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Cited by 181Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological ResponsesPhysical Activity and Health

Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health

Open access
Gillen, Jenna B., Percival, Michael E., Skelly, Lauren E., Martin, Brian J., Tan, Rachel B., Tarnopolsky, Mark A., Gibala, Martin J.·2014·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0111489PMC PMC4218754
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Abstract

We investigated whether a training protocol that involved 3 min of intense intermittent exercise per week--within a total training time commitment of 30 min including warm up and cool down--could increase skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and markers of health status. Overweight/obese but otherwise healthy men and women (n = 7 each; age = 29±9 y; BMI = 29.8±2.7 kg/m2) performed 18 training sessions over 6 wk on a cycle ergometer. Each session began with a 2 min warm-up at 50 W, followed by 3×20 s "all-out" sprints against 5.0% body mass (mean power output: ∼450-500 W) interspersed with 2 min of recovery at 50 W, followed by a 3 min cool-down at 50 W. Peak oxygen uptake increased by 12% after training (32.6±4.5 vs. 29.1±4.2 ml/kg/min) and resting mean arterial pressure decreased by 7% (78±10 vs. 83±10 mmHg), with no difference between groups (both p<0.01, main effects for time). Skeletal muscle biopsy samples obtained before and 72 h after training revealed increased maximal activity of citrate synthase and protein content of cytochrome oxidase 4 (p<0.01, main effect), while the maximal activity of β-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase increased in men only (p<0.05). Continuous glucose monitoring measured under standard dietary conditions before and 48-72 h following training revealed lower 24 h average blood glucose concentration in men following training (5.4±0.6 vs. 5.9±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.05), but not women (5.5±0.4 vs. 5.5±0.6 mmol/L). This was associated with a greater increase in GLUT4 protein content in men compared to women (138% vs. 23%, p<0.05). Short-term interval training using a 10 min protocol that involved only 1 min of hard exercise, 3x/wk, stimulated physiological changes linked to improved health in overweight adults. Despite the small sample size, potential sex-specific adaptations were apparent that warrant further investigation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A 6-week, very low-volume sprint interval training protocol—3 × 20 s all-out cycling sprints, 3 days/week, totaling 3 min of hard exercise per week—increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improved VO2peak and resting blood pressure in overweight/obese adults. Some glycemic and muscle adaptations were greater in men than women, but the small sample limits definitive sex-specific conclusions.

Key findings

  • VO2peak increased by 12% after training (32.6±4.5 vs. 29.1±4.2 ml/kg/min), and resting mean arterial pressure decreased by 7% (78±10 vs. 83±10 mmHg), with no difference between men and women (both p<0.01, main effects for time).
  • Skeletal muscle citrate synthase maximal activity increased by ∼40% (p<0.001), COXIV protein content increased (p<0.01), and β-HAD maximal activity increased in men only (p<0.05).
  • Continuous glucose monitoring showed lower 24 h average blood glucose in men after training (5.4±0.6 vs. 5.9±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.05) but not women (5.5±0.4 vs. 5.5±0.6 mmol/L); 24 h glucose AUC and daily peak glucose were also reduced in men only.
  • GLUT4 protein content increased in both sexes but more in men than women (138% vs. 23%, p<0.05); HOMA-IR improved in both groups (p<0.05), mainly via lower fasting insulin, with no change in fasting plasma glucose.

Methods

  • Pre-post training study in 14 overweight/obese but otherwise healthy sedentary adults (7 men, 7 women; age 29±9 y; BMI 29.8±2.7 kg/m²), who completed 18 supervised sessions over 6 weeks (3 sessions/week).
  • Each session consisted of a 2 min warm-up at 50 W, 3×20 s all-out cycling sprints against 5.0% body mass, 2 min recovery at 50 W between sprints, and a 3 min cool-down at 50 W—10 min per session and 3 min of hard exercise per week.
  • Outcomes included VO2peak, resting blood pressure, continuous glucose monitoring under standardized diet, fasting blood measures, and vastus lateralis biopsies before and 72 h after training; enzyme activity and Western blotting were analyzed with two-factor ANOVA (group × time, p<0.05).

Limitations

  • Stated: small sample size; CGM data represented n=6 per group; possible type 2 statistical error; women had higher baseline 24 h glucose control and β-HAD, which may have limited detected improvements; it is unclear whether the blood pressure reduction reflects an acute effect of the last training bout; future studies should control for menstrual cycle phase and initial fitness.
  • Evident from the design: there was no non-exercising control group, so pre-post changes cannot be fully isolated from time, season, or other uncontrolled factors.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0111489

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 31 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Resting mean arterial pressure decreased by 7% after training in overweight/obese but otherwise healthy men and women.

    “resting mean arterial pressure decreased by 7% (78±10 vs. 83±10 mmHg)”
    • Also stated in: § Descriptive characteristics of training · plain
      “Resting MAP (mmHg) | 88±8 | 83±4* | 80±10 | 74±9*”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
  • Findingown data

    The training-induced changes in peak oxygen uptake and resting mean arterial pressure did not differ between men and women.

    “with no difference between groups (both p<0.01, main effects for time)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
  • Findingown data

    GLUT4 protein content increased in both men and women following training.

    “GLUT4 protein content increased in both men and women following training (Fig. 4A, main effect for time, p<0.01)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The muscle biopsy at 72 h after training reflects chronic training adaptations rather than acute exercise effects.
  • Findingown data

    Maximal activity of β-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) increased after training in men only.

    “Skeletal muscle biopsy samples obtained before and 72 h after training revealed increased maximal activity of citrate synthase and protein content of cytochrome oxidase 4 (p<0.01, main effect), while the maximal activity of β-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase increased in men only (p<0.05).”
    • Also stated in: § Skeletal muscle adaptations to very low-volume SIT · plain
      “β-HAD maximal activity only increased after training in the men (Fig. 3C; interaction between training and sex, p<0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The muscle biopsy at 72 h after training reflects chronic training adaptations rather than acute exercise effects.
  • Findingown data

    Peak oxygen uptake increased by 12% after training in overweight/obese but otherwise healthy men and women.

    “Peak oxygen uptake increased by 12% after training (32.6±4.5 vs. 29.1±4.2 ml/kg/min)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Protein content of cytochrome oxidase 4 (COXIV) increased after training, with no difference between men and women.

    “Skeletal muscle biopsy samples obtained before and 72 h after training revealed increased maximal activity of citrate synthase and protein content of cytochrome oxidase 4 (p<0.01, main effect), while the maximal activity of β-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase increased in men only (p<0.05).”
    • Also stated in: § Skeletal muscle adaptations to very low-volume SIT · plain
      “COXIV protein content also increased after training with no differences between groups (Fig. 3B, main effect for time, p<0.01)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The muscle biopsy at 72 h after training reflects chronic training adaptations rather than acute exercise effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    24-hour average blood glucose concentration decreased after training in men but not women.

    “Continuous glucose monitoring measured under standard dietary conditions before and 48–72 h following training revealed lower 24 h average blood glucose concentration in men following training (5.4±0.6 vs. 5.9±0.5 mmol/L, p<0.05), but not women (5.5±0.4 vs. 5.5±0.6 mmol/L).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The standardized diet and activity control were sufficient to ensure that the CGM measurements reflected the training effect rather than differences in diet or activity.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 24-hour CGM period is representative of usual glycemic control.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Using CGM, 24 h average blood glucose concentration, glucose AUC and Gmax, measured under standard dietary conditions from 48-72 h after the final training session, were improved in men but not women.

    “Consistent with the observations of Metcalfe et al. [10], we found using CGM that 24 h average blood glucose concentration, glucose AUC and Gmax, measured under standard dietary conditions from 48–72 h after the final training session, were improved in men but not women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] RS Metcalfe, 2011, Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training, Eur J Appl Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Relative PPO and MPO did not differ between men and women.

    “Relative PPO and MPO measured on the first and last training session did not differ between men and women and increased with training (Table 2, main effect for time, p<0.01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Mean heart rate during the first training session, averaged over the entire 10 min protocol including warm-up and cool-down, was 83±2% of HRmax.

    “Mean HR, measured continuously during the first training session and averaged over the entire 10 min protocol including warm-up and cool-down, was 83±2% of HRmax.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Daily peak glucose concentration (Gmax) decreased after training in men but not women.

    “Gmax (mmol/L) | 8.0±1.3 | 6.8±1.1* | 7.3±0.6 | 7.6±0.9”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.
    • Rests on an assumption: The standardized diet and activity control were sufficient to ensure that the CGM measurements reflected the training effect rather than differences in diet or activity.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 24-hour CGM period is representative of usual glycemic control.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Relative peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) increased with training.

    “Relative PPO and MPO measured on the first and last training session did not differ between men and women and increased with training (Table 2, main effect for time, p<0.01).”
    • Also stated in: § Descriptive characteristics of training · plain
      “Relative PPO (W/kg FFM) | 11.3±4.1 | 12.2±3.6* | 10.0±0.6 | 11.8±1.1*”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    HOMA-IR was improved in both men and women after training, owing to significant reductions in fasting plasma insulin.

    “HOMA-IR was improved in both men and women after training, owing to significant reductions in fasting plasma insulin, and consistent with previous studies [3], [33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] MS Hood, 2011, Low-Volume Interval Training Improves Muscle Oxidative Capacity in Sedentary Adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] E Trapp, 2008, The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women, Int J Obes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Adherence to the training sessions was 100%.

    “Adherence to the training sessions was 100%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lack of time is one of the most commonly cited barriers to regular exercise participation.

    “given one of the most commonly cited barriers to regular exercise participation is “lack of time” [6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] SG Trost, 2002, Correlates of adults&apos; participation in physical activity: review and update, Med Sci Sports Exerc

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The various short-term, very low-volume SIT protocols that have been employed to date are likely on the lower end of this threshold, which may in part explain the equivocal results to date.

    “The various short-term, very low-volume SIT protocols that have been employed to date are likely on the lower end of this threshold, which may in part explain the equivocal results to date.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    VO2 peak is a strong predictor of all-cause morbidity and mortality.

    “which is a strong predictor of all-cause morbidity and mortality [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] SN Blair, 1999, Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues, Med Sci Sports Exerc source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increased protein content of some mitochondrial enzymes after training, although maximal activity of citrate synthase was unchanged.

    “Only one study has examined muscle adaptations to this type of training, with Ma et al. [11] reporting increased protein content of some mitochondrial enzymes after training, although the maximal activity of citrate synthase was unchanged.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] JK Ma, 2013, Extremely low-volume, high-intensity interval training improves exercise capacity and increases mitochondrial protein content in human skeletal muscle, J Mol Integr Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Metcalfe et al. reported that a 10 min low-intensity cycling protocol that included 2×20 s all-out sprints, performed 18 times over 6 wk, improved insulin sensitivity measured by OGTTs in men but not women.

    “Metcalfe et al. [10] recently reported that a 10 min low-intensity cycling protocol that included 2×20 s all-out sprints, performed 18 times over 6 wk, improved insulin sensitivity measured by OGTTs in men but not women [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] RS Metcalfe, 2011, Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training, Eur J Appl Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All procedures and controls were identical to those employed during baseline testing.

    “All procedures and controls were identical to those employed during baseline testing and took place during July-September 2013.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    α-tubulin did not change following training (p = 0.91).

    “α-tubulin (Cell Signaling Technology, #2125), which did not change following training (p = 0.91), was used as a loading control.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were allocated into the male or female intervention group and matched for age, body mass index and VO2 peak.

    “Participants were allocated into the male or female intervention group and matched for age, body mass index and VO2 peak.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insulin sensitivity based on oral glucose tolerance tests was improved after training in men but not women.

    “Metcalfe et al. [10] also reported that insulin sensitivity based on oral glucose tolerance tests was improved after training in men but not women, highlighting the potential for sex-based differences in the adaptive response.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] RS Metcalfe, 2011, Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training, Eur J Appl Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    There was no difference in activity counts between the baseline and post-testing CGM period.

    “There was no difference in activity counts between the baseline and post-testing CGM period (P>0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Skleryk et al. reported that a protocol involving 8-12×10 s all-out cycle sprints against 5% body weight interspersed with 80 s rest, performed six times over 2 wk, did not improve mitochondrial capacity in overweight men as reflected by a lack of change in the protein content of COXII and COXIV.

    “Skleryk et al. [23] reported that a protocol involving 8–12×10 s all-out cycle sprints against 5% body weight interspersed with 80 s rest, performed six times over 2 wk, did not improve mitochondrial capacity in overweight men as reflected by a lack of change in the protein content of COXII and COXIV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] JR Skleryk, 2013, Two weeks of reduced-volume sprint interval or traditional exercise training does not improve metabolic functioning in sedentary obese men, Diabetes Obes Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    There are limited and equivocal data regarding the effect of very low-volume SIT on mitochondrial content.

    “While skeletal muscle adaptations to SIT are well established, there are limited and equivocal data regarding the effect of very low-volume SIT on mitochondrial content.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Despite the small sample size, potential sex-specific adaptations were apparent that warrant further investigation.

    “Despite the small sample size, potential sex-specific adaptations were apparent that warrant further investigation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A similar period of Wingate-based SIT was reported to improve the maximal activity of β-HAD in both men and women, but that study did not involve a specific comparison between sexes.

    “A similar period of Wingate-based SIT was reported to improve the maximal activity of β-HAD in both men and women, but that study did not involve a specific comparison between sexes [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] KA Burgomaster, 2008, Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans, J Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    3 min of all-out exercise performed within a 30 min time commitment per week including warm-up and cool-down, improved skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and indices of cardiometabolic health including VO2 peak and blood pressure, in overweight/obese adults.

    “In summary, we report that 3 min of all-out exercise performed within a 30 min time commitment per week including warm-up and cool-down, improved skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and indices of cardiometabolic health including VO2 peak and blood pressure, in overweight/obese adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the SIT intervention rather than to confounding factors such as time, diet, or physical activity outside the intervention.
    • Rests on an assumption: The improvements measured 24–72 h after the final training bout reflect chronic training adaptations rather than acute effects of the last exercise session.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other recent studies have highlighted sex-based differences in the skeletal muscle adaptive response to SIT in active young men and women.

    “Other recent studies however, have also highlighted sex-based differences in the skeletal muscle adaptive response to SIT in active young men and women [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] RL Scalzo, 2014, Greater muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint interval training, FASEB J source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Scalzo et al. reported higher rates of muscle protein synthesis in men compared to women following a 3 wk SIT intervention.

    “Scalzo et al. [34] reported higher rates of muscle protein synthesis in men compared to women following a 3 wk SIT intervention, based on oral administration of deuterium oxide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] RL Scalzo, 2014, Greater muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint interval training, FASEB J source

      Not checked in the free run.

26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the training intervention rather than to other factors such as time, diet, measurement variability, or repeated testing.

    “Short-term interval training using a 10 min protocol that involved only 1 min of hard exercise, 3x/wk, stimulated physiological changes linked to improved health in overweight adults.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The participants' self-reported habitual physical activity accurately classified them as sedentary.

    “Subjects were deemed sedentary based on their self-reported habitual physical activity, which consisted of ≤2 sessions/wk of structured exercise lasting ≤30 min.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The standardized diet and activity control were sufficient to ensure that the CGM measurements reflected the training effect rather than differences in diet or activity.

    “CGM data was collected for a 24 h period starting ∼48 h after the final exercise session and diet was controlled to be the same as baseline. There was no difference in activity counts between the baseline and post-testing CGM period (P>0.05).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 24-hour CGM period is representative of usual glycemic control.

    “Average blood glucose concentration, glucose area under the curve (AUC) and the daily peak glucose concentration (Gmax) were calculated from CGM data for a 24 h period from 600 to 559 h before and after training.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The muscle biopsy at 72 h after training reflects chronic training adaptations rather than acute exercise effects.

    “Fasting blood and a resting muscle biopsy sample were obtained 72 h following the last training bout.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed pre- to post-training changes are attributable to the SIT intervention rather than to confounding factors such as time, diet, or physical activity outside the intervention.

    “In summary, we report that 3 min of all-out exercise performed within a 30 min time commitment per week including warm-up and cool-down, improved skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and indices of cardiometabolic health including VO2 peak and blood pressure, in overweight/obese adults.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The improvements measured 24–72 h after the final training bout reflect chronic training adaptations rather than acute effects of the last exercise session.

    “It is unclear if our findings represent an acute effect of the last training bout”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Very brief SIT protocols involving ≤10 min per session elicit adaptations similar to longer SIT protocols and MICT.

    “Recent studies have shown that very brief SIT protocols involving ≤10 min per session elicit adaptations similar to longer SIT protocols and MICT [15–17].”

    From Twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of cardiometabolic health similar to traditional endurance training despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment (2016) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says the 10-minute-per-session protocol produced a citrate synthase increase similar to increases reported after higher-volume SIT or moderate-intensity continuous training. The Conclusions (page unavailable) report other physiological improvements, but the paper does not establish that those adaptations were also similar across protocols. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Baseline body masses disagree between tables

    Major

    Table 1 gives men and women mean weights of 97 and 75 kg, while Table 2 gives their pre-training body masses as 77 and 79 kg. Both tables describe the same groups at baseline.

  • Women's glucose standard deviations are reversed

    Minor

    Both passages present post-training glucose before pre-training glucose, but the abstract assigns the women's standard deviations in the opposite order from the Results.

2 of 2

Cites

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Cited by

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Related

Authors
Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Skelly, L. E., Martin, B. J., Tan, R. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J.
Affiliations
McMaster University (CA)
Corresponding author
Gibala, Martin J.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-11-03
Volume
9
Issue
11
Pages
e111489
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0111489
PMC
PMC4218754
OpenAlex
W1967348638
Semantic Scholar
b25d0550f2430dc48409bfbcf7703d77e6ee36ea
Cited by
181
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12
FWCI
35.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • McMaster University
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
intermittent exercise, high-intensity interval training, all-out sprints, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, cardiometabolic health, overweight and obesity, peak oxygen uptake, mean arterial pressure, citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, GLUT4, blood glucose, sex differences, cycle ergometer
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Blood Glucose, Energy Metabolism, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Mitochondria, Myocardium, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, Time Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Overweight, Young Adult

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