The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Abstract
In this article, I present a theoretical perspective on the nature of "optimal" self-esteem. One of my major goals is to show that optimal and high self-esteem are different from each other. High self-esteem can be fragile or secure depending upon the extent to which it is defensive or genuine, contingent or true, unstable or stable, and discrepant or congruent with implicit (nonconscious) feelings of self-worth. Optimal self-esteem is characterized by qualities associated with genuine, true, stable, and congruent (with implicit self-esteem) high self-esteem. A second major goal is to present a conceptualization of the construct of authenticity. I propose that authenticity as an individual difference construct may be particularly important in delineating the adaptive features of optimal self-esteem. Authenticity can be characterized as the unobstructed operation of one's true, or core, self in one's daily enterprise. I argue that authenticity has 4 components: awareness, unbiased processing, action, and relational. Initial data pertaining to these components are highly encouraging. Finally, I discuss some implications of the fragile versus secure high self-esteem distinction for narcissism, defensive processing models, and cross-cultural self-esteem perspectives.
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In the citing paper
“Kernis' (2003) theory of authenticity was not specific to leadership but was meant to differentiate an optimal or stable self-esteem from a fragile or defensive self-esteem.”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
In the citing paper
“Kernis' work identified four components of authenticity: self-awareness, unbiased processing of self-relevant information, behavior in accordance with one's true self, and openness and honesty in relationships.”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
In the citing paper
“As such, there is a risk of developing contingent self-worth (Deci and Ryan 1995;Kernis 2003) insofar as individuals feel that they must live up to specific standards or attain particular outcomes to be worthy.”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Kernis 2003
In the citing paper
“identifies four core elements of authenticity: self-awareness, unbiased processing, relational authenticity, and authentic behavior/action.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“the previously discussed arguments advanced by Kernis (2003) that authenticity involves unbiased (balanced) processing, relational transparency/authenticity, and authentic behavior.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“Kernis' (2003) assertion that authenticity (through self-awareness and relational transparency) fosters positive affective states.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“Once again, however, the discussion of these topics is not well integrated with available theory and research on the self-systems of leaders and followers (Hoyle, Kernis, Leary, & Baldwin, 1999; Kernis, 2003) or positive psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Snyder & Lopez, 2002)”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
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Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Swiatek, D., Dizon, B., Getahun, D. T., Silverberg, M. J., Zhang, Q., Im, T. M., & Goodman, M. G. (2024) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2024.050485 · Cited by 7
“Authenticity is the ability to be one ’ s true self in daily life (Kernis, 2003; Martinez et al., 2017).”
Background이성준, Gim, W.-S., & 유연재 (2013) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.1.013 · Cited by 7
The Relationship Between Aggression and Self-Esteem Among Prison Inmates
Schanz, Y. Y. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1331940 · Cited by 7
“A distinction has been made between high SE and optimal SE (Kernis, 2003), and between secure high SE and fragile high SE (Ziegler-Hill, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodMotivation in Schule und Hochschule
Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J., & Otterpohl, N. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_18 · Cited by 11
The Effects of Authentic Leadership on Employees’ Well-Being and the Role of Relational Cohesion
Kim, M. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.76427 · Cited by 7
Engyel, M., Urbán, R., Bandi, S. A., & Nagy, L. J. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00971-2 · Cited by 10
“Individuals with defensive high self-esteem can be afraid to admit negative self-feelings, therefore presenting an overly positive or grandiose imagemight affect answering self-esteem related items (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundConceptual and Historical Perspectives
Cloninger, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.004 · Cited by 8
Silence of crowdworkers—reasons and implications for work conditions and quality
Osterbrink, L., & Alpar, P. (2021) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2021.1927311 · Cited by 7
“2016; Lehdonvirta 2016; Yin et al. 2016). For example, Benson, Sojourner, and Umyarov (2020) demonstrated with experiments that ratings can discipline employers.”
BackgroundThe development and correlated change of narcissism and self-esteem in adulthood
Jung, J., Rentzsch, K., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221134410 · Cited by 8
“…self-view tends to be unrealistically in fl ated, the positive self-view inherent in self-esteem is argued to be more grounded in an objective reality and to be characterized by feelings of self-acceptance, self-respect, and self-compassion (Kernberg, 1975; Kernis, 2003; Orth & Robins, 2014).”
BackgroundGetting to the root of authentic leadership: Where does the field go from here?
Ostermeier, K. K., Cooper, D., & Medina‐Craven, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2713 · Cited by 7
Morf, C. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_5 · Cited by 7
Striving for identity goals by self-symbolizing on Instagram
Sciara, S., Contu, F., Regalia, C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10039-w · Cited by 9
“According to Crocker and colleagues’ theorization on the maintenance of contingent self-esteem (see Deci & Ryan, 1995; Kernis, 2003 ; Kernis & Waschull, 1995 , for defini - tions and the early theoretical framework), people want to succeed and avoid failures in domains of contingency— domains in…”
BackgroundThe relationships of sense of authenticity with stress-responses and stress-copings
Ito, M., & Kodama, M. (2005) · The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.11560/jahp.18.1_24 · Cited by 7
Williams, T. J., Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Usta, M. (2013) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.836133 · Cited by 7
“Over the past 15 years, many self-esteem theorists have stressed that becoming highly focused on extrinsic contingencies in acquiring self-esteem (Crocker & Park, 2004; Deci & Ryan, 1995; Kernis, 2003) can lead to a defensive and fragile form of self-regard.”
BackgroundUnderstanding the effect of being a big fish in a little pond on academic self-concept
Wouters, S., Colpin, H., Germeijs, V., & Verschueren, K. (2009) · Netherlands journal of psychology · doi:10.1007/bf03080131 · Cited by 7
“Researchers following this second approach (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1995; Kernis, 2003 ) have stated that people do not only differ in the domains they choose, but also in whether they have contingent versus ‘true’ self-esteem.”
MethodSouth African managers in public service: On being authentic
Barnard, A., & Simbhoo, N. (2014) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v9.20630 · Cited by 7
“Research suggests that we do not have one true self and that multiple selves are not experienced as inauthentic, but rather as necessary for interaction and for the preservation of relationships (Kernis, 2003; Lerner, 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialKindelberger, C., & Picherit, S. (2015) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2015.10.002 · Cited by 7
Effects of authentic leadership on organizational commitment for employees
Lee, H.-K. (2014) · Journal of Digital Convergence · doi:10.14400/jdc.2014.12.5.181 · Cited by 7
“조직의 위계상 자신보다 직급이 높은 리더가 구성원들에게 자신의 약점 도 스스럼없이 보여주고, 관계적으로 친밀해지기 위해 노력하는 모습은 구성원들로 하여금 리더에 대한 신뢰를 구축하게 하며[3], [12] 궁극적으로 신뢰성 있고 의미 있 는 리더-구성원 관계 형성에 도움을 준다[13].”
Self-Awareness and Leadership Skills of Female Students in Outdoor Camp
Esentaş, M., Özbey, S., & Güzel, P. (2017) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v5i10.2600 · Cited by 7
“Self-awareness, expresses a person’s own emotions, thoughts, desires in a realistic way and the process of knowing strengths and at the same time weaknesses about its own characteristic features (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundMotivation at School and University
Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J., & Otterpohl, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_18 · Cited by 6
SAĞIR, M., & Taştekin, A. U. A. (2019) · Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu dergisi · doi:10.29249/selcuksbmyd.590737 · Cited by 7
Exploring workplace dignity from managerial lens
Tiwari, A. A., Sharma, T., & Sharma, R. R. (2021) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-08-2020-0544 · Cited by 7
Exploring the role of authentic leadership in nursing
Best, C. (2022) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns.2022.e11927 · Cited by 7
Kotarska, K., Timoszyk-Tomczak, C., Nowak, L., Sygit, K., Gąska, I., & Nowak, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711004 · Cited by 7
Wilson, A. W., & Potwarka, L. R. (2015) · Journal of Intercollegiate Sport · doi:10.1123/jis.2014-0093 · Cited by 7
“Internally controlling processes may lead the person to engage in the activity with a fragile and contingent sense of self-esteem (e.g., Crocker, 2002; Kernis, 2003), and eventually become defensive rather than open to new experiences and information.”
BackgroundEhrlich, C. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0158-y · Cited by 7
“Equally, people’s desire not to lose a positive view about themselves (self-esteem) is another fundamental driver that underpins the goal-pursuit of many individuals (Crocker & Park, 2002; Crocker & Knight, 2005; Ellis, 2005; Judge, Erez, Bono & Thoresen, 2003; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundEmotional labor and authentic leadership
Buckner, & John, E. S. (2012) · Cited by 7
Jansen, D. L., & Vonk, R. (2005) · Nederlands tijdschrift voor de psychologie en haar grensgebieden · doi:10.1007/bf03062338 · Cited by 7
“…op een egobedreiging dan studentes met een lage contingente zelfwaardering.1 Uit een studie van Neighbors, Larimer, Geisner en Knee (2001, in Kernis, 2003) bleek dat studenten met een hoge globale contingente zelfwaardering alcohol gebruikten met de bedoeling om hun stemming en sociaal…”
InfluentialSaracer, B. E., Karaçay, G., Asarkaya, Ç., & Kabasakal, H. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230361720_12 · Cited by 7
Improving leadership through the power of words and music
Romanowska, J. (2014) · Figshare · Cited by 7
Experiences of African American female first generation college students
Green, A. (2015) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 7
Martinez, A., Browne, L., & Knee, C. R. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2024-3-2 · Cited by 10
Leon, S. C., Lutz, N. M., Hindt, L. A., Huguenel, B. M., & Osborne, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02297-y · Cited by 6
“The adult literature finds that fragile self-esteem is associated with emotional dysregulation (Kernis, 2003) and a range of negative outcomes, such as narcissism (Zeigler-Hill, 2006), verbal defensiveness (Kernis et al., 2008), aggression towards “out-group” members after an ego threat (Jordan et…”
BackgroundSeyahat Acentelerinde Otantik Liderliğin Çalışanların Yalakalık Eğilimlerine Etkisi
Tütüncü, Ö., & Akgündüz, Y. (2015) · Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17123/atad.vol25iss212302 · Cited by 6
“…açıkca ifade etmesini; dengeli davranış liderin bir karar vermeden önce inkâr, abartma ve saptırma olmadan ilgili bütün bilgileri tarafsız olarak analiz etmesini; içselleştirilmiş ahlaki bakış ise şeffaf bir karar alma sürecini içermektedir (Luthans ve Avolio 2003; Kernis 2003; May vd. 2003).”
InfluentialSelbstwert und Selbstvertrauen
Jünemann, A.-K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4_17 · Cited by 6
Adaptation versus authenticity
Green, M. J. (2017) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595817706986 · Cited by 6
“Kernis (2003) and Ilies et al. (2005) refer to ‘unbiased processing’.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPositive orientation as a predictor of hedonicwell-being: mediating role of the self-concept
Laskowska, A. A., Jankowski, T., Oleś, P., & Miciuk, Ł. R. (2018) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2018.75752 · Cited by 8
“Such constructs as self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965), life satisfaction (Diener, 1984) and optimism (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), seem to be the most frequently investigated phenomena within the field (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003; Kernis, 2003; Caprara, Steca, Gerbino, Paciello, & Vecchio, 2006; Dien…”
InfluentialBarnett, M. D., Maciel, I. V., & King, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000272 · Cited by 6
“…competition (Geukes et al., 2017), and this fragility is thought to account for certain narcissistic behaviors such as aggression (for review, see Kernis, 2003; Zeigler-Hill, Clark, Journal of Individual Differences (2019), 40(1), 20–25 2018 Hogrefe Publishing…”
BackgroundSelf-confidence, commitment and goal-setting in Czech athletes at different performance levels
Vičar, M. (2018) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2018.018 · Cited by 6
“(Kernis, 2003, p. 1) It is therefore possible to assume that excessive levels of mental skills can be counter-productive in elite sport.”
BackgroundThe advantages and disadvantages of self-insight: New psychological and neural perspectives
Beer, J. S., & Harris, M. A. (2019) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.04.003 · Cited by 7
The Good Target of Personality Judgments
Mignault, M.-C., & Human, L. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190912529.013.7 · Cited by 6
Personality, Preferences and Socioeconomic Behavior
Ferguson, E., Zhao, K., & Smillie, L. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.044 · Cited by 6
Aktar, R., Sugiura, Y., & Hiraishi, K. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00779-4 · Cited by 6
“Sense of authenticity is regarded as the foundational aspect of optimal self-esteem that is characterized by the qualities associated with secure, stable, genuine, and true self-esteem (Kernis, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006).”
BackgroundExploring motivations of social media influencers as an emerging job market
An, C., & Haryanto, J. O. (2021) · IDEAS Journal of Management & Technology · doi:10.33021/ideas.v1i1.1700 · Cited by 6
“In the influencer marketing context, autonomy coincides with the term authenticity (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundIvanova, S., Treffers, T., Langerak, F., & Groth, M. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587221093295 · Cited by 6
“…it is not surprising that the viability of relationships within NVTs is (indirectly) informed by emotional responses that foster intimacy and self-disclosure (Kernis, 2003) and, at the same time, adhere to commonly applied organizational rules of appropriateness (Smollan, 2006; Liu et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPadín, P. F., Rodríguez, R. G., & Alonso, J. D. (2021) · PUBLICACIONES · doi:10.30827/publicaciones.v51i2.20915 · Cited by 6
Authenticity as Best-Self: The Experiences of Women in Law Enforcement
Jacobs, R., & Barnard, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861942 · Cited by 6
“Women consequently engage coping thoughts to deal with the stressful situations (cf. Lazarus, 1993) and these thoughts are affirmative or positive (Kernis, 2003) realigning the women to their sense of who they are when they are their best-self.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Fragile Self-Esteem on Course Completion in Higher Education
Dinter, M., Grässle, S., & Mosenhauer, M. (2022) · European Journal of Management Issues · doi:10.15421/192212 · Cited by 6
“The results are consistent with previous research, which suggests, on the one hand, that not low self-esteem itself, but its instability is the basis for dropout in higher education (Crocker & Luhtanen, 2003; Kernis, 2003).”
ResultAnalysis of factors influencing substance use craving among Chinese substance users
Guo, H., Wang, J., Wang, S., Zhou, J., & Wang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070215 · Cited by 6
Almazrouei, H. S. (2023) · Business, management and economics · doi:10.5772/intechopen.108624 · Cited by 14
Gooty, J., Banks, G. C., McBride, A. G., & van Knippenberg, D. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2752 · Cited by 6
Lopez, F. G., Thorne, B., Schoenecker, S. M., Siffert, K. J., Chaliman, R. T., & Castleberry, E. (2014) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00051.x · Cited by 6
Chen-Bouck, L., & Patterson, M. M. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12173 · Cited by 6
Are shame and self-esteem risk factors in prolonged grief after death of a spouse?
Dellmann, T. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2017.1351501 · Cited by 6
“Self-esteem can either be authentic and stable, or contingent and fragile (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialTransparency in Financial Communication
Baykal, E. (2019) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9265-5.ch006 · Cited by 6
Günel, İ. (2021) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2021.71.91.95 · Cited by 6
“Measurement Instrument The data were collected with the 4-point Likert-type and 10-item "Self-Esteem Scale," developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted to Turkish by Çuhadaroğlu (1986) and the 5-point Likert-type "Leadership Orientation Scale," developed by Luthans (1995) and adapted to Turkish by Dereli (2003) which h…”
MethodTemperament and Brain Networks of Attention
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Sheese, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.016 · Cited by 8
Otantik Liderliğin Akademik Platformda Lider Boyutu Açısından İncelenmesi
Kıcır, G. K., & Paşaoğlu, D. (2014) · Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17494/ogusbd.85764 · Cited by 6
Říha, D., Heinze, T. C., & Stros, M. (2017) · Central European Business Review · doi:10.18267/j.cebr.171 · Cited by 6
Biesanz, J. C., & Wallace, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.006 · Cited by 7
Mateeva, N., & Dimitrov, P. L. (2013) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v6i2.78 · Cited by 6
“Stated differently, unbiased processing involves "not denying, distorting, exaggerating, or ignoring private knowledge, internal experiences, and externally based evaluative information" (Kernis, 2003, p. 14).”
BackgroundThe Journey to Authenticity: An Analysis of Undergraduate Personal Development
Scott, M., Whiddon, A. S., Brown, N. R., & Weeks, P. P. (2015) · Journal of Leadership Education · doi:10.12806/v14/i2/r5 · Cited by 6
“Since the clarity and certainty of self-knowledge are important determinants of psychological well-being (Kernis, 2003), authentic leaders are expected to convey increased levels of self-clarity and self-certainty (Gardner et al.”
BackgroundMead, J., Gilson, T. A., & Henning, M. B. (2017) · Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education · doi:10.1080/19357397.2017.1347598 · Cited by 6
“However, scholars have noted he importance of authentic leadership – or a window into one’s true self – as an important trait for leaders (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundCotrufo, R. J. (2014) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 6
Jordan, C. H., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1125-1 · Cited by 6
Factors affecting the motivation of TEFL academics in higher education in China
Wen-ying, M. (2012) · Office of Education Research; Faculty of Education · Cited by 6
Darnon, C., Sicard, A., Normand, A., & Martinot, D. (2024) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2024.2394691 · Cited by 6
“This has led several authors to suggest that there may be other less problematic ways for students to value academics (Crocker, 2002; Deci & Ryan, 1995; Kernis, 2003).”
石津, 憲., Ohtsuki, T., & Shimoda, Y. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103744 · Cited by 14
How do the authentic leaders make ethical decisions? Examining the mediating role of empathy
Pradhan, R. K., Jandu, K., Boinapalli, H., Panda, M., & Mishra, S. (2025) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-02-2025-0072 · Cited by 5
Female body perception: social norms, criticism, and the impact of weight perception
SADIK, R., & Yılmaz, G. N. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2025.2564088 · Cited by 5
“Deci and Ryan (2000) argue that intrinsic self-worth mediates the impact of criticism, while Kernis (2003) shows that individuals with high self-esteem resist negative judgements more effectively.”
The Crown must always win: Rethinking authentic leadership through ‘The Crown’ series
Kark, R., & Cohen, B. S. (2024) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2024.70 · Cited by 5
“Luthans and Avolio (2003) and Gardner et al. (2005), drawing on Kernis (2003) and Kernis and Goldman (2006), describe authentic leadership as the interaction between positive psychological traits and supportive organizational environments.”
Balwant, P. T. (2019) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2019.1657593 · Cited by 7
“Third, authentic leaders influence followers via emotional contagion (Avolio & Gardner, 2005; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundGenç Sürücülerde Öfke Deneyimleri: Bir Nitel Analiz Çalışması
Ergin, U., Fındık, G., & Öz, B. (2020) · Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38002/tuad.631087 · Cited by 5
Explicit and Implicit Self-esteem and Aggression: Differential Effects of Agency and Communion
Snowden, R. J., Amad, S., Morley, E., Butkute, N., Budd, R., Jackson, L., Abbasi, N., & Gray, N. S. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520985490 · Cited by 5
“Using this framework Gallo and Smith (1998) examined the relationship of the two axis of the interpersonal circumplex to aggression as defined by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) in a sample of undergraduates.”
InfluentialMeerits, A., Kivipõld, K., & Akuffo, I. N. (2021) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-04-2021-0277 · Cited by 5
Ödamonik İyi Olma Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Bir Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Yıldırım, A., & Bozdemir, M. (2020) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-08-17-07 · Cited by 5
A bridge from will to authenticity: The role of meaning
Eksı, H., Şahi̇n, Y., Koca, D. A., Eminoğlu, Z., & Ekşi, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02744-5 · Cited by 5
Hart, W., Kinrade, C., Lambert, J. T., & Garrison, K. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111941 · Cited by 5
Fraser, M. I., Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., & Hunt, C. J. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_3 · Cited by 5
Zhang, R., Zhang, X., Yang, M., & Zhang, H. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.045819 · Cited by 5
Visser, L., Pat‐El, R., Lataster, J., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & Jacobs, N. (2024) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1246 · Cited by 7
Ito, M., Kawasaki, N., & Kodama, M. (2011) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.81.560 · Cited by 5
Authenticity and the Other: Coleadership in Arts Organizations
MacNeill, K., Tonks, A., & Reynolds, S. (2012) · Journal of Leadership Studies · doi:10.1002/jls.21252 · Cited by 5
Development of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale for Japanese Young Adolescents
Ohtani, K., & Nakaya, M. (2010) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.18.233 · Cited by 5
Wang, Y. (2014) · Digital Commons - Lingnan (Lingnan University) · Cited by 5
Authentic Leadership: An Emerging Issue in Project Management
Iqbal, S. M. J., Khan, S. U. R., & Long, C. S. (2014) · Research Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology · doi:10.19026/rjaset.8.1110 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, Ilies et al. (2005) suggested a more focused authentic leadership model based on four components from the conception of Kernis (2003) that included unbiased processing, self-awareness, authentic relational orientation and authentic behavior/acting.”
Narcissism in the context of the psychological health of adolescents
Popov, S., & Sekulic-Bartos, O. (2016) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra1602147p · Cited by 5
Yadav, N., & Dixit, S. (2017) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v12n4p222 · Cited by 5
“Authentic leaders believe in maintaining transparent systems and building a culture that allows people to share information, feelings and desires in a genuine manner, without any apprehensions (Walumbwa, et al., 2008; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-esteem consistency predicts the course of therapy in depressed patients
Eberl, C., Winkler, I., Pawelczack, S., Tröbitz, E., Rinck, M., Becker, E., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199957 · Cited by 8
Promotion by others through social networks
Lynch, B. P., Meisel, M. K., Campbell, W. K., & vanDellen, M. R. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1505652 · Cited by 5
“However, efforts to improve self-esteem can backfire (Crocker & Park, 2004; Kernis, 2003), and it is thus possible promotion by others is one route that can provide a benefit to self-esteem while mitigating some of the costs of seeking selfesteem through self-promotion.”
BackgroundSelf-deception, emotional neglect and workplace victimization
Dash, S. S., & Jena, L. K. (2019) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-03-2019-0036 · Cited by 4
OTANTİK LİDERLİĞİN PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE, İŞE KAPILMA VE OKUL BAŞARISIYLA İLİŞKİSİ
Bayır, Ö. Ö., & Aydın, A. (2019) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-631377 · Cited by 7
Personality in Clinical Psychology
Widiger, T. A., & McCabe, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.042 · Cited by 5
States and Situations, Traits and Environments
Asendorpf, J. B., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.007 · Cited by 10
Self-Support and Loneliness Among Chinese Primary School Students: A Moderated Mediation Model
Yao, Z., Pang, L., Yu, H., Xiao, H., & Peng, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773421 · Cited by 5
“Self-esteem is an psychological structure because it is a central component of an individual’s daily experience (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundThe Elusive Quantification of Self-Esteem: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Dominicis, S. D., & Molinario, E. (2022) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_11 · Cited by 6
Liu, F., Li, N., & Yue, X. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05937-2 · Cited by 5
“It is the core component of oneself and the core concept of the sense of self-worth in personality characteristics, which affects the way the individual responds to the surrounding environment(Kernis, 2003).”
Distributing leadership in English Sixth Form Colleges
Stoten, D. W. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-06-2014-0074 · Cited by 5
IMPACT OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS AND RESOURCES ON PERSON-JOB FIT
Montgomery, A. R. (2017) · CSUSB ScholarWorks (California State University, San Bernardino) · Cited by 5
Baljé, A. E., Greeven, A., Deen, M., van Giezen, A. E., Arntz, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70148 · Cited by 3
“It affects transactions of people with their environment (Kernis 2003) and influences perceptions and coping behaviour (Mann et al. 2004).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kernis, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kernis, Michael H.
- Venue
- Psychological Inquiry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7965
- OpenAlex
- W1981141777
- Cited by
- 1,683
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 28.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- high self-esteem, authenticity, implicit self-esteem, defensive processing, narcissism, individual differences, self-awareness
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