The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Economic Shocks and Conflict: Evidence from Commodity Prices
Open accessAbstract
Higher national incomes are correlated with political stability. Is this relationship causal? We test three theories linking income to conflict with new data on export price shocks. Price shocks have no effect on new conflict, even large shocks in high-risk nations. Rising prices, however, weakly lead to shorter, less deadly wars. This evidence contradicts the theory that rising state revenues incentivize state capture, but supports the idea that rising revenues improve counter-insurgency capacity and reduce individual incentives to fight in existing conflicts. Conflict onset and continuation follow different processes. Ignoring this time dependence generates mistaken conclusions about income and instability. (JEL D72, D74, O13, O17, O19, Q02, Q34)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Filders, R. (1992) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(92)90130-2 · Cited by 16,165
Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
Becker, G. S. (1968) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259394 · Cited by 13,999
(2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.109.612 · Cited by 10,902
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 · Cited by 10,505
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Awais, A. (2015) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.17632/zcvgc6m58h.1 · Cited by 6,707
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754 · Cited by 4,702
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset
GLEDITSCH, N. P., WALLENSTEEN, P., ERIKSSON, M., SOLLENBERG, M., & STRAND, H. (2002) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343302039005007 · Cited by 3,846
(1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,500
Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
Ehrlich, I. (1973) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260058 · Cited by 2,492
On economic causes of civil war
Collier, P. (1998) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/50.4.563 · Cited by 2,483
Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach
Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., & Sergenti, E. (2004) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/421174 · Cited by 2,460
I Just Ran Two Million Regressions
Sala-i-Martín, X. (1997) · American Economic Review · Cited by 2,321
Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century
Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2012) · American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.4.3.66 · Cited by 2,223
Political instability and economic growth
Alesina, A., �zler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1996) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/bf00138862 · Cited by 1,830
The Economic Lives of the Poor
Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2007) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.21.1.141 · Cited by 1,703
Blattman, C., & Miguel, E. (2010) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.48.1.3 · Cited by 1,617
Self-citationA Theory of Political Transitions
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.4.938 · Cited by 1,554
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999
Van de Walle, N. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511800344 · Cited by 1,540
Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars
Montalvo, J. G., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2005) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828054201468 · Cited by 1,386
Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?
Krueger, A. B., & Malečková, J. (2003) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533003772034925 · Cited by 1,362
Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset
Hegre, H., & Sambanis, N. (2006) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002706289303 · Cited by 1,286
Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Mechanisms
Humphreys, M. (2005) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002705277545 · Cited by 1,221
Commodity Price Shocks and Civil Conflict: Evidence from Colombia
Dube, O., & Vargas, J. F. (2013) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdt009 · Cited by 1,187
On the Behaviour of Commodity Prices
Deaton, A., & Laroque, G. (1992) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297923 · Cited by 1,149
Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political Leaders
Goemans, H. E., Gleditsch, K. S., & Chiozza, G. (2009) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343308100719 · Cited by 1,128
The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations
Ross, M. L. (2012) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841929 · Cited by 1,028
Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa
Burke, M. B., Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., Dykema, J. A., & Lobell, D. B. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907998106 · Cited by 985
Warlord politics and African states
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-1223 · Cited by 929
A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability
Goldstone, J. A., Bates, R. H., Epstein, D. L., Gurr, T. R., Lustik, M. B., Marshall, M. G., Ulfelder, J., & Woodward, M. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00426.x · Cited by 861
State Capacity, Conflict, and Development
(2010) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta8073 · Cited by 850
The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0406 · Cited by 847
Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A new dataset
Powell, J. M., & Thyne, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343310397436 · Cited by 836
Modeling Dynamics in Time-Series–Cross-Section Political Economy Data
Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (2011) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-071510-103222 · Cited by 825
Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War
Fearon, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002705277544 · Cited by 821
A General Equilibrium Model of Insurrections
Grossman, H. I. (1991) · American Economic Review · Cited by 808
Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths
Lacina, B., & Gleditsch, N. P. (2005) · European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie · doi:10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6 · Cited by 784
What Is Civil War?: Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition
Sambanis, N. (2004) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002704269355 · Cited by 779
A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War
Ross, M. (2006) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.081304.161338 · Cited by 759
Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate
Hsiang, S. M., Meng, K. C., & Cane, M. A. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10311 · Cited by 755
Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999
Smith, B. (2004) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00067.x · Cited by 720
Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism
Abadie, A. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777211847 · Cited by 672
Hirshleifer, J. (1995) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261974 · Cited by 669
Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest
Bellemare, M. F. (2015) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aau038 · Cited by 636
Commodity Prices and Growth in Africa
Deaton, A. (1999) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.13.3.23 · Cited by 635
Sarkees, M., & Wayman, F. (2010) · CQ Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781608718276 · Cited by 577
Ethnicity and Conflict: An Empirical Study
Esteban, J., Mayoral, L., & Ray, D. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.4.1310 · Cited by 533
Crude democracy: natural resource wealth and political regimes
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-7042 · Cited by 518
When things fell apart: state failure in late-century Africa
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-1124 · Cited by 515
The Logic of Political Violence
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr025 · Cited by 450
When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa
Bates, R. H. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790713 · Cited by 416
Conflict, Climate, and Cells: A Disaggregated Analysis
Harari, M., & Ferrara, E. L. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00730 · Cited by 411
Linking Conflict to Inequality and Polarization
Esteban, J., & Ray, D. (2011) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.101.4.1345 · Cited by 388
World development report 2013 : jobs
Beegle, K., Hentschel, J. S., & Rama, M. (2012) · Cited by 371
WORKERS, WARRIORS, AND CRIMINALS: SOCIAL CONFLICT IN GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
Dal Bó, E., & Dal Bó, P. (2011) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01025.x · Cited by 370
Blattman, C., Hwang, J., & Williamson, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.09.003 · Cited by 365
Self-citationInternational Commodity Prices, Growth and the Outbreak of Civil War in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Brückner, M., & Ciccone, A. (2010) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02353.x · Cited by 359
Political Instability and Economic Growth
Alesina, A., Ozler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1992) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4173 · Cited by 316
On the Salience of Ethnic Conflict
Esteban, J., & Ray, D. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.2185 · Cited by 315
Oil and Conflict: What Does the Cross Country Evidence Really Show?
Cotet, A. M., & Tsui, K. K. (2013) · American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.5.1.49 · Cited by 309
(2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.1.15 · Cited by 299
International Commodity Prices, Macroeconomic Performance, and Politics in Sub-Saharan AfricaPreprint
Deaton, A., & Miller, R. I. (1995) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 288
What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism
Krueger, A. B. (2008) · doi:10.1515/9781400828838 · Cited by 286
Does Lootable Wealth Breed Disorder?: A Political Economy of Extraction Framework
Snyder, R. (2006) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414006288724 · Cited by 255
Polity IV, 1800-1999: Comments on Munck and Verkuilen
Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R., Davenport, C., & Jaggers, K. (2002) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/001041400203500103 · Cited by 252
Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: A Comment
Ciccone, A. (2011) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.4.215 · Cited by 228
Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset
FEARON, J. D., KASARA, K., & LAITIN, D. D. (2007) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055407070219 · Cited by 227
World development indicators 2009
Patel, S. (2009) · Cited by 209
Chassang, S., & Miquel, G. P. I. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1561/100.00008072 · Cited by 194
Rainfall and conflict: A cautionary tale
Sarsons, H. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.12.007 · Cited by 186
BATES, R., GREIF, A., & SINGH, S. (2002) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200202236166 · Cited by 177
The Incidence of Civil War: Theory and Evidence
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2008) · doi:10.3386/w14585 · Cited by 167
State Capacity, Conflict and Development
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15088 · Cited by 164
External Shocks, Internal Shots: The Geography of Civil Conflicts
Berman, N., & Couttenier, M. (2015) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00521 · Cited by 160
Re-examining Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict
Miguel, E. A., & Satyanath, S. (2011) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.4.228 · Cited by 157
7 Economic Development, Insurgency, and Civil War
Fearon, J. D. (2008) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv21hrgnz.11 · Cited by 125
Poverty and Civil War: Revisiting the Evidence
Djankov, S., & Reynal‐Querol, M. (2010) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00046 · Cited by 103
Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes Cambridge
Dunning, T. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510052.002 · Cited by 92
Expenditure of Low-Income Households on Energy : Evidence from Africa and Asia
Bacon, R. W., Bhattacharya, S., & Kojima, M. (2010) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/18284 · Cited by 57
Trade shocks in developing countries: Consequences and policy responses
Bevan, D., Collier, P., & Gunning, J. W. (1994) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · Cited by 38
Trade shocks in developing countries
Bevan, D., Collier, P., & Gunning, J. W. (1993) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/0014-2921(93)90045-c · Cited by 29
Cited by
The Economic Lives of the Poor
Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2007) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.21.1.141 · Cited by 1,703
What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?
Ross, M. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359 · Cited by 1,146
Conflict, Climate, and Cells: A Disaggregated Analysis
Harari, M., & Ferrara, E. L. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00730 · Cited by 411
Martin-Shields, C. P., & Stojetz, W. (2019) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.011 · Cited by 302
Blattman, C., & Ralston, L. (2015) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2622220 · Cited by 187
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bazzi, S., & Blattman, C.
- Venue
- American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1-38
- ISSN
- 1945-7707 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7715
- OpenAlex
- W3122306646
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 82
- FWCI
- 65.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.