Minireview: The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade: The Key Sensor of Cellular Energy Status
Abstract
All cells must maintain a high ratio of cellular ATP:ADP to survive. Because of the adenylate kinase reaction (2ADP <--> ATP + AMP), AMP rises whenever the ATP:ADP ratio falls, and a high cellular ratio of AMP:ATP is a signal that the energy status of the cell is compromised. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the downstream component of a protein kinase cascade that is switched on by a rise in the AMP:ATP ratio, via a complex mechanism that results in an exquisitely sensitive system. AMPK is switched on by cellular stresses that either interfere with ATP production (e.g. hypoxia, glucose deprivation, or ischemia) or by stresses that increase ATP consumption (e.g. muscle contraction). It is also activated by hormones that act via Gq-coupled receptors, and by leptin and adiponectin, via mechanisms that remain unclear. Once activated, the system switches on catabolic pathways that generate ATP, while switching off ATP-consuming processes that are not essential for short-term cell survival, such as the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The AMPK cascade is the probable target for the antidiabetic drug metformin, and current indications are that it is responsible for many of the beneficial effects of exercise in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
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- Authors
- Hardie, D. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hardie, D. Grahame
- ORCID
- Hardie, D. Grahame
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5179-5183
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2118029488
- Cited by
- 994
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Dundee
- Wellcome Trust (QLG1-CT-2001-01488)
- Diabetes UK
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- AMPK, cellular energy status, ATP/ADP ratio, adenylate kinase, AMP/ATP ratio, hypoxia, glucose deprivation, ischemia, muscle contraction, leptin, adiponectin, catabolic pathways, metformin, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Metabolism, Eukaryotic Cells, Humans, Multienzyme Complexes, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
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