Microbial Reprogramming Inhibits Western Diet-Associated Obesity
Open accessAbstract
A recent epidemiological study showed that eating 'fast food' items such as potato chips increased likelihood of obesity, whereas eating yogurt prevented age-associated weight gain in humans. It was demonstrated previously in animal models of obesity that the immune system plays a critical role in this process. Here we examined human subjects and mouse models consuming Westernized 'fast food' diet, and found CD4(+) T helper (Th)17-biased immunity and changes in microbial communities and abdominal fat with obesity after eating the Western chow. In striking contrast, eating probiotic yogurt together with Western chow inhibited age-associated weight gain. We went on to test whether a bacteria found in yogurt may serve to lessen fat pathology by using purified Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 in drinking water. Surprisingly, we discovered that oral L. reuteri therapy alone was sufficient to change the pro-inflammatory immune cell profile and prevent abdominal fat pathology and age-associated weight gain in mice regardless of their baseline diet. These beneficial microbe effects were transferable into naïve recipient animals by purified CD4(+) T cells alone. Specifically, bacterial effects depended upon active immune tolerance by induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (Il)-10, without significantly changing the gut microbial ecology or reducing ad libitum caloric intake. Our finding that microbial targeting restored CD4(+) T cell balance and yielded significantly leaner animals regardless of their dietary 'fast food' indiscretions suggests population-based approaches for weight management and enhancing public health in industrialized societies.
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The gut microbiome appears increasingly important; probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.
“The gut microbiome also appears increasingly important; e.g., probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.28, 29, 51-54”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
The gut microbiome appears increasingly important; probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.
“The gut microbiome also appears increasingly important; e.g., probiotics in yogurt appear to interact with microbiota to reduce weight gain.28, 29, 51-54”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
In several large studies, poultry is not significantly associated with CVD events; in other cohorts, poultry is associated with modestly lower risk of CVD, with smaller observed benefits than seen for fish, nuts, or legumes.
“In several large studies, poultry is not significantly associated with CVD events;174, 186-189 and in other cohorts, with modestly lower risk of CVD, with smaller observed benefits than seen for fish, nuts, or legumes.52, 53”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
In several large studies, poultry is not significantly associated with CVD events; in other cohorts, poultry is associated with modestly lower risk of CVD, with smaller observed benefits than seen for fish, nuts, or legumes.
“In several large studies, poultry is not significantly associated with CVD events;174, 186-189 and in other cohorts, with modestly lower risk of CVD, with smaller observed benefits than seen for fish, nuts, or legumes.52, 53”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Poutahidis, T., Kleinewietfeld, M., Smillie, C., Levkovich, T., Perrotta, A., Bhela, S., Varian, B. J., Ibrahim, Y. M., Lakritz, J. R., Kearney, S. M., Chatzigiagkos, A., Hafler, D. A., Alm, E. J., & Erdman, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hafler, David A.
- Alm, Eric J.
- Erdman, Susan E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-07-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e68596
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3707834
- OpenAlex
- W2151828439
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Nancy Taylor Foundation for Chronic Diseases
- National Institutes of Health (AI039671, AI045757, ES002109)
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA164337, R01CA108854)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM087237)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI070352, U19AI046130, P01AI045757, R01AI091568, P01AI039671)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES002109)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- obesity, Western diet, fast food, probiotic yogurt, Lactobacillus reuteri, gut microbiota, Th17 cells, regulatory T cells, Foxp3, IL-10, immune tolerance, abdominal fat, CD4+ T cells, microbial transmission, weight management
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Diet, Female, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Intestines, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Obesity, Yogurt, Western World, Probiotics, Mice, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Young Adult, Fast Foods, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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