Sex-specific epigenetic disruption and behavioral changes following low-dose in utero bisphenol A exposure
Open accessAbstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor widely used in the production of plastics. Increasing evidence indicates that in utero BPA exposure affects sexual differentiation and behavior; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. We hypothesized that BPA may disrupt epigenetic programming of gene expression in the brain. Here, we provide evidence that maternal exposure during pregnancy to environmentally relevant doses of BPA (2, 20, and 200 µg/kg/d) in mice induces sex-specific, dose-dependent (linear and curvilinear), and brain region-specific changes in expression of genes encoding estrogen receptors (ERs; ERα and ERβ) and estrogen-related receptor-γ in juvenile offspring. Concomitantly, BPA altered mRNA levels of epigenetic regulators DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and DNMT3A in the juvenile cortex and hypothalamus, paralleling changes in estrogen-related receptors. Importantly, changes in ERα and DNMT expression in the cortex (males) and hypothalamus (females) were associated with DNA methylation changes in the ERα gene. BPA exposure induced persistent, largely sex-specific effects on social and anxiety-like behavior, leading to disruption of sexually dimorphic behaviors. Although postnatal maternal care was altered in mothers treated with BPA during pregnancy, the effects of in utero BPA were not found to be mediated by maternal care. However, our data suggest that increased maternal care may partially attenuate the effects of in utero BPA on DNA methylation. Overall, we demonstrate that low-dose prenatal BPA exposure induces lasting epigenetic disruption in the brain that possibly underlie enduring effects of BPA on brain function and behavior, especially regarding sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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Developmental EDC exposure can lead to sex-specific changes in behavior.
“Developmental EDC exposure can also lead to sex-specific changes in behavior (Jacobsen et al., 2012; Kundakovic et al., 2013; Sobolewski et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2013).”
From The effects of prenatal PCBs on adult social behavior in rats (2015) · cites this paper as Kundakovic et al., 2013
BPA decreases Dnmt1 expression in prefrontal cortex in both male and female mice.
“Kundakovic et al . [ 49 ] | BPA | Mice; in utero | Decreases Dnmt1 expression in prefrontal cortex in both male and female mice.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
BPA alters DNA methylation of estrogen Receptor 1 in the brain.
“Also alters DNA methylation of estrogen Receptor 1 in the brain.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
BPA produces a nonmonotonic dose response for Dnmt1 expression in the hypothalamus and Dnmt3a expression in the prefrontal cortex with a U-shaped dose-response relationship observed with females whereas an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship is observed with male mice.
“Produces a nonmonotonic dose response for Dnmt1 expression in the hypothalamus and Dnmt3a expression in the prefrontal cortex with a U-shaped dose–response relationship observed with females whereas an inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship is observed with male mice.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in BPA-associated changes in pathology and function in several hormone-responsive tissues including the brain.
“Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in BPA-associated changes in pathology and function in several hormone-responsive tissues including the brain [ 49 , 130 , 138–141 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
These sexually dimorphic changes were linked to BPA-induced alterations in DNA methylation and expression of estrogen Receptor 1 in the brain.
“These sexually dimorphic changes were linked to BPA-induced alterations in DNA methylation and expression of estrogen Receptor 1 in the brain [ 49 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
Exposure to BPA reduced chasing behavior in males to levels similar to that of females and reversed the sex-dependent differences in open field behavior in distance traveled and inner area time such that each parameter was reduced in females and increased in male mice.
“Exposure to BPA reduced chasing behavior in males to levels similar to that of females and reversed the sex-dependent differences in open field behavior in distance traveled and inner area time such that each parameter was reduced in females and increased in male mice [ 49 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In utero exposure to BPA causes sex-, dose-, and brain region-specific changes in Dnmt expression.
“In utero exposure to BPA was shown to cause sex-, dose-, and brain region-specific changes in Dnmt expression [ 49 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
High doses of BPA are associated with increasing aggressive behavior.
“High doses of BPA are also associated with increasing aggressive behavior [ 49 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
A U-shaped dose-response relationship was observed in female mice, whereas an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship was observed in male mice.
“Interestingly, a U-shaped dose–response relationship was observed in female mice, whereas an inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship was observed in male mice [ 49 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
This same exposure paradigm produced a nonmonotonic dose response for Dnmt1 expression in the hypothalamus and Dnmt3a expression in the prefrontal cortex.
“This same exposure paradigm produced a nonmonotonic dose response for Dnmt1 expression in the hypothalamus and Dnmt3a expression in the prefrontal cortex.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
BPA exposure alters social exploratory and anxiety-like behaviors in young adult mice (P30-70) by disrupting sexually dimorphic behaviors.
“BPA exposure also alters social exploratory and anxiety-like behaviors in young adult mice (P30-70) by disrupting sexually dimorphic behaviors.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
In utero BPA exposure (2, 20, 200 μg/kg/day) significantly decreased Dnmt1 expression in the prefrontal cortex of both male and female mice.
“In utero BPA exposure (2, 20, 200 µg/kg/day) significantly decreased Dnmt1 expression in the prefrontal cortex of both male and female mice.”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
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Harris, E. P., Allardice, H. A., Schenk, A. K., & Rissman, E. F. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dias, G. R. M., Giusti, F. C. V., de Novais, C. O., de Oliveira, M. A. L., Paiva, A. G., Kalil-Cutti, B., Mahoney, M. M., & Graceli, J. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1571689 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kundakovic, M., Gudsnuk, K., Franks, B., Madrid, J., Miller, R. L., Perera, F. P., & Champagne, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; and
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-05-28
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 9956-9961
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3683772
- OpenAlex
- W1968179768
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 38.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller Fund
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2od001674-01)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (5 P01 ES09600, P01ES009600)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- bisphenol A, prenatal exposure, endocrine disruptors, DNA methylation, epigenetic programming, sex differences, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, estrogen-related receptor gamma, DNMT1, DNMT3A, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, maternal care
- MeSH terms
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1, DNA Methyltransferase 3A, Bisphenol A Compounds, Animals, Base Sequence, Benzhydryl Compounds, Cerebral Cortex, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Estrogens, Non-Steroidal, Female, Hypothalamus, Male, Maternal Behavior, Molecular Sequence Data, Phenols, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, DNA Methylation, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta, Mice, Endocrine Disruptors
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