, C., Kalkan, R., Dorn, W., Rössler, W., Wiersma, D., van Buschbach, J. T., Fioritti, A., Tomov, T., Catty, J., et al. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0451-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries With Mental Illness Benefit From Evidence-Based Supported Employment?
Bond, G. R., Xie, H., & Drake, R. E. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.11.1412 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationKing, R., Waghorn, G., Lloyd, C., Mcleod, P., McMah, T., & Leong, C. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01824.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Leff, H. S., Cook, J. Α., Gold, P. B., Toprac, M. G., Blyler, C. R., Goldberg, R. W., McFarlane, W. R., Shafer, M. S., Allen, I. E., Camacho-Gonsalves, T., et al. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1237 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Vocational rehabilitation in early psychosis: cluster randomised trial
Craig, T., Shepherd, G., Rinaldi, M., Smith, J., Carr, S., Preston, F., & Singh, S. P. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.136283 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Implementing evidence-based supported employment
Rinaldi, M., & Perkins, R. E. (2007) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.106.010199 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Murphy, A., Mullen, M. G., & Spagnolo, A. B. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487760590953948 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Employment Interventions in Health Settings: A Systematic Review and Synthesis
Pinto, A. D., Hassen, N., & Craig-Neil, A. (2018) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2286 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An Ethnographic Study of Job Seeking Among People with Severe Mental Illness.
ALVERSON, H. S., Carpenter, E., & Drake, R. E. (2006) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/30.2006.15.22 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDissemination of supported employment in Department of Veterans Affairs
Resnick, S. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2007.02.0043 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Adapting the Individual Placement and Support Model with Homeless Young Adults
Ferguson, K. M., Xie, B., & Glynn, S. M. (2011) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-011-9163-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gold, P. B., Macias, C., & Rodican, C. F. (2014) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-014-9392-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wallstrøm, I. G., Pedersen, P., Christensen, T. N., Hellström, L. C., Bojesen, A. B., Stenager, E. N., White, S. J., Mueser, K. T., Bejerholm, U., van Busschbach, J. T., et al. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000070 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationWork and Unemployment as Stressors
Lennon, M. C., & Limonic, L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Profile of cognitive problems in schizophrenia and implications for vocational functioning
Tan, B. (2008) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2008.00759.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Cost of High-Fidelity Supported Employment Programs for People With Severe Mental Illness
Latimer, E. A., Bush, P. W., Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.4.401 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationLatimer, E. A. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0546 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Is deinstitutionalization working in our community?
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Ottomanelli, L., Barnett, S. D., & Goetz, L. L. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0353-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Challenges to Implementing and Sustaining Comprehensive Mental Health Service Programs
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Terry, R., & Townley, G. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12336 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Henwood, B. F., Padgett, D. K., Smith, B. T., & Tiderington, E. (2012) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2012.697448 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Introduction to the special issue on individual placement and support.
Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2014) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000083 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationA Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Critical strategies for implementing supported employment
Becker, D. R., Baker, S. R., Carlson, L. S., Flint, L., Howell, R. F., Lindsay, S., Moore, M., Reeder, S. A., & Drake, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-2007-00380 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHorwitz, A. V. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A short history of individual placement and support in Norway.
Sveinsdóttir, V. Ó., Bull, H. C., Evensen, S., Rème, S. E., Knutzen, T., & Lystad, J. U. (2019) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000366 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mueser, K. T., Clark, R. E., Haines, M., Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Bond, G. R., Essock, S. M., Becker, D. R., Wolfe, R., & Swain, K.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center (US)
- Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 479-490
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2000466950
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 60.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh000842-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-00842, MH-56147, R24MH056147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- severe mental illness, supported employment, Individual Placement and Support, psychosocial rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation, employment effects, competitive employment, unemployed people, African American clients, Latino clients
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Employment, Supported, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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