The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Abstract
In this article, I present a theoretical perspective on the nature of "optimal" self-esteem. One of my major goals is to show that optimal and high self-esteem are different from each other. High self-esteem can be fragile or secure depending upon the extent to which it is defensive or genuine, contingent or true, unstable or stable, and discrepant or congruent with implicit (nonconscious) feelings of self-worth. Optimal self-esteem is characterized by qualities associated with genuine, true, stable, and congruent (with implicit self-esteem) high self-esteem. A second major goal is to present a conceptualization of the construct of authenticity. I propose that authenticity as an individual difference construct may be particularly important in delineating the adaptive features of optimal self-esteem. Authenticity can be characterized as the unobstructed operation of one's true, or core, self in one's daily enterprise. I argue that authenticity has 4 components: awareness, unbiased processing, action, and relational. Initial data pertaining to these components are highly encouraging. Finally, I discuss some implications of the fragile versus secure high self-esteem distinction for narcissism, defensive processing models, and cross-cultural self-esteem perspectives.
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In the citing paper
“Kernis' (2003) theory of authenticity was not specific to leadership but was meant to differentiate an optimal or stable self-esteem from a fragile or defensive self-esteem.”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
In the citing paper
“Kernis' work identified four components of authenticity: self-awareness, unbiased processing of self-relevant information, behavior in accordance with one's true self, and openness and honesty in relationships.”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
In the citing paper
“As such, there is a risk of developing contingent self-worth (Deci and Ryan 1995;Kernis 2003) insofar as individuals feel that they must live up to specific standards or attain particular outcomes to be worthy.”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Kernis 2003
In the citing paper
“identifies four core elements of authenticity: self-awareness, unbiased processing, relational authenticity, and authentic behavior/action.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“the previously discussed arguments advanced by Kernis (2003) that authenticity involves unbiased (balanced) processing, relational transparency/authenticity, and authentic behavior.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“Kernis' (2003) assertion that authenticity (through self-awareness and relational transparency) fosters positive affective states.”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis (2003)
In the citing paper
“Once again, however, the discussion of these topics is not well integrated with available theory and research on the self-systems of leaders and followers (Hoyle, Kernis, Leary, & Baldwin, 1999; Kernis, 2003) or positive psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Snyder & Lopez, 2002)”
From Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership (2005) · cites this paper as Kernis, 2003
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Distilling the concept of authenticity
Sedikides, C., & Schlegel, R. J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00323-y · Cited by 55
“Indeed, authenticity has been argued to serve as the foundation for an optimal, secure form of self-esteem 156 .”
Humility facilitates higher self-control
Tong, E. M. W., Tan, K. W. T., Chor, A. A. B., Koh, E. P. S., Lee, J. S. Y., & Tan, R. W. Y. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.09.008 · Cited by 43
Self-esteem instability and academic outcomes in American and Chinese college students
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Li, H., Masri, J., Smith, A., Vonk, J. M., Madson, M. B., & Zhang, Q. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.03.010 · Cited by 48
Griffith, R., Lee, L. M., Peterson, M. H., & Zickar, M. J. (2011) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2011.597475 · Cited by 45
“Kernis (2003 ) proposed that SE can be split into two forms of the trait: secure SE and fragile SE.”
BackgroundContingent Self-Esteem and Race: Implications for the Black Self-Esteem Advantage
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2007) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798406295096 · Cited by 42
“In contrast to the idea that optimal self-esteem is noncontingent (Kernis, 2003), it has been proposed that the optimal condition for self-esteem may result from finding an appropriate level of contingency that allows the individual to be stable but not completely immune to the feedback they…”
Contingent Self-Esteem and Anticipated Reactions to Interpersonal Rejection and Achievement Failure
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Avi Besser, A., & King, K. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.10.1069 · Cited by 46
“high self-esteem and fragile high self-esteem, respectively (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialNarcissistic Traits and Explicit Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Implicit Self-View
Pierro, R. D., Mattavelli, S., & Gallucci, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01815 · Cited by 48
“Kernis (2003) suggested that narcissism is associated with fragile self-esteem, and that this fragility might be due to self-esteem instability, contingent self-esteem or discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem.”
Six Sigma success: Looking through authentic leadership and behavioral integrity theoretical lenses
Swain, A. K., Cao, Q. R., & Gardner, W. L. (2018) · Operations Research Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.orp.2018.04.001 · Cited by 48
Kim, B., Nurunnabi, M., Kim, T.-H., & Kim, T.-J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10062026 · Cited by 42
“Self-awareness refers to how aware a leader is of his or her values, philosophy, outlook on the world, strengths and weaknesses, others’ evaluation of him or her, and the impact that he or she has on others [35,57,58].”
BackgroundBakari, H., Hunjra, A. I., Jaros, S. J., & Khoso, I. (2018) · Leadership in health services · doi:10.1108/lhs-01-2018-0006 · Cited by 42
Brookings, J. B., & Serratelli, A. J. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.98.2.407-413 · Cited by 41
Kampa, J., Rigotti, T., & Otto, K. (2016) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2016-0046 · Cited by 43
Lupien, S. P., Seery, M. D., & Almonte, J. L. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.022 · Cited by 40
Weinberg, F. J. (2019) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601119838689 · Cited by 50
Peng, S., Zhou, B., Wang, X., Zhang, H., & Hu, X. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106319 · Cited by 42
Mouratidis, A. A., Michou, A., Sayıl, M., & Altan, S. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101433 · Cited by 40
“, when one feels worthy only when he or she gets high grades at school) (Kernis, 2003; Park, Ward, & Naragon-Gainey, 2017).”
BackgroundThe real me: Authenticity, interpersonal goals, and conflict tactics
Tou, R. Y. W., Baker, Z. G., Hadden, B. W., & Lin, Y.-C. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.033 · Cited by 40
Tomaka, J., Morales‐Monks, S., & Shamaley, A. G. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2448 · Cited by 42
Self-concept organisation and mental toughness in sport
Meggs, J., Ditzfeld, C. P., & Golby, J. (2013) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.812230 · Cited by 51
“Indeed, global measures, such as self-esteem, lack precise predictive value under conditions of self-threat (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundPalmier‐Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., Drake, R., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00250.x · Cited by 40
“Secure self-esteem is well founded, strongly held and resistant to external influences, whereas fragile selfesteem is less strongly held, lacks conviction and requires constant external validation (see Kernis (2003) for a review24).”
BackgroundWojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614534699 · Cited by 43
“Psychologists have long recognized that reports of self-esteem can be distorted by selfenhancement motivation and thus that explicit self-report measures should not always be accepted as valid reflections of actual internal experience (e.g., Kernis, 2003; Schneider & Turkat, 1975).”
BackgroundMethodCore self-evaluation and subjective wellbeing: A moderated mediation model
Chen, W., Yang, T., & Luo, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1036071 · Cited by 39
“One’s level of self-esteem has been shown to be closely related to cognition, emotion, and behavior, and a high level of self-esteem can promote positive psychological development (51), influencing both one’s pursuit of long-term goals and their positive attitudes toward self and happiness (52).”
BackgroundPickleball Participation and the Health and Well-Being of Adults—A Scoping Review
Stroesser, K., Mulcaster, A., & Andrews, D. M. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0092 · Cited by 39
Self and Attitude Strength Parallels: Focus on Accessibility
DeMarree, K. G., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00012.x · Cited by 41
“Thus, certainty is a metacognitive aspect of attitudes, or a cognition about one’s own judgment (Petty, Briñol, Tormala, & Wegener, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialChoi, H.-G., & Ahn, S. H. (2016) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.100 · Cited by 40
“자 아인식은 진정성 리더십의 가장 핵심이 되는 영역으로서, 리더가 타 인에 대한 자신의 영향력, 강점과 약점, 다면적 본성에 대한 이해를 통해 타인이 바라보는 자신의 모습을 아는 것이다[4].”
Lee, H., Kim, S.-H., & Uhm, J.-P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753019 · Cited by 39
“Theoretical work has underscored the key role of self-esteem in well-being (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundThartori, E., Pastorelli, C., Cirimele, F., Remondi, C., Gerbino, M., Basili, E., Favini, A., Lunetti, C., Fiasconaro, I., & Caprara, G. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413171 · Cited by 41
Kapeleris, A. R., & Paivio, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.595764 · Cited by 39
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When You Think Your Partner Is Holding Back
Impett, E. A., Le, B. M., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. J. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613514455 · Cited by 38
“2012), and authenticity fosters trust and intimacy (Kernis, 2003), two processes that are”
BackgroundSimulations in nursing practice: toward authentic leadership
Shapira‐Lishchinsky, O. (2012) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01426.x · Cited by 36
“(3) Relational transparency , which is the sharing of information through honest communication with others, and (4) Self-awareness , which is the understanding of a person s strengths, weaknesses and the way he/she makes sense of the world (Kernis 2003).”
BackgroundZhang, R., & Noels, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112463604 · Cited by 43
“Research on authenticity has shown that people differ in the extent to which their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are experienced as an expression of one’s core or true self (Kernis, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006).”
BackgroundSarıçam, H. (2015) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2015-0034 · Cited by 41
Authentic leadership in illness blogs: What we can learn from jaw surgery bloggers
Mitchell, M. (2016) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2016.1271270 · Cited by 38
“As defined by Kernis (2003), relational transparency is about “endorsing the importance for close others to see the real you, good and bad” (p. 15).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe relationship between authentic leaders and employees’ creativity
Semedo, A. S., Coelho, A., & Ribeiro, N. M. P. (2018) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-06-2017-0048 · Cited by 42
Choi, Y., Yoon, D. J., & Kim, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124303 · Cited by 50
Why the real self is fundamental to intentional change
Taylor, S. N. (2006) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710610678463 · Cited by 39
“Even high self-esteem can be an inhibitor to accessing the real self if it is actually fragile self-esteem built from being defensive and/or inauthentic (see Kernis, 2003”
BackgroundMorsünbül, Ü. (2015) · Eurasian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.61.6 · Cited by 38
“Self-esteem is an important psychological variable because it affects many parts of an individual’s life (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundHigh Self-Esteem: Multiple Forms and Their Outcomes
Heppner, W. L., & Kernis, M. H. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_15 · Cited by 41
“That is, an alternative view focuses on individual differences in the overall extent to which one’s feelings of self-esteem are contingent (Deci & Ryan, 1995; Kernis, 2003 ) and does not examine specific domains of contingencies per se. In this vein, Paradise and Kernis (1999) created a measure (the Contingent Self-Es…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZeigler‐Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Beckman, T. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.497376 · Cited by 37
“Whereas explicit selfesteem is often defined as conscious feelings of self-liking, self-worth, and acceptance (e.g., Brown, 1993; Kernis, 2003; Rosenberg, 1965), implicit self-esteem is generally believed to consist of nonconscious, automatic, and over learned self-evaluations (Greenwald & Banaji,…”
BackgroundInfluentialBuehl, A., & Melchers, K. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00686 · Cited by 45
“Furthermore, individuals with fragile self-esteem are more likely to exaggerate in interviews (Kernis, 2003) because they possess low levels of self-concept clarity and therefore rely more on situational cues (Campbell et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAntecedents of flourishing at work in a fast-moving consumer goods company
Rautenbach, C., & Rothmann, S. (2017) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1321846 · Cited by 44
Otterpohl, N., Lazar, R., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.11.002 · Cited by 42
“Some theorists have emphasized that self- esteem may be more or less generally dependent on external outcomes (Kernis, 2003), whereas others have argued that people’s self-esteem is contingent on experiences related to specific domains, such as physical appearance or approval from others (Crocker,…”
BackgroundInfluentialMills, D. J., Li, W., & Nower, L. (2020) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2020.1787389 · Cited by 46
Kinsler, L. (2014) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2014.9.1.92 · Cited by 38
Predictive Role of Authenticity on Psychological Vulnerability in Turkish University Students
Satıcı, S. A., Kayiş, A. R., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.07.pr0.112.2.519-528 · Cited by 37
“Psychological vulnerability is considered to consist of harmful reactions to stress and is described as a pattern of cognitive beliefs reflecting a dependence on achievement or external sources of affirmation for one’s sense of self-worth (Sinclair & Wallston, 1999; Crocker, 2002; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundIMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT SELF-ESTEEM AND IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
Sava, F. A., Maricutoiu, L. P., Rusu, S., Macsinga, I., & Vîrgă, D. (2011) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 37
Humility in organizational leadership
Owens, B. P. (2009) · Cited by 37
Wang, Y.-N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.001 · Cited by 39
Self‐esteem change during the transition from university to work
Reitz, A. K., Shrout, P. E., Denissen, J. J. A., Dufner, M., & Bolger, N. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12519 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, future research should examine the extent to which some of the individual variability in self‐esteem that we observed are due in part to individual differences in state reactivity (cf. Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundTak, J.-G., Seo, J., & Roh, T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11216028 · Cited by 37
“Existing literature has emphasized that among the four components of AL, AL should be considered necessary within the organization by enabling trust, emotion and information sharing among leaders and employees [14,16,17,36,37].”
BackgroundTong, H., Simpson, A. J., Paul, E. A., & Simpson, M. J. (2021) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00033 · Cited by 36
How Do Individuals with Fragile High Self-esteem Cope with Intrusive Thoughts Following Ego Threat?
Borton, J. L. S., Crimmins, A. E., Ashby, R. S., & Ruddiman, J. F. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.500935 · Cited by 36
“, high test performance, social acceptance) or matching specific evaluative standards (Kernis, 2003).”
InfluentialKuzucu, Y., & Şimşek, Ö. (2013) · The Journal of general psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2013.771607 · Cited by 25
“One possibility could be fragile selfesteem based on esteeming the self through adopting an attitude of superiority in relation to peers (Kernis, 2003) rather than actualizing the self through defining and working on goals.”
BackgroundZeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 39
Burnout and the role of authentic leadership in academic medicine
McPherson, K. A., Barnard, J. G., Tenney, M., Holliman, B. D., Morrison, K. M., Kneeland, P. P., Lin, C., & Moss, M. M. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08034-x · Cited by 53
“As discernable by the employees, a leader whose personal align with workplace decisions form the basis of this construct [26] and can “.”
BackgroundAlilyyani, B. (2022) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep12040095 · Cited by 40
“Relational transparency is related to involving others in making decisions and sharing information [32].”
BackgroundRomanowska, J., Larsson, G., & Theorell, T. (2014) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000108 · Cited by 36
“The social psychology literature provides ample evidence of the positive effects of selfawareness for effective functioning (e.g., Hoyle, Kernis, Leary, & Baldwin, 1999; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundDon't be such a downer: Using positive psychology to enhance the value of negative feedback.
O’Malley, A. L., & Gregory, J. B. (2011) · The Psychologist-Manager Journal · doi:10.1080/10887156.2011.621776 · Cited by 37
“A key aspect of such an existence is authenticity—an awareness and acceptance of one's positive and negative attributes ( Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundManz, C. C., Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., Fugate, M., & Pearce, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051816655993 · Cited by 54
Peck, J. A., & Hogue, M. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.10.001 · Cited by 48
Alexander, C., & Lopez, R. P. (2017) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000568 · Cited by 35
Aria, A., Jafari, P., & Behifar, M. (2019) · World Journal of Education · doi:10.5430/wje.v9n3p67 · Cited by 41
How authentic leadership promotes individual knowledge sharing: viewing from the lens of COR theory
Huy, P. T. (2019) · Management & Marketing · doi:10.2478/mmcks-2019-0027 · Cited by 38
“Balanced processing manifests in the leade r’s thorough and careful analysis of all relevant data before making a decision in an unbiased manner (Kernis, 2003; Oh, Cho and Lim, 2018).”
Noguchi, Y., Kamide, H., & Tanaka, F. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3377342 · Cited by 35
“Self-esteem concerns the adaptation levels of humans [28] and is known to be negatively correlated with neuroticism [4], which is another dimension of the Big Five personality model.”
BackgroundA comparison of authentic and transformational leadership in sport
Malloy, E., & Kavussanu, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12769 · Cited by 41
“Relational transparency refers to being open and showing one’s true self to one’s followers, which results in trusting open relationships between the leader and their followers (Kernis, 2003; Walumbwa et al., 2008).”
Bizzi, L., & Soda, G. (2011) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00747.x · Cited by 35
Verrocchio, M. C., Marchetti, D., & Fulcheri, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01760 · Cited by 34
“It refers to how individuals feel about themselves and reflects and affects their transactions with the environment and the people they encounter (Rosenberg, 1965; Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundMedler-liraz, H. (2016) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-05-2014-0156 · Cited by 28
Shared Authentic Leadership in Research Teams: Testing a Multiple Mediation Model
Guenter, H., Gardner, W. L., McCauley, K. D., Randolph-Seng, B., & Prabhu, V. P. (2017) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496417732403 · Cited by 41
“Authentic leadership is related to the more general concept of authentic functioning, which arises from “the operation of one’s core or true self in one’s daily enterprise” (Kernis, 2003, p. 13).”
BackgroundInfluencing salespeople’s work outcomes through authentic leadership
Azanza, G., Gorgievski, M. J., Moriano, J. A., & Molero, F. J. (2018) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2017-0113 · Cited by 35
Gebregergis, W. T., Mehari, D. T., Gebretinsae, D. Y., & Habte, A. (2020) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v10i2.616 · Cited by 34
“Individuals with a high level of self-esteem tend to put in a continuous effort to enhance their feeling of self-worth (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundMarchlewska, M., Górska, P., Malinowska, K., & Jarosław, K. (2021) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1907067 · Cited by 35
“Similarly to secure self-evaluation (Cichocka, Marchlewska, & Golec de Zavala, 2016; Kernis, 2003; Locke, 2009; Marchlewska, Castellanos, Lewczuk, Kofta, & Cichocka, 2019; Marchlewska & Cichocka, 2017; Paulhus, Robins, Trzesniewski, & Tracy, 2004), secure in-group positivity can be defined as…”
Human dignity, self-worth, and humiliation: A comparative legal–psychological approach.
Shultziner, D., & Rabinovici, I. (2011) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0024585 · Cited by 34
A systematic review of authentic leadership literature in educational research from 1997 to 2021
Ahmed, E. I. (2023) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432221120467 · Cited by 39
“Their approach was based on the multidimensional concept of authenticity advanced by Kernis (2003).”
InfluentialAhmad, I., Zafar, M. A., & Shahzad, K. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 33
Quraishi, U., & Aziz, F. (2018) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2018.1437670 · Cited by 37
“This also includes an understanding of how others appraise their leadership and how they are able to influence others (Kernis, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effects of attractiveness, gender and self-esteem in service jobs
Xu, S. T., Martinez, L. R., & Smith, N. A. (2019) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-02-2019-0127 · Cited by 35
Influence of leaders’ authentic competences on nepotism-favouritism and cronyism
Akuffo, I. N., & Kivipõld, K. (2019) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-02-2019-0078 · Cited by 47
The moderating role of extrinsic contingency focus on reactions to threat
Williams, T. J., Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Martens, A. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.624 · Cited by 35
Authenticity and Relationship Satisfaction: Two Distinct Ways of Directing Power to Self-Esteem
Wang, Y. N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146050 · Cited by 38
“Kernis (2003) proposes that experiencing oneself as authentic provides the basis for experiencing optimal self-esteem.”
BackgroundThe Use of Intensive Longitudinal Methods in Explanatory Personality Research
Sened, H., Lazarus, G., Gleason, M. E. J., Rafaeli, E., & Fleeson, W. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2143 · Cited by 34
“Early studies using this approach explored variability in self-esteem (for a review, see Kernis, 2003), which was found to range quite widely.”
BackgroundBen‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch9 · Cited by 37
Applying psychological theories of self-esteem in coaching practice
Maxwell, A., & Bachkirova, T. (2010) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2010.5.1.16 · Cited by 32
Authenticity and self-esteem across temporal horizons
Davis, W. E., Hicks, J. A., Schlegel, R. J., Smith, C. M., & Vess, M. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.910830 · Cited by 35
“Authenticity is recognized as a central component of the good life in philosophical and psychological thought, and is argued to serve as the foundation for a secure sense of high self-esteem that is resilient to external threats (e.g. Kernis, 2003; Kernis & Goldman, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialPOSITIVE ORIENTATION AND GENERALIZED SELF-EFFICACY
Oleś, P., Alessandri, G., Oleś, M., Bąk, W., JANIKOWSKI, T., Łaguna, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2013) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2013.01.620 · Cited by 34
“Selfesteem (Kernis, 2003), life satisfaction (Diener, 1984) and dispositional optimism (Carver, Scheier, 2002) are treated as associated with well-being and success and con- DOI: 10.21909/sp.2013.01.620 stitute the core of positive attitudes towards the world and the self (Caprara et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrowth motivation attenuates the self-serving attribution
Park, S. W., Bauer, J. J., & Arbuckle, N. B. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.013 · Cited by 33
Stronge, S., Cichocka, A. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.016 · Cited by 34
“Based on conceptions of selfesteem as being ‘optimal’ or ‘genuine’ for some, and narcissistic for others, this profile was labelled ‘optimal self-esteem’ to represent high self-esteem that is unaccompanied by defensiveness or entitlement (Jordan et al., 2003; Kernis, 2003; Byrne & O'Brien, 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPersonal factor effects on authentic leadership
Kotzé, M., & Nel, P. (2017) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2016.1268291 · Cited by 32
“In this model of authentic leadership, self-awareness refers to showing an understanding of one’s strengths and weaknesses and the multifaceted nature of the self which includes gaining insight into the self through exposure to others and being cognisant of one’s impact on others (Kernis, 2003) .”
BackgroundSocial and psychological determinants of value co-creation behavior for South Korean firms
Yoon, S., & Lee, E.-M. (2019) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-01-2018-0017 · Cited by 32
Developing nurse leaders: Toward a theory of authentic leadership empowerment
Doherty, D. P., & Revell, S. M. H. (2020) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12446 · Cited by 34
Shen, X., Xie, X., & Wu, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03255-z · Cited by 33
Bissessar, C. S. (2014) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2014v39n9.4 · Cited by 32
“Kernis (2003) suggested that self-esteem is crucial to an individual’s daily life because it defines how an individual feels about himself/herself.”
BackgroundThe Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism: Where Is It Now?
Kuchynka, S. L., & Bosson, J. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_9 · Cited by 32
Lemay, E. P., & Ashmore, R. D. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.012 · Cited by 34
On when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively.
Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. A. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11624-011 · Cited by 32
“Indeed, we maintain that both intrapersonal and interpersonal adaptiveness is necessary to achieve optimal self-esteem and functioning (Kernis, 2003; Passmore, 2000; Sheldon, 2004).”
Backgroundvan Schie, C. C., Jarman, H. L., Reis, S., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03249-4 · Cited by 31
Liu, Z., & Wong, H. (2023) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-2023-0044 · Cited by 38
Smallets, S., Streamer, L., Kondrak, C. L., & Seery, M. D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.007 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Kernis, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kernis, Michael H.
- Venue
- Psychological Inquiry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7965
- OpenAlex
- W1981141777
- Cited by
- 1,683
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 109 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 28.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- high self-esteem, authenticity, implicit self-esteem, defensive processing, narcissism, individual differences, self-awareness
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