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The Human Connectome: A Structural Description of the Human Brain
Open accessAbstract
The connection matrix of the human brain (the human "connectome") represents an indispensable foundation for basic and applied neurobiological research. However, the network of anatomical connections linking the neuronal elements of the human brain is still largely unknown. While some databases or collations of large-scale anatomical connection patterns exist for other mammalian species, there is currently no connection matrix of the human brain, nor is there a coordinated research effort to collect, archive, and disseminate this important information. We propose a research strategy to achieve this goal, and discuss its potential impact.
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“While a network approach to brain function is not a new idea, 25,49,68,85,88 a recent focus on brain connectivity as the underlying principle of the brain has gained eminence in the past decade, culminating in the search for the connectome, or the brain's “wiring diagram.”89”
From Graph theory analysis of complex brain networks: new concepts in brain mapping applied to neurosurgery (2016) · cites this paper as [89]
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“However, the anatomical accuracy of diffusion-weighted tractography, which infers neuronal pathways from tissue water diffusion direction, continues to be a matter of controversy, and reconstructing connectomes with both high sensitivity and high specificity remains challenging (Sporns et al. 2005; Bastiani et al. 2012; Jbabdi et al. 2013, 2015; Thomas et al. 2014; Azadbakht et al. 2015; Calabrese”
From Diffusion MRI-based cortical connectome reconstruction: dependency on tractography procedures and neuroanatomical characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as Sporns et al. 2005
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“Quantitative measures extracted for individual fiber pathways can also be used to construct a structural connectivity matrix to map the whole-brain network of structural connectivity between all pairs of gray matter regions (Hagmann et al., 2008a; Sporns et al., 2005).”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Sporns et al., 2005
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“Medical neuralnanorobots are expected to have the capacity for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of single-neuron and single-synapse neuroelectric activity, local neuropeptide traffic, and other relevant functional data, while also allowing the acquisition of fundamental structural information from neuron surfaces, to enhance the connectome map of a living human brain”
From Human Brain/Cloud Interface (2019) · cites this paper as Sporns et al., 2005
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Deco, G., Tononi, G., Boly, M., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3963 · Cited by 658
Self-citationAbnormal Rich Club Organization and Functional Brain Dynamics in Schizophrenia
van den Heuvel, M. P., Sporns, O., Collin, G., Scheewe, T. W., Mandl, R. C. W., Cahn, W., Goñi, J., Pol, H. E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1328 · Cited by 649
Self-citationAge- and Gender-Related Differences in the Cortical Anatomical Network
Gong, G., Rosa‐Neto, P., Carbonell, F., Chen, Z. J., Yong He, A., & Evans, A. C. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2308-09.2009 · Cited by 641
Uncovering Intrinsic Modular Organization of Spontaneous Brain Activity in Humans
Yong He, A., Wang, J., Wang, L. Y., Chen, Z. J., Yan, C., Yang, H., Tang, H., Zhu, C., Gong, Q., Zang, Y., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005226 · Cited by 635
Can structure predict function in the human brain?
Honey, C. J., Thivierge, J.-P., & Sporns, O. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.071 · Cited by 629
Self-citationTractography: Where Do We Go from Here?
Jbabdi, S., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2011) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2011.0033 · Cited by 614
Graph-based network analysis of resting-state functional MRI
Wang, J. (2010) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00016 · Cited by 614
EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics.
Van De Ville, D., Britz, J., & Michel, C. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007841107 · Cited by 606
An Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Image Analysis
O’Donnell, L. J., & Westin, C. (2011) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2010.12.004 · Cited by 596
Structural foundations of resting-state and task-based functional connectivity in the human brain
Hermundstad, A. M., Bassett, D. S., Brown, K., Aminoff, E., Clewett, D., Freeman, S., Frithsen, A., Johnson, A., Tipper, C. M., Miller, M. B., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219562110 · Cited by 580
Diffusion MRI fiber tractography of the brain
Jeurissen, B., Descoteaux, M., Mori, S., & Leemans, A. (2019) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.3785 · Cited by 574
“The full wiring diagram of the brain, in all its complexity, is often called the connectome.(19,20) Capturing the full connectome can be regarded as the holy grail of fiber tractography (and perhaps even of the whole of neuroscience for that matter), as it will provide us with unprecedented insight into the brain's ar…”
BackgroundUnderstanding complexity in the human brain
Bassett, D. S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.006 · Cited by 572
Joint and individual variation explained (JIVE) for integrated analysis of multiple data types
Lock, E. F., Hoadley, K. A., Marron, J. S., & Nobel, A. B. (2013) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/12-aoas597 · Cited by 572
Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain
Dorkenwald, S., Matsliah, A., Sterling, A. R., Schlegel, P., Yu, S.-C., McKellar, C. E., Lin, A., Costa, M., Eichler, K., Yin, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07558-y · Cited by 570
“Such maps have been called projectomes 79 or mesoscale connectomes 14 .”
BackgroundResultResting-brain functional connectivity predicted by analytic measures of network communication
Goñi, J., van den Heuvel, M. P., Avena‐Koenigsberger, A., de Mendizábal, N. V., Betzel, R. F., Griffa, A., Hagmann, P., Corominas‐Murtra, B., Thiran, J., & Sporns, O. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1315529111 · Cited by 570
Self-citationModeling the impact of lesions in the human brain
Alstott, J., Breakspear, M., Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., & Sporns, O. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000408 · Cited by 561
Self-citationLo, C. Z., Wang, P.-N., Chou, K., Wang, J., Yong He, A., & Lin, C. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4136-10.2010 · Cited by 554
Colloquium : Criticality and dynamical scaling in living systems
Muñoz, M. A. (2018) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.90.031001 · Cited by 556
The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI
Fransson, P., Åden, U., Blennow, M., & Lagercrantz, H. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq071 · Cited by 542
Brain Networks in Schizophrenia
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Fornito, A. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9248-7 · Cited by 531
The Need for Multi-Omics Biomarker Signatures in Precision Medicine
Olivier, M., Asmis, R., Hawkins, G. A., Howard, T. D., & Cox, L. A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194781 · Cited by 515
Integrating psychology and neuroscience: functional analyses as mechanism sketches
Piccinini, G., & Craver, C. (2011) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-011-9898-4 · Cited by 508
Depression, Neuroimaging and Connectomics: A Selective Overview
Gong, Q., & Yong He, A. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.009 · Cited by 508
Studying the human brain anatomical network via diffusion-weighted MRI and graph theory
Iturria-Medina, Y., Sotero, R. C., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Alemán-Gómez, Y., & Melie-García, L. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.060 · Cited by 506
Functional Roles of Alpha-Band Phase Synchronization in Local and Large-Scale Cortical Networks
Palva, S., & Palva, J. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00204 · Cited by 503
Chen, Z. J., He, Y., Rosa-Neto, P., Germann, J., & Evans, A. C. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn003 · Cited by 484
White matter and cognition: making the connection
Filley, C. M., & Fields, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00221.2016 · Cited by 479
The Connectome of a Decision-Making Neural Network
Jarrell, T. A., Wang, Y., Bloniarz, A. E., Brittin, C. A., Xu, M., Thomson, J. N., Albertson, D. G., Hall, D. H., & Emmons, S. W. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1221762 · Cited by 474
Potjans, T. C., & Diesmann, M. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs358 · Cited by 472
Alexander, A. L., Hurley, S. A., Samsonov, A. A., Adluru, N., Hosseinbor, A. P., Mossahebi, P., Tromp, D., Zakszewski, E., & Field, A. S. (2011) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2011.0071 · Cited by 468
A cross-disorder connectome landscape of brain dysconnectivity
van den Heuvel, M. P., & Sporns, O. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0177-6 · Cited by 462
Self-citationBrain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory
Ikemoto, S. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.001 · Cited by 454
Metadata
- Authors
- Sporns, O., Tononi, G., & Kötter, R.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sporns, Olaf
- Venue
- PLoS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e42
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC1239902
- OpenAlex
- W2146693559
- Cited by
- 3,260
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 232 · 2021: 231 · 2020: 244 · 2019: 235 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 216 · 2016: 203 · 2015: 220 · 2014: 166 · 2013: 168 · 2012: 134
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1R21 DA 15647-01, R21DA015647)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- human connectome, structural connectivity, structural brain networks, research strategies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Nerve Net, Neurons, Synapses
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